Experiment No.

(1): Fine Measurements

Aim of the experiment:
You will determine the density of material, by measuring the mass and
volume of a sphere made of material. You will be familiarizing with
basic measurement tools such as the balance and micrometer.
Theory:
Density is a physical property of materials. Density of a material is defined as the
mass per unit volume: . density can determined experimentally by measuring the
mass and volume of a sample of a substance. The volume of a regular shaped
object can be calculated from length measurements.
The micrometer consists of a fixed jaw and the movable jaw driven by a uniform
screw. The jaws are gently closed on the object to be measured using the slip
clutch. The main scale is a line graduated with 1 mm divisions and 0.5 mm
subdivisions, on opposite sides to make the scale easier to read. The thimble has
50 divisions, each being 0.01 mm. one rotation of the thimble carries the screw a
distance of 0.5 mm along the main scale.

In the figure above, a: rigid measuring jaw, b: travelling measuring jaw,

c: cylinder with rough scale, d: thimble with fine scale, e: screw with
friction clutch, f: bow
Report: 1
Date: 8/81441
(1) Fine Measurements Experiment:

1- Object:

Determination of the density of material

2- Theory:

Volume of sphere:

: ridues of sphere

Density of sphere:

V: voluome of shere
M: Mass of spere
3- Unit of density is
Kg/m3

4- Techniques:
 Measure the diameter of sphere by micrometer .
 Calculate the sphere radius ⁄

 Calculate the shere voluome by the formula

 Measure the mass of sphere

 Calculate the material density by the formula

 Calculate the Percentage Error
5- Results:
Quantity Measure Unit in Lab. Final Measure Unit in S.I.
Mass: M 11.3 g 0.0112 Kg
Diameter: D 13.26 mm 0.01326 m
Exactly diameter: D 13.23 mm 0.01323 m
Radius: r 6.68 mm 0.00668 m

6- Data Analysis:

7- If ⁄ then Percentage Error =

=0.44%
Experiment No. (2): Fine Measurements
Aim of the experiment:
You will determine the density of material, by measuring the
mass and volume of a cylinder made of material. You will be
familiarizing with basic measurement tools such as the balance
and vernier caliper.
Theory:
Density is a physical property of materials. Density of a material is
defined as the mass per unit volume: . density can determined
experimentally by measuring the mass and volume of a sample of a
substance. The volume of a regular shaped object can be calculated from
length measurements.
The vernier caliper consists of a movable jaw slides linearly along the
main scale. The main scale is attached to the fixed jaw. The main scale is
divided so that its marks are 1.0 mm apart. Vernier scale is a movable
scale parallel to the main scale, it has 10 or more equally spaced marks in
addition to the index mark. To make a measurement, the jaws are gently
closed down on the object to be measured.

In the figure above, a: acute measuring shank, b: long measuring shank

c: slide with vernier, d: ruler with a millimeter scale, e: feeler for depth
measurements
Report:2
Date:8/8/1441
(2) Fine Measurements Experiment:
By using the given apparatus determine practically the density for the
given material (cylinder) by the fine measurements method given that:
1- Object:
Determination of density for the given material
2- Theory:
Volume of cylinder:

Density of cylinder:

3- Unit of density is

4- Techniques:
 Measure the diameter of cylindar .
 Calculate the sphere radius ⁄
 Calculate the cylinder voluome by the formula
 Measure the high of cylinder
 Measure the mass of cylinder
 Calculate the material density by the formula
 Calculate the Percentage Error
5- Results:

Quantity Measure Unit in Final Unit in S.I.

Lab. Measure
Mass: M 216.3 g 0.21603 Kg
Diameter: D 24.62 mm 0.02462 m
Exactly diameter:D 24.6 mm 0.0246 m
Radius: r 12.3 mm 0.0123 m
Height: h 50.02 mm .05002 m
Exactly height 50 mm 0.05 m

6- Data Analysis:

7- If density= 9000
then Percentage Error =
Experiment No. (4): Hooke's Law; Expansion of a spring
Aim of the experiment:
You will verify Hooke's law, and study the change of length of a spring
as a function of the force exerted by hanging weights. Also, you will
determine the spring constant.
Theory:
When force acts on a solid body, the resulting deformation depends on
the material and the force acting on the body. If the solid body returns to
its original shape after the force is removed, the material is called elastic.

The spring is an example of an elastic body. For a block connected to a

spring, if the spring is either stretched or compressed a small distance
from its equilibrium position, it exerts on the block a force that can be
expressed as;

Where s is the change of length (the elongation) of the spring and k is a

positive constant called the spring constant. It can be stated that the
elongation of a spring is directly proportional to the force F acting on the
spring. This is known as Hooke's law. The negative sign indicates that the force
exerted by the spring is always directed opposite to the displacement from
equilibrium. Because the spring force always acts toward the equilibrium position,
it is called a restoring force.

The ratio of force to elongation is the spring constant k. the units of k are N/m. the
value of k is a measure of the stiffness of the spring; stiff springs have large k
values, and soft spring have small k values. The force required to cause a given
elongation of the spring increases proportionally with the spring constant.
In this experiment, a spring is suspended vertically from a support. When a mass is
hung to the spring, the weight of the mass acts on the spring and so its length
increases. Therefore, a new equilibrium is reached, at which the weight is equal to
the restoring force of the spring. The elongation of the spring is proportional to the
forces exerted by the weights.
Report:3
Date:8/81441
(4) Elasticity Experiment:
By using the given apparatus determine practically the spring
constant for the given spring by the means of Hook's law method
given that:
1- Object:
Determination of spring constant
2- Theory:
The spring is an example of an elastic body. For a block connected to a
spring, if the spring is either stretched or compressed a small distance
from its equilibrium position, it exerts on the block a force that can be
expressed as;

3- Unit of the spring constant is

N/m
4- Techniques:
1. Set up the spring
2.Measure the length of spring
3. Hang a 1 on spring and record the elongation.
4. Repeat the step 3 for different masses.( 2, 3).
5. Calculate the applied force for different masses and spring.
6. Calculate 𝑘 using 𝐹𝑖 ∆𝐿𝑖 ⁄ and 𝑘𝑎𝑣 for each spring. For thin spring: 𝑘𝑎𝑣 = …
… ... For thick spring: 𝑘𝑎𝑣 = …
5- Results:

x-axis y-axis
m(Kg)
S(cm) F=mg(N)
0 0.00 0
0.05 4.63 0.49
0.1 10.22 0.98
0.15 14.76 1.47
0.2 16.53 1.96
0.25 22.22 2.45
0.3 28.52 2.94
Plotting

3.5

3
y = 0.1067x - 0.0072
2.5

2
F(N)

1.5

0.5

0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
-0.5
s(cm)

6-Data analysis:

We are find the slope from the equation of fitting line as we showing
in the box above using excel

7- If k=0.107

then Percentage Error:

𝑎
Experiment No. (5): The Simple Pendulum
Aim of the experiment:
You will study the relationship between the period of a
pendulum and its length. Also, you will determine acceleration
due to gravity using the simple pendulum.
Theory:
The oscillation is the motion of an object back and forth over the
equilibrium position. The harmonic oscillation is the oscillation that
repeats itself in uniform periods. If the force acting on an oscillating
object is always directed toward the equilibrium position, the oscillation
is called simple harmonic oscillation.
The simple pendulum is mechanical system that exhibits periodic motion.
It consists of a particle-like bob of mass m suspended by a mass-less
string of length l that is fixed at the upper end. Excluding any frictional
forces, if the bob is pulled away from its equilibrium position in an angle
ϑ and released, it swings back and forth in uniform periods. The motion
occurs in the vertical plane and is driven by the gravitational force. If the
angle is small (less than about ), the motion is a simple harmonic
oscillation.

The period T of a simple pendulum is the time needed to complete one

cycle; back and forth. The period depends only on the length of the string
L and the acceleration due to gravity g, and it does not depend on the
mass of the bob m. the period is given by:
This shows a linear and direct relationship between the square of the
period and the length.
The simple pendulum is a convenient device used to determine the
acceleration due to gravity g precisely by measuring the period T and the
string L of the pendulum. Such measurements are important because
variations in local values of g can provide information on the location of
oil and of other valuable underground resources.
 Report:4
Date:8/8/1441
(5) Simple Pendulum Experiment:
By using the given apparatus determine practically the Acceleration
due to gravity
by Simple pendulum method given that:
1- Object:
Determination of Acceleration due to gravity
2- Theory:
𝐿 𝐿
√

3- Unit of Acceleration due to gravity is

m/s2
4- Techniques:
1. set up using a round metal bob with a hook attached to a string. The string passed through a hole
in an aluminum bar
2. Length measurements for the pendulum were taken using a meter stick and caliper
3. Time measurements were made using a stopwatch
4. For measuring the first swing the starting time was determined by holding the bob in one hand
and the stopwatch in the other and simultaneously releasing the bob and pushing Start
5. Measurements were then taken for 20 oscillations (omitting the first) for lengths of 20.098,
26.898, 32.898, 60.1605, 65.56467, 74.648, 89.848, 104.548, 116.498, and 129.898 cm at a
starting angle of about 10 degrees.
5- Results:
x-axsis Y-axsis
L(m) t10(sec) T1=t10/10 (sec) T12(sec2)
0.10 6.66 0.67 0.44
0.20 8.52 0.85 0.73
0.30 11.70 1.17 1.37
0.40 12.69 1.27 1.61
0.50 14.19 1.42 2.01
0.60 15.55 1.55 2.42
0.70 17.15 1.71 2.94
0.80 17.84 1.78 3.18
0.90 19.56 1.96 3.83
1.00 20.57 2.06 4.23
Plotting

1.2
T12(sec2)

1
y = 0.2371x + 0.0103

0.8

0.6 T12(sec2)
))T12(sec2( ‫خطي‬
0.4

0.2

0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

6-Data analysis:
𝐿

We are find the slope from the equation of fitting line as we showing
in the box above using excel

7- If g= 9.8 m/s2
then Percentage Error =