6° Stim * — : EXPERIMEN Nod PER UNT REPRE, SENTATIOn ¢ PA SY erg, (a) Plu, representation study, (©) Detorm ination of Voltage eaulation of Normal and faut con ® Dower gyq dition, eel © Study org ‘aults, ARATUS RE QURED:. Two ‘ansform ers (eb, auto am meters, theostat and load, Under APP. The pu, method js Particularly Ctions of a Power sy; conv: cutent in power system as the Vatious se Stem are connected throu, ollage ratings, > The ratings of equipments the capacity in kVA, therefore j Mage and kVA as the base qu iLhen, “which hay 5 ah transform ers © different y are given in terms of Operating voltage and is found convenient and useful to select antitics, Base Current 1, = (kVA, * 1000) /(V,) P.U.Current = Actual current / Base current -U.Curr. 4 c—E edance / Base impedance, . edance Zpy, = Actual Impedance " BLU. Impedaneé Zp, are * ona) /(.y) Thus, pat. impedance @ kVA 4 a1s(vyy? 2 a” (Y geu)® Z yoy = pager ® KYA gow ® (V ott) FI LVA ata * V noy)?] Zs wargnew) = 1Z pacar , al a given base {9 Monee, we can change pi. impedance on a gi oD A ow base, impedance on anew bat doch fo (b) Voltage regulation of a Powdrs stem: the voltage regulation ‘of & power ystem is defined as the change jn th receiving end voltage from no lo ad to {ull load, expressed as a percent of fi load voltage keeping the Sending voltage and {requency constant, Thus, “YYnge VAR. = [Vp b= Vir) Vand * 109 where, Vw = Receiving ond Voltage Vr.= Receiving wider no-load, end voltage undor Cil-load, A power system is Said to be well designed if it gives a by good quality is me: A reasonable limits, p good anal of reliable supply. ant the vo lage tactically all the equipment on the Power system a designed to operate satisfy retorily only when the voltage leve Ison the system correspond to the variations arg a prescribed value, and the life of the equipment is Irated voltage or at the most the %. UW the voltage y ariation is more than within say of he equipment suffers the performane also sacr ificed,aut sh Types of faults: ‘(Shunt faults: Short circuits the lines or lines and ground. Such types of faults are characterized by rise in current and (all in Vollage, frequency and power factor in the faulted phase, (2) Series faults; Caused by open or broken conductor and we can have one or many conductors broken, Such {ypes of faults are characterized by increase in Voltage, frequency and fall in current PROCEDURE. (1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1). The reactor Xp acts as a simulated transmission line, 2) With the key K open, ies no fault condition. adjust the input voltage at some fixed value. With the help of the voltmeter note Vs and Vr. 0, under no load condition because only @) We can also note, that {p, ~ the m agnetizing currents flow in the circuit, E : (4) Connect the load and adjust the input at the previous value and note down the value of Vs and Vr. it the reactor through a rheostat R as shown in fig (8) Now short ci (2), so as to create a fault in the cirenit and note down the values of Vs and Vratno load conditions. (©) Repeat the above procedure for the same load currents as in step ~4 (7) From the above readings calculate the voltage regulation in each case.AM ~ DIAGIRA CIRCUITOBSERVATIONS: Sz Casel:- For trormal case:~ aah Por tormal case:~ s VRE tes =(Vii- Ven Vn) (1) Check the connections before switching on the supply (2) The meters should be of the proper range. (3) The load should not exeoed the ratings of the equipment used REFRENCK: 1. Power System Engineering by Nagrath & Kothari,ty : 6 Born EXPERIMENT NOY QUENCE COMPONENT To measure the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence current and impedance of a 3 ~ phase transformer and to obtain the zero sequence networks for different transformer connections REQURED: 3-phase transformer (or a bank of three single phase transformers), Voltage source, ammeter, volmeter, 3-phase variac, wattueter. THEORY: The positive sequence impedance of equipment is the impedance offered Zero. sequence impedance of equipment is the Gee Ip ¢) The positive sequence. impedance of a transformer equals the leakage impedance. Lt is obtained by a short circuit lest, similar to the one performed in a L-phase transformer. Since the transformer is a static device the leakage impedance will not change if the phase sequence is altered from RYB to RBY Thus, the positive and negative sequence impedance is identical, ig Zl = Zy= Z (leakage imp -dance) The zero sequence impedance of a tausformer depends greatly on the winding type and also upon whether or not the neuiral is grounded, whereas the positive and negative sequence impédanee (per unit) are independent of whether the sequence currents are injected into the primaries or the Gex, depending. ferent values. he zero sequence in general has widely different upon the terminals from which we view the transformer. 1 Measurement of positive and negative sequence inspedance (/ nnd Za):= Polarity test is first conducted to connect the bank of single phase transformers appropriately in case of non-availabilily of a 3-phase transformer. Fig (1) shows the connection diagram ofa 3-phase transformer connected in Y-Y configuration. To measure the required impedance, the low voltage side is short sircuited and the high voltage side is fed from a source at nominal frequency but reduced voltage in order to calculate a 100% short circuit current in the winding, eMeasure the total power consumed and the voltmeter and ammeter readings. Frou Hedda elermine the transformer | kage impedance which equals the positive Ls= In =F ofMenee impedance (441):- Hig 2n) shows the test for finding Z¢ experimentally poviously We Ky = W113) = 3K) IL pict depends in general upon the side of the transformer to which the voltage t yrce is connected and the side from which the measurement is made. F | aso: fransformer Y-Y connected (both neutrals solidly grounded) as in fig. In this case Zp measured from any side will be sam ¢ ysed: Pranslormer Y- A connected with neutral grounded as in fig (2c). se mer t= A connected with neutral He The zero sequence impedance measured from the Y side equals leakage jl leave the A terminal, If the transformer is excited from A -side, no zero egience currents can flow as no return. path exists, The zero sequence npedance as seen from A -side is infinite, uence point of view, the secondries will act as if open circuited. This means circuit agnetizin, Bi from the primary we will measure the open circuited or magnetizing i ence is will meet a edance. From the secondary side the zero sequence currents es not exist, Since the F 7 re ese currents do: interruption as return path for these currents ent is very large, we assume zero sequence edance to be zing e, 0 er ? ge, We assume 2: q\ nie from both terminals.aphase SUpPy. x \ Sphasevariac ‘or measurement of Zand Za Fig Circuit fPiimary Secondary Figure 2(b) Primary Secondary: N % Primary . é| c Secondary I} Measurement of posilive and negative sequence current and impedance. a Base Voltage = 250/500 V. BasekVA = 3kVA Vine — a lj T (Ampere) a a I W (Watts) a(2) Mensurement of zero sequence current and impedance, Case 1. Transformer Y-¥ connected: ECONO ECO F (volts) : : With secondary open: 2V= 220 Volts: Mognetizing current: I, = ------+- mA CALCULATIONS:- 1. Power System Engineering by Nagrath & Koth ari,y= 6 th Sem EXPERIMENT Nos EARTIL RESISTANCE OBJECT Measurement of earth resistance APPARATUS REQURE Digital earth resistance meter, by fall of potential m ethod, > sarthing clectrodes, iron spikes, long connecting leads of low resistance. ~ THEOR The earth resistance is mensured by the ‘fall of potential method’. In this method a current is passed through an carth electrode ‘lH’, to which an auxiliary electrode ‘A’ (which is an iron spike) inserted into the earth at a considerable ‘om the: ear ‘electrode ‘Eh iA second auxiliary electrode ‘B? is inserted the electrodes E and A the potential drop avross E and B is measured and the earth resistance is then calculated by using Re = Veo /T | Where, I is the current passed Hig (1) shows the connection diagram and fig (2) shows the flow of current ne clectrodes E and A. between th ; we can sce because of the distribution of currents in fig (1) the 5 Now, a ‘ ne electrodes E and A rises as shown in fig i etween the ¢ lect potential be Therefore b: get different val cal representation 0 y changing the position of clectrode B, with respect to electrode Jues of Ven and hence different values of Re. Fig (3) gives E, we oe the graphic that the ele? et vale f the voltage-current and hence we can clearly 5 to be positione e flat par ve to give th rode B is to be position J within the flat part of the curve to give the i of Ree corre! \3CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Be fae P FIGURE 1CAUS OF DIEVIATE AUT Q) The electrodes are not usu ally placed collinearly due to unavailability 0 even space, (2) Any metal present inside the earth can obstruct the current path GB) The earth under test serves b er for the s y ever, it can aground for the main supply. How © corrected if the supply is cut off, T \ 7 ste also alter the correct (4) The factors like moisture composition af soil ete also alter t FIGURE 2Measured Resistanc& > Distance of B from E FIGURE 3 OBSERVATIONS:~ (1) Resistance Measurement: @— z Gi~2 earth under test m Ust be obstruction free, @) The connections should be tigh Q) The proper, electrodes should be buried deep under earth. surem nd mes ‘suring instruments by [5 Y.GoldingCH Som. L EXPE: RIN Ny NO MEASUREMEN or INS ULaTy ION Ries TANCE an a sulators Mee of different types of insul Insulation ester and different ty Talings, Pes of insulators having different the insulators are designed ty Withst at norm Age levels yo current can all leak tand very large voltages, al volt, Although flow through them but Voltages, 9 si 26 cUrFeNE flow throne res Lance af SMU SUlating m ater, at higher their surface, AS a result the hus, the insulation resis leraice oF Higher vote’ tor vance better yy. lance is a an insulating m aterj Voltage al Wigher the ‘whiion fo ist ill be the rating of an material, insulating o Overhead fine insulators are Used 10 Separate line conductors from "UDporting structure electrically, cach other and from the sl insulators used for overhé; Three ead lines ares. main (1) Pin type insulator. (2) Suspension ype insulator, (3) Strain or tension Yype insulator. Normal operating ang transicnt voltages fecting the inswh considerations in se. lation for a ling me the primary— PROCEDUR (1) Insulation resistance is measured with the help of insulator teste generates JOkV, when an input of 220 Vis applied to it 4 instrument has two terminals marked “hing? and “arte. (2) Before making connections the two leads should be touched togeti and applying LOkY by pressing the button Inbeled “Lest, the point should indicate zero resistance, othervise set it to zero with the he of ‘zero set’. 1 > of different types of insulators Jk (3) In order to measure resi yoltage is applied to the insulator at specified position and a sual leakage. current of the order of pA flows through them and we gelt direct measurement of the resistance offered by the insulator, to th ter having a ‘dou ainsulation , current (although small) by usiv calibrated scale’. The resistances are usually of the order of 000M Resistance (if Voltage v of oD Conduel : (voll) oa Vo uclor| Conductor | Conductor v' abe 1 Ts _. Conductor To To ~ 00 = Beddi : Dedding | Armouring ne 4) Check the zero error of the micro amarcter witout applying the supply voltage. ; short cironil which ca be caused 2) Care s (2) Care should be taken to avoid aly of the wo sul rounding conductors. by connecti ections of any REFRENCE:- (1) Handbook of clectr. ring bY gh. pal a enginec! Ww