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Physics_P6_Formatted_Notes

The document outlines four experiments: investigating the period of a pendulum, the motion of a rolling metal ball, determining the density of a cork, and finding the center of gravity of a triangular card. Each experiment includes objectives, apparatus, procedures, error analysis, and conclusions, emphasizing the importance of accuracy and controlled conditions. General precautions are also provided to minimize errors across all experiments.

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7 views5 pages

Physics_P6_Formatted_Notes

The document outlines four experiments: investigating the period of a pendulum, the motion of a rolling metal ball, determining the density of a cork, and finding the center of gravity of a triangular card. Each experiment includes objectives, apparatus, procedures, error analysis, and conclusions, emphasizing the importance of accuracy and controlled conditions. General precautions are also provided to minimize errors across all experiments.

Uploaded by

ttianer20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 1: Simple Pendulum

Objective:
To investigate the period of a pendulum and determine if T² is directly proportional to d.

Apparatus:
- Clamp and stand
- Pendulum bob
- Stopwatch
- Meter rule

Procedure:
1. Set the pendulum length d (measured from the clamp to the bob center).
2. Displace the pendulum slightly and release it.
3. Measure the time t for 10 oscillations using a stopwatch.
4. Record t and calculate:
- T = t/10 (Period for one oscillation)
- T²
5. Repeat for d = 100.0 cm and compare results.
6. Plot T² vs d to check for proportionality.

Mathematical Derivation:
The period of a simple pendulum is given by:

T = 2π √(l/g)

Squaring both sides:

T² = 4π² (l/g)

Since l = d, we obtain:
T² ∝ d

This confirms that T² is directly proportional to d.

Error Analysis:
• Human reaction time in using the stopwatch can introduce errors.
• Air resistance may slightly alter the period.
• Slight variations in pendulum length measurement affect accuracy.

Precautions:
• Ensure small amplitude swings to maintain simple harmonic motion.
• Start timing only after the first oscillation is completed.
• Take multiple readings and calculate an average for better accuracy.

Experiment 2: Motion of a Metal Ball

Objective:
To investigate how one variable affects the horizontal distance d traveled by a rolling metal
ball.

Apparatus:
-Flexible track
-Clamp, boss, and stand
-Metal ball
-Ruler
-Tray with sand
-Protractor (for measuring track angle)

Procedure:
1. Set up the track with a ball rolling down.
2. Adjust and measure the release height using a ruler.
3. Measure the horizontal distance d where the ball lands.
4. Repeat with different heights and angles.
5. Record results in a table.

Key Variables:
• Independent: Release height of the ball.
• Dependent: Horizontal distance d.
• Controlled: Ball size, track angle, surface consistency.

Data Representation:
• Table with height and corresponding d values.
• Graph of d vs height to analyze relationships.

Error Analysis:
• Parallax errors in measuring distance.
• Air resistance can slightly affect results.
• Friction between the ball and track may vary.

Conclusion:
A higher release height increases horizontal distance due to greater kinetic energy.

Experiment 3: Density of a Cork

Objective:
To determine the density of a cork.

Apparatus:
-Measuring cylinder
-Water
-Cork
-Balance
-String (if needed)

Procedure:
1. Measure the cork's mass using a balance.
2. Fill the measuring cylinder with a known volume of water.
3. Submerge the cork in water and measure the volume displaced.
4. Use the formula:

Density = Mass / Volume

Precautions:
• Avoid water splashes when immersing the cork.
• Ensure the cork is fully submerged without floating.
• Take multiple readings for better accuracy.

Error Analysis:
• Air bubbles on the cork can cause inaccurate volume readings.
• Using a low-precision balance may introduce errors.

Conclusion:
Density is determined by the mass-to-volume ratio.

Experiment 4: Center of Gravity of a Triangular Card

Objective:
To determine the center of gravity of a triangular card.
Apparatus:
-Triangular card
-Plumbline
-Clamp and stand
-Nail
-Pencil
-Ruler

Procedure:
1. Hang the card using a nail through hole A.
2. Suspend the plumbline and mark where it crosses the edge of the card.
3. Repeat for holes B and C.
4. Draw lines connecting the marks to the corresponding holes.
5. The intersection of the lines is the center of gravity.

Precautions:
• Ensure the card swings freely before marking.
• Keep the plumbline close but not touching the card to avoid parallax error.

Error Analysis:
• If the card does not hang freely, the markings may be inaccurate.
• Parallax errors when marking points can lead to incorrect intersection points.

Conclusion:
The center of gravity is where the three lines intersect, confirming the balance point of the
shape.

General Precautions for All Experiments:


• Use precise measuring instruments.
• Minimize human reaction time errors.
• Take multiple readings and calculate averages for accuracy.
• Ensure controlled conditions to reduce systematic errors.

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