1 MODERN PHYSICS

EXERCISE-1: Basic Objective Questions

Photons h h
1. A photocell is illuminated by a small bright source (a) (b)
2mE 2mE
placed 1 m away. When the same source of light is
h h
1 (c) (d)
placed at m away, the number of electrons 2mE 2mE
2
Ans. (b)
emitted by photocathode would.
Sol. Kinetic Energy = E
(a) Decrease by a factor of 4
(b) Increase by a factor of 4 h
De-Broglie wavelength, λ=
(c) Decrease by a factor of 2 mv
(d) Increase by a factor of 2 h
 λ=
Ans. (b) 2×m×  K.E.
Sol. The number of electrons emitted is directly h
proportional to the intensity of incident light and  λ=
2mE
intensity by a point source is inversely proportional
to the square of the distance. 4. Momentum of a photon of wavelength  is
Therefore, the number of photoelectrons, (a) h (b) zero

1
NI (c) h  (d) h 
d2 c c
Now the distance is made half of the initial, then Ans. (a)
the number of photoelectrons emitted will be, Sol. The momentum of a photon of
N
N'  2
 4N wavelength  is, p  h .
1 
  5. The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecule of
2
Therefore, the number of electrons emitted by thermal energy kBT (kB = Boltzmann constant and
photocathode would be increased by a factor of 4. T = absolute temperature), is
h h
2. Monochromatic light of wavelength 667 nm is (a)  (b)
2mkBT 2mk B T
produced by a helium neon laser. The power
emitted is 9 mW. The number of photons arriving h
(c) h 2mk B T (d)
per second on the average at a target irradiated by 4m k 2B T 2
2

this beam is Ans. (b)

(a) 9 × 1017 (b) 3 × 1016 Sol. Kinetic Energy = K B T
(c) 9 × 1015 (d) 3 × 1019
h
Ans. (b) De-Broglie wavelength, λ=
mv
Sol. The number of photons arriving per second,
h
P P  λ=
n  2×m×  K.E.
E hc
Where,   667 nm  667 10 m , 9 h
 λ=
P  9 mW  9 10 W 3 2mK B T
3
9 10  667 10 9 6. Doubly ionised helium atoms and hydrogen ions
Therefore, n  are accelerated from rest through the same potential
6.6 1034  3 108
drop. The ratio of the final velocities of the helium
 n  3 1016 /s and the hydrogen ions is
Matter Waves 1
3. The de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m (a) (b) 2
2
moving with a kinetic energy E is
MODERN PHYSICS 2

1 We know that , m  mp  mN  m
(c) (d) 2
2 Now, all the particle is moving with the same
Ans. (c) velocity, the particle with least mass will have
Sol. Let, Mass of Hydrogen ion, mH, and mass of maximum de-Broglie wavelength.
Helium ion, mHe = 4mH Therefore, the   particle has the lowest mass;
Let, charge on Hydrogen ion, qH, and Helium ion hence it has a maximum de-Broglie wavelength.
qHe = 2qH 9. The energy of a photon of light is 3 eV. Then the
Therefore, the kinetic energy of the particle, wavelength of photon is nearly
1 (a) 4125 nm (b) 412.5 nm
K.E  mv 2  qV
2 (c) 41250 nm (d) 4 nm
q Ans. (b)
v
m Sol. The energy of a photon of light,
Now, the ratio of the final velocities of the Helium hc 12400
E  3 eV  eVÅ
v He q He m H  Å
and Hydrogen ions,  
vH mHe q H Now, the wavelength of the photon,   hc
E
v 2q H m H 12, 400
 He    Å
vH 4m H q H 3
v He 1    4.138  10 7 m  413.8 nm
 
vH 2 10. The wavelength associated with an electron,
7. If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its accelerated through a potential difference of 100 V,
de–Broglie wavelength changes by the factor is of the order of
(a) 1000 Å (b) 100 Å
1 (c) 10.5 Å (d) 1.2 Å
(a) (b) 2 Ans. (d)
2
Sol. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an
1
(c) (d) 2 h h 12.27
2 electron,     Å
p 2meV V
Ans. (c)
h h Where, potential difference, V  100 V
Sol. The de-Broglie wavelength,    12.27
p 2mK   1.2  10 10 m  1.2 A    Å
100
1
Where,   , 11. A particle of mass 1 mg has the same wavelength
K
as an electron moving with a velocity of 3 × 106
Kinetic energy of free electron doubles K '  2K
ms–1. The velocity of the particle is (mass of
 electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg)
Then  ' 
2 (a) 2.7 × 10–18 ms–1 (b) 9 × 10–2 ms–1
8. The following particles are moving with the same (c) 3 × 10–31 ms–1 (d) 2.7 × 10–21 ms–1
velocity, then maximum de–Broglie wavelength Ans. (a)
will be for Sol. The wavelength of the particle  the wavelength
(a) proton (b) –particle of an electron Therefore, particle  electron
(c) neutron (d) –particle
h h
Ans. (d)  
m p v p me ve
Sol. The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle,
h h  mp vp  me ve
 
p mv m e ve
Now, the velocity of the particle, v p 
1 mp
 
m
3 MODERN PHYSICS

9.311031  3 106 h
 vp  Now, from de-Broglie wavelength,   …. (2)
106 p
 vp  2.7 1018 m/s Now, put the value of equation (2) in equation (1),
Therefore, E  pc
12. The momentum of a photon of an electromagnetic
radiation is 3.3 × 10–29 kg-ms–1. What is the E
 p 
frequency of the associated waves? c

(h = 6.6 × 10–34 J-s, c = 3 × 108 ms–1) 1106 1.6 1019

p 
(a) 1.5 × 1013 Hz (b) 7.5 × 1012 Hz 3108
(c) 6.0 × 1013 Hz (d) 3.0 × 103 Hz
p  51022 kg-m/s
Ans. (a)
Sol. The frequency of the associated waves, E = hf = pc, 15. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two
particles of masses m1 and m2, having non zero
so f  cp
h velocities. The ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths
Where, p is the momentum of electromagnetic of the particles, 1/2is

radiation 3.310
29
kg-ms1 m1 m2
(a) (b)
m2 m1
3 108  3.31029
Now,  f  m2
6.6 1034 (c) 1:1 (d)
 f  1 .5  1 0 1 3 H z
m1
13. If the kinetic energy of the particle is increased to Ans. (c)
16 times its previous value, the percentage change h
Sol. The de-Broglie wavelength,  
in the de-Broglie wavelength of the particle is: p
(a) 60 (b) 50 Initial velocity of the particle mass Mis v = 0 and
(c) 25 (d) 75
let v1 and v 2 be the velocities of two particle of
Ans. (d)
Sol. The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle, masses m1 and m 2 .
h h h Now, according to the conservation of momentum;
  
p mv 2mE Mv  m1v1  m 2 v 2 .
Now, the initial wavelength 1   . So, m1 v1   m 2 v 2
If the kinetic energy of the particle is increased to It seems that the magnitude of the momentum of
16 times of the initial kinetic energy. both masses are equal.
Therefore, the final wavelength, Now, the de-Broglie wavelength for both the
h h 1  h   p 2 
2   particles,  
2m16K 4 2mk  2  p1   h 
 1 p 2
2  i.e. 25% of the initial wavelength   1
4  2 p1
Hence, there will be a 75% change in the de- Atomic Structure and its History
Broglie wavelength of the particle. 16. The existence of a positively charged nucleus in an
14. The momentum of a photon of energy 1 MeV in kg atom was first suggested by the experiment of
m/s, will be (a) J J Thomson (b) E Rutherford
(a) 0.33 × 106 (b) 7 × 10–24 (c) Chadwick (d) Hahn and Strassman
(c) 10–22
(d) 5 × 10–22
Ans. (b)
Ans. (d)
Sol. The energy of the photon, Sol. A positively charged nucleus in an atom was first
suggested by E Rutherford through this gold foil
E  1 MeV  1 106 eV
experiment
 1 106 1.6 1019 J
Where, Energy, E  hc …… (1)

MODERN PHYSICS 4

17. The Rutherford -particle experiment shows that 19. In a Rutherford scattering experiment, when a
most of the -particles pass through almost projectile of charge Z1 and mass M1 approaches a
undeflected while some are scattered through large target nucleus of charge Z2 and mass M2, the distance
angles. What information does it give about the of closest approach is r0. The energy of the projectile
structure of the atom is
(a) Atom is hollow (a) directly proportional to M1 × M2
(b) The whole mass of the atom is concentrated in a (b) directly proportional to Z1 Z2
small centre called nucleus (c) inversely proportional to Z1
(c) Nucleus is positively charged (d) directly proportional to mass M1
(d) All the above Ans. (b)
Ans. (d) Sol. The energy of the projectile will be equivalent to
Sol. Rutherford concluded from the α particle scattering potential energy of the charge system,
that, 1 ( Z1e)( Z 2 e)
(i) Most of the space inside the atom is empty E
4 0 r0
because most of the particles passed through
 E  Z1 Z 2
the gold foil without getting deflected.
(ii) Very few particles were deflected from their 20. An –particle of energy 5 MeV is scattered
path indicating that the positive charge of the through 180° by a fixed uranium nucleus. The
atom occupies very little space. distance of the closet approach is of the order of
On the basis on the experiment, Rutherford put (a) 1 Å
–10
(b) 10 cm
forward the nuclear model of an atom, which had –12
(c) 10 cm
–15
(d) 10 cm
the following features: Ans. (c)
(A) There is a positively charged center in an
2kZe2
atom is called as nucleus. Nearly all the Sol. The distance of closest approach, r 
mass of an atom resides in the nucleus. E
(B) The electron revolves around the nucleus Now, the atomic number of Uranium is, Z = 92
2  9 109  92  1.6 1019 
2
in circular path.
(C) The size of the nucleus is very small as Therefore, r 
5  1.6  1013
compared to the size of the atom.
 r  5.31014 m
1 2
18. An alpha nucleus of energy mv bombards a  r  1012 cm
2
heavy nuclear target of charge Ze. Then the Bohr's Atomic Model
distance of closest approach for the alpha nucleus 21. The total energy of electron in the ground state of
will be proportional to hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. The kinetic energy of
2 an electron in the first excited state is
(a) v (b) 1/m
(a) 3.4 eV (b) 6.8 eV
1 1
(c) 4 (d) (c) 13.6 eV (d) 1.7 eV
v Ze Ans. (a)
Ans. (b) Sol. The total energy of electron of a Hydrogen atom at
Sol. Let, the closest distance be r ground state, E  13.6 eV
Now, at the distance r, all the kinetic energy is Now, the energy of an electron at first excited state,
converted into potential energy.
13.6
Therefore, K  P.E E1  
n2
1 2 2kZe2 For the first excited state, n  2 , then
 mv 
2 r
E1  3.4 eV
4kZe 2
r  Therefore, the kinetic energy of an electron in the
mv 2
first excited state, K.E  E1  3.4 eV
1 1
Therefore, r  where, k   constant
m 4  0
5 MODERN PHYSICS

22. The spectral series of the hydrogen atom that lies in Therefore, excitation energy,
the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum 13.6
E  E2  E1    (13.6)
(a) Paschen (b) Balmer 4
(c) Lyman (d) Brackett  3.4  13.6  10.2 eV
Ans. (b) 26. Energy required for the electron excitation in Li
2+

Sol. The electromagnetic spectrum in this case lies in from the first to the third Bohr orbit is
Balmer series. (a) 36.3 eV (b) 108.8 eV
23. The Bohr model of atoms (c) 122.4 eV (d) 12.1 eV
(a) Assumes that the angular momentum of Ans. (b)
electrons is quantized Sol. Now, the energy of an electron in nth orbit is,
(b) Uses Einstein’s photoelectric equation
Z2
(c) Predicts continuous emission spectra for atoms E n  13.6
n2
(d) Predicts the same emission spectra for all types
of atoms Now, the atomic number for Li 2  is, Z  3
Ans. (a) The transition of an electron from n1  1 to n2  3
Sol. The Bohr model of atoms states that the angular Therefore, the energy required for electron
momentum of the electron is an integral multiple of 1 1
h excitation, E  13.6Z 2  2  2 
and the angular momentum of electron of  n1 n2 
2
1 1 
h  E  13.6  9   
these orbits is quantized mvr  n 1 9 
2
  E  108.8 eV
24. The ratio of the energies of the hydrogen atom in
27. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
the first to the second excited state
Following Bohr’s theory, the energy corresponding
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4
to a transition between 3rd and 4th orbit is
(c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4
(a) 3.40 eV (b) 1.51 eV
Ans. (d)
(c) 0.85 eV (d) 0.66 eV
Sol. Energy of electron in H 2 atom
Ans. (d)
-13.6 Sol. According to Bohr’s theory, ionization energy
E= 2 eV
n 13.6
E 2
1 n
E 2
n Now, the ionization energy for the third orbit,
In 1st excited state, n = 2 13.6 13.6
2ndexcited state, n= 3 E3   2  
3 9
E1 n 22 32 9  E3  1.51 eV
  
E 2 n12 2 2 4 And, the ionization energy for the fourth orbit,
25. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6 13.6 13.6
E4   2  
eV. When its electron is in the first excited state, its 4 16
excitation energy is  E4  0.85 eV
(a) 3.4 eV (b) 6.8 eV Therefore, the energy corresponding to a transition
(c) 10.2 eV (d) zero between the third and fourth orbit,
Ans. (c) E4  E3  0.85   1.51
Sol. Given, ground state energy of hydrogen atom,  E4  E3  0.66 eV
E1  13.6 eV 28. In Bohr’s model, the atomic radius of the first orbit
Energy of electron in first excited state, i.e. n = 2 is r0 , then the radius of the third orbit is

13.6 (a) r0/9 (b) r0

E2   eV (c) 9r0 (d) 3r0
(2) 2
Ans. (c)
MODERN PHYSICS 6

Sol. Since r  n 2 II. radius is proportional to n.

 r = 9r0 III. kinetic energy is proportional to 1/n2 .
29. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6
IV. angular momentum is proportional to n.
eV. When its electron goes to first excited state, its
excitation energy is Choose the correct option from the codes given below
(a) 3.4 eV (b) 6.8 eV
(a) I, III and IV (b) only I
(c) 10.2 eV (d) zero
(c) I and II (d) only III
Ans. (c)
Sol. The energy of an electron in Bohr’s orbit of a Ans. (a)
Z2 Sol. According to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, we
Hydrogen atom is, E  13.6 know that,
n2
Now, for the Hydrogen atom, the atomic number nh
Angular momentum, mvr 
Z 1 2
At ground state, n  1 , then energy E1  13.6 eV
nh
At the first excited state, n  2 , then energy  mv 
2 r
13.6
E2   3.4 eV nh
4 Linear momentum, P  mv 
Therefore, excitation energy, 2 r
E  E 2  E1  3.4   13.6   p
n
  E  10.2 eV r
30. In terms of Bohr radius a0, the radius of the second As, r  n2
Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is given by 1
Hence, P 
(a) 4a0 (b) 8a0 n

(c) 2 a0 (d) 2a0 We know that, kinetic energy

Ans. (a) 1
KE  and r  n2
Sol. Bohr’s radius a0 . r
1
We know that, radius r  n2 where, n is the Hence, KE  2
n
number of shells.
Therefore, the radius of the second Bohr orbit of a 33. Energy E of a hydrogen atom with principal
hydrogen atom is 4a0 . 13.6
quantum number n is given by E   eV. The
31. To explain his theory, Bohr used n
(a) Conservation of linear momentum energy of a photon ejected when the electron jumps
(b) Quantization of angular momentum from n = 3 state to n = 2 state of hydrogen, is
(c) Conservation of quantum frequency approximately
(d) Conservation of energy (a) 1.5 eV (b) 0.85 eV
Ans. (b) (c) 3.4 eV (d) 1.9 eV
Sol. Bohr used the conservation of angular momentum. Ans. (d)
According to bohr’s atomic model the angular 13.6
momentum of the electron orbiting around the Sol. Energy of a Hydrogen atom, E   eV
n2
nucleus is quantized.
Now, the energy of photon ejected when the
Now, the angular momentum for stationary orbits,
electron jumps from n  3 to n  2 state of
nh where, n  1, 2, 3, .....
I  13.6  13.6 
2 Hydrogen, E  E3  E 2    
9  4 
32. According to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, for the
electron in the nth allowed orbit the   E   1.51  3.4  1.89 eV
  E  1.9 eV
I. linear momentum is proportional to 1/n.
7 MODERN PHYSICS

34. Which of the following transitions in hydrogen E  3.4   13.6   10.2 eV

atoms emit photons of highest frequency?
For the case n  6 to n  2 , the energy released is
(a) n = 2 to n = 6 (b) n = 6 to n = 2
E  0.37   3.4   3.03 eV
(c) n = 2 to n = 1 (d) n = 1 to n = 2
Ans. (c) Therefore, the photon of maximum energy is
Sol. The energy emission from the transition of electron emitted when transition is from n  2 to n  1 .
 1 1  37. Find the ratio of ionisation energy of Bohr’s
in Hydrogen atom, E  hv  RhcZ2  2  2  hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like lithium atom.
n
 1 n 2 
(a) 1/9 (b) 7/9
If, n  2 to n  6 (c) 1/3 (d) none of the above
 1 1 Ans. (a)
Therefore, E  Rhc     0.22Rhc this
 36 4  13.6z 2
Sol. Ionization Energy =
process does not emit energy, it absorbs energy. n2
If, n  6 to n  2 , then E  0.22Rhc eV For Li  2 , Z = 3
If, n  2 to n  1 , then E  0.75Rhc eV
E H 12 1
If, n  1 to n  2 , then this process also absorbs  
E L 32 9
energy.
Therefore, the highest energy difference is at the 38. The state of the triply ionized beryllium (Be3+) that
transition of electron from n  2 to n  1 , so the has the same orbital radius as that of the ground
frequency of emission is also highest for this state of hydrogen is
emission. (a) 4 (b) 1
35. If 13.6 eV energy is required to ionize the (c) 2 (d) 3
hydrogen atom, then the energy required to remove Ans. (c)
an electron from n = 2 is
n2
(a) 10.2 eV (b) zero Sol. Since, radius of nth orbit is given by rn 
Z
(c) 3.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV
Ans. (c)  n2   n2 
   
Sol. The energy required to remove an electron from  Z for Be3  Z For H
n=2
n 2 12
Z2  n2
 E  13.6 where, Z  1 4 1
n2
13.6 39. The transition from the state n = 3 to n = 1 in a
E   3.4 eV
4 hydrogen like atom results in ultraviolet radiation.
36. Which of the following transitions gives photon of Infrared radiation will be obtained in the transition
maximum energy? from
(a) n = 1 to n = 2 (b) n = 2 to n = 1 (a) 4  3 (b) 2  1
(c) n = 2 to n = 6 (d) n = 6 to n = 2 (c) 3  2 (d) 4  2
Ans. (b) Ans. (a)
13.6 Sol. When an electron of Hydrogen atom moves from
Sol. The energy of electrons, at n  1 ; E   2
n the third level to ground level orbit, then it releases
 E   13.6 eV ultraviolet radiation but if the electron moves from
13.6 fourth level orbit to third level orbit then it releases
At n = 2, then E    3.4 eV infrared radiation. The infrared radiation found in
4
the Paschen, Brackett, and P fund series orbit.
13.6
At n  6 , then E    0.37 eV 40. Ratio of longest wavelengths corresponding to
36
Lyman and Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is :
Energy is absorbed for the case n  1 to n  2 and
for the case n  2 to n  6 9 5
For the case n  2 to n  1 , the energy released (a) (b)
31 27
MODERN PHYSICS 8

2+
3 7 42. A hydrogen atom and a Li ion are both in the
(c) (d)
23 29 second excited state. If LH and LLi are their
Ans. (b) respective electronic angular momenta, and EH and
Sol. Wavelength equation for Lyman series in the ELi their respective energies, then
1 (a) LH>LLi and |EH| > |ELi|
Hydrogen spectrum,  L 
 1 
R 1  2  (b) LH = LLi and |EH| < |ELi|
 n 
(c) LH = LLi and |EH| > |ELi|
For the largest wavelength in the Lyman series,
(d) LH<LLi and |EH| < |ELi|
n2
Ans. (b)
1 4
Then,  Lmax   ……… (1) Sol. Hydrogen and Li 2  are in second excited state,
 1 3R
R 1   n H  n Li2  3
 4
Wavelength equation for Balmer series in the Atomic number of Hydrogen, Z = 1,
1 and Li2+ is Z = 3.
Hydrogen spectrum,  B  nh
 1 1  Now, the angular momentum, L 
R 2  2 
2 n  2
For the largest wavelength in the Balmer series, So, L  L H  L Li2
n3
Z2
1 36 And, energy E 
Then,  Bmax   ………… (2) n2
 1 1  5R Therefore, EH  ELi
R  
4 9
43. Ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
Now, the ratio of Lyman and Balmer series in the Hydrogen atoms in the ground state are excited by
L monochromatic radiation of photon energy 12.1
Hydrogen spectrum, max
Bmax eV. According to Bohr’s theory, the spectral lines
From equation (1) and (2); we get. emitted by hydrogen will be
(a) two (b) three
L 4 5R
 max   (c) four (d) one
 Bmax 3R 36
Ans. (b)
 Lmax 5 Sol. Ionization energy of Hydrogen atom, E  13.6 eV
 
 Bmax 27 Photon energy  12.1 eV
Now, the energy of an electron in the excited state,
41. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition
E  E  Photon energy  13.6  12.1  1.5 eV
from an excited state to the ground state. Which of
the following statement is true? 1
Where, according to Bohr’s model E 
(a) Its kinetic energy increases and its potential n2
and total energy decreases E
(b) Its kinetic energy decreases, potential energy Therefore, E 
n2
increases and its total energy remains the same
E 13.6
(c) Its kinetic and total energy decreases and its  n2  
potential energy increases E 1.5
(d) Its kinetic, potential and total energy decreases n  3
Ans. (a) According to Bohr’s theory, the spectral lines
Sol. When an electron is nearest to the nucleus then its n  n  1
emitted by hydrogen will be
potential energy is minimum but the kinetic energy 2
is maximum. The total energy of the electron, 3  3  1
which is the sum of the kinetic and potential So, the spectral lines = 3
2
energy, is lower in the ground state than in any of
the excited state.
9 MODERN PHYSICS

44. An electron makes transition inside a hydrogen Therefore, the first line of the series has a
atom. The orbital angular momentum of the maximum wavelength, the electron jumps from the
electron may change by fourth orbit to the third orbit.
h 47. Electron in hydrogen atom first jumps from third
(a) h (b) excited state to second excited state and then from

second excited to the first excited state. The ratio of
h h
(c) (d) the wavelength 1 : 2 emitted in the two cases is:
8 4
20 7
Ans. (b) (a) (b)
7 5
Sol. According to Bohr’s theory,
27 27
nh (c) (d)
Angular Momentum of electron L = 20 5
2π Ans. (a)
So, during transition, L will change by a value Sol. For the first case: n  4 to n  3
h Now, the wavelength emitted for this case, 1
which is integral Multiple of .
2π
hc  1 1
45. In Bohr’s Model of hydrogen atom. The ratio Therefore,  13.6   
1 16 9 
between the period of revolution of an electron in
orbit of n = 1 to the period of revolution of the hc  7 
  13.6   ………. (1)
electron in the orbit n = 2 1 144 
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 For the second case: n  3 to n  2
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 8 Now, the wavelength emitted for this case, 2
Ans. (d)
hc 1 1 
2πr Therefore,  13.6   
Sol. Since the period, T= and r  n 2 2 9 4
v
hc 5
1   13.6   ……… (2)
v 2  36 
n3
Now, the ratio of the wavelength emitted in both
 T  n3
cases, from the equation (1) and (2); we get
So required Ratio =1:8
 20
46. The ionization energy of the electron in the  1 
2 7
hydrogen atom in its ground state is 13.6 eV. The
atoms are excited to higher energy levels to emit 48. Hydrogen atoms are excited from ground state of
radiations of 6 wavelengths. Maximum wavelength the principal quantum number 4. Then the number
of emitted radiation corresponds to the transition of spectral lines observed will be
between (a) 3 (b) 6
(a) n =3 to n = 2 states (b) n = 3 to n = 1 states (c) 5 (d) 2
(c) n = 2 to n = 1 states (d) n = 4 to n = 3 states Ans. (b)
Ans. (d) Sol. Now, the number of spectral lines for hydrogen
Sol. Number of spectral lines obtained from the atoms from a state n to ground state will be,
transition of an electron from nth orbit to lower n  n  1
n  n  1 2
orbit, N  Where, n is the principal quantum number 4
2
According to the question, (given).
n  n  1 4  4  1
 6 Therefore, number of spectral lines  6.
2 2
The following spectral lines could be;
 n2  n 12  0
4  3, 4  2, 4  1, 3  2, 3  1, & 2  1 .
  n  4  n  3  0
49. Consider an electron in the nth orbit of a hydrogen
 n  4 & n  3 atom in the Bohr model. The circumference of the
MODERN PHYSICS 10

orbit can be expressed in terms of de-Broglie Ans. (d)

wavelength  of that electron as Sol. Area of orbits = π r 2
(a) (0.529) n (b) n r  n2
(c) (13.6)  (b) n  Area  n 4
Ans. (d) In first excited state, n = 2
Sol. Now, according to Bohr’s model; And ground state, n = 1
nh So required Ratio = 16 : 1
mvr 
2 53. An electron in the hydrogen atom jumps from
excited state n to the ground state. The wavelength
 h 
 2r  n   where, m is the mass of the so emitted illuminates a photosensitive material
 mv 
having work function 2.75 eV. If the stopping
electron and v is the velocity. potential of the photoelectron is 10 V, then the
 2 r  n where, n is the electronic orbit of the value of n is
Hydrogen atom in the Bohr model, and  is the (a) 5 (b) 2
De-Broglie wavelength. (c) 3 (d) 4
50. An electron jumps from the 4th orbit to the 2nd orbit Ans. (d)
of hydrogen atom. Given the Rydberg’s constant R hc
5 Sol. Energy of photon, E   V
= 10 cm–1. The frequency in Hz of the emitted 
radiation will be  E  10  2.75  12.75 eV (Given)
3 3 Where, the energy of a photon for the Hydrogen
(a) 105 (b)  1015
16 16 1 1 
atom, E  13.6  2  2  eV
9 3 1 n 
(d) 10
15
(c)  1015
16 4 Now, equating both the equation,
Ans. (c) 1 12.75
 1 2 
1 1 1 n 13.6
Sol. R 2  2
 2 4  n  4
1  12  54. An electrons of a stationary hydrogen atom passes
  105 100   from the fifth energy level to the ground level. The
  64 
velocity that the atom acquired as a result of
c 12 photons emission will be:
  3 108 105 100 
 64 24 24h R
(a) (b)
9 25h R 25m
 1015 Hz
16 25h R 25m
51. A ground-state electron (in a hydrogen atom) (c) (d)
24m 24h R
absorb a photon of energy 3E0. How much kinetic
(m is the mass of the electron, R, Rydberg constant
energy does the electron now have? ( E 0 is the
and h, Plank’s constant)
energy in the ground state of electron Ans. (b)
(a) E0 (b) 2E0 Sol. Now, the wavelength of radiation for Hydrogen
(c) 3E0 (d) 4 E0 1 1 1
atom; R 2  2
Ans. (b)   nf ni 
Sol. Energy of electron in ground state =  E 0
According to the question, n f  1 and n i  5
So total final energy =  E 0  3E 0  2E 0
1 1 1 
52. The ratio of areas between the electron orbits for Therefore, R  
 1 25 
the first excited state to the ground state for the
hydrogen atom is 24
 
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 4 : 1 25R
(c) 8 : 1 (d) 16 : 1
11 MODERN PHYSICS

Where, the linear momentum of a photon is, After removal of 1st electron He  behaves a H like
h atom
p
 13.6 2
Now, according to the question, the momentum of For 2nd e , E2   2  54.4 eV
12
photon  momentum of a Hydrogen atom So E net  24.6  54.4  79 eV
h
  mv Photoelectric effect
 57. The photoelectric work function for a metal surface
Therefore, the velocity of the atom, is 4.125 eV. The cut-off wavelength for this surface
h 24hR is
v 
m 25m (a) 4125 Å (b) 3000 Å
55. The energy levels of the hydrogen spectrum is (c) 6000 Å (d) 2062.5 Å
shown in figure. There are some transitions A, B, C, Ans. (b)
D and E. Transition A, B and C respectively Sol. The work function of the metal surface,
represent   4.125 eV
Now, the cut-off wavelength for the metal surface,
hc
 max 

1240
  max   300 nm
4.125
 max  3000 A 
58. Einstein’s work on photoelectric effect gives
support to
(a) First member of Lyman series, third spectral (a) E = mc2 (b) E  h
line of Balmer series and the second spectral 1 h
(c) h  mv
2
line of Paschen series (d) E 
2 
(b) Ionization potential of hydrogen, second Ans. (b)
spectral line of Balmer series and third spectral Sol. Einstein’s photoelectric effect establishes relation
line of Paschen series to the particle nature of light. If we assume that the
(c) Series limit of Lyman series, third spectral line light behaves as both particle and wave nature.
of Balmer series and second spectral line of This effect is called the dual nature of light.
Paschen series The maximum kinetic energy of the electron,
(d) Series limit of Lyman series, second spectral K.E max  E photon  
line of Balmer series and third spectral line of
Paschen series Where, the energy of the photon is E  hv where,
Ans. (c) h is Planck’s constant and v is the frequency of the
Sol. Since electron moving from  is the series limit. photon.
So A  series limit to Lyman 59. Sodium and copper have work functions 2.3 eV
B  3rd line of Balmer and 4.5 eV respectively. Then the ratio of their
And C  2nd line of Paschen threshold wavelengths is nearest to
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 4 : 1
56. An energy of 24.6 eV is required to remove one of
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
the electrons from a neutral helium atom. The
Ans. (c)
energy (in eV) required to remove both the
electrons from a neutral helium atom is Sol. The Work function, sodium = 2.3 eV, and
(a) 79.0 (b) 51.8 copper = 4.5 eV
(c) 49.2 (d) 38.2 hc
Now, the work function,  
Ans. (a) 
Sol. For 1st e removal, E1  24.6 MeV
MODERN PHYSICS 12

Therefore, the ratio of the wavelength, photoelectron emission from this substance is
sodium hc  copper  copper approximately
   (a) 540 nm (b) 400 nm
copper  sodium hc  sodium
(c) 310 nm (d) 220 nm
2.3  copper Ans. (c)
 
4.5  sodium Sol. If λ0 be the threshold wavelength and λ be the
 sodium wavelength of incident light, the condition for
  1.95  2
 copper photoelectron emission is λ < λ0
60. The work function of a metal is 4 eV. For the Thus, threshold wavelength is the longest
emission of photoelectrons of zero velocity from wavelength for Photo electron emission.
the metal surface, the wavelength of the incident hc
So, work function: W 
radiation should be 0
(a) 1700 Å
(c) 3100 Å
(b) 2700 Å
(d) 5900 Å Or,  0 –
hc

 
6.62  10 –34 3  108 
Ans. (c) W 4  1.6  10 –19
1  3.10 10–7 m  310 10 –9 m  310nm
Sol. hv=W0 + mv2
2 63. Light of two different frequencies whose photons
If v = 0 have energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV successively
6.63  1034  3  108 illuminate a metal of work function 0.5 eV. The
 ratio of the maximum speeds of the emitted
4  1.6  1019
7
 3.1 10 m = 3100 Å electrons will be
61. When light of wavelength 300 nm (nanometer) (a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 4
falls on a photoelectric emitter, photoelectrons are (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
liberated. For another emitter, however, light of Ans. (c)
600 nm wavelength is sufficient for creating 1
Sol. hf=W0 + mv2
photoemission, what is the ratio of the work 2
functions of the two emitters?  hf-w 0  ×2
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1  =v
m
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
Ans. (b) So, v1 =
1-0.5 ×1.6×10-19 ×2
Sol. The minimum energy required to release an m
electron from a metal surface, work function,  2.5-0.5  ×1.6×10-19 ×2
hc v2 =
 m

v 0.5 1
Now, the ratio of work function for two emitters,  1= =
v2 2 2
1  2
 64. Number of ejected photoelectron increases with
 2 1
increase
Where, the wavelength of the first emitter is, (a) in intensity of light
1 = 300 nm, and the second emitter, (b) in wavelength of light
2 = 600 nm (c) in frequency of light
 600 (d) Never
Therefore,  1 
2 300 Ans. (a)
1 Sol. The number of ejected photoelectrons increases
 2 with an increase in the intensity of light, because
2
the photoelectric current is directly proportional to
62. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. The the intensity of the incident light. The intensity of
longest wavelength of light that can cause
incident light is equal to the energy per unit time
per unit area. Hence, keeping the frequency
13 MODERN PHYSICS

constant and increasing the intensity of incident 6.62  10 34 8.2  1014  3.3  1014 
light will increase the number of ejected electrons.  V0 
1.6  1019
65. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the
Therefore, the cut-off voltage is,  V0  2.03 V
graph between the kinetic energy of photoelectrons
ejected and the frequency of incident radiations is 67. The threshold frequency for photoelectric effect on
sodium corresponds to a wavelength of 5000 Å. Its
work function is
(a) 4 × 10–19 J (b) 1 J
(c) 2 × 10–19 J (d) 3 × 10–19 J
Ans. (a)
o
Sol. Wavelength,   5000 A  5000  10 10 m
(a) (b) o
  5000 A  5000  10 10 m
hc
Now, work function, W  where, h is Planck

34
constant 6.63 10 J/s
(c) (d) 6.63 1034  3 108
W
Ans. (d) 5000  1010
Sol. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the  W  4 1019 J
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron 68. Ultraviolet radiation of 6.2 eV falls on an
ejected, K.E  E   aluminium surface. KE of fastest electron emitted
 KE  hf  hf 0 is (work function = 4.2eV)
(a) 3.2 × 10–21 J (b) 3.2 × 10–19 J
(c) 7 × 10–25 J (d) 9 × 10–32 J
Ans. (b)
Sol. The energy of ultraviolet radiation,
E  6.2 eV  6.2 1.6 1019 J
19
Work function, W  4.2 eV  4.2 1.6 10 J
Now, the kinetic energy of a fastest electron,
If the frequency of the incident light is greater than K.E  E  W
threshold frequency then the ejection of  K.E  6.2 1.6 1019  4.2 1.6 1019
photoelectrons starts. After that, the frequency
increases kinetic energy also increases.
 K.E  3.2 1019 J
66. The threshold frequency for a photosensitive metal 69. Which one of the following is true in photoelectric
14 14 emission
is 3.3 × 10 Hz. If light of frequency 8.2 × 10 Hz
(a) Photoelectric current is directly proportional
is incident on this metal, the cut-off voltage for the
to the amplitude of light of a given frequency
photoelectric emission is nearly:
(b) Photoelectric current is directly proportional
(a) 5V (b) 1V
to the intensity of light of a given frequency
(c) 2V (d) 3 V
at moderate intensities
Ans. (c)
(c) Above the threshold frequency, the maximum
Sol. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation;
K.E. of photoelectrons is inversely
 K.E  E  hv 0
proportional to the frequency of incident light
 eV0  h  v  v 0  (d) The threshold frequency depends upon the
h  v  v0  wavelength of incident light
 V0  Ans. (b)
e
Sol. Photoelectric current is directly proportional to the
Where, threshold frequency, v0  3.3 1014 Hz , and
intensity of light of a given frequency at moderate
frequency of light, v  8.2 1014 Hz intensities.
MODERN PHYSICS 14

70. Photoelectric works function of a metal is 1 eV, photoelectrons from a metal versus the frequency
light of wavelength  = 3000 Å falls on its. The of the incident radiation gives a straight line whose
photoelectrons come out with velocity slope
(a) 10 m/s (b) 102 m/s (a) Depends on the nature of the metal used
(c) 10 m/s
4
(d) 106 m/s (b) Depends on the intensity of the radiation
Ans. (d) (c) Depends both on the intensity of the radiation
Sol. Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect, and the metal used
K.E  E   (d) Is the same for all metals and independent of
the intensity of the radiation.
1
 mv 2  hv   Ans. (d)
2
Sol. Einstein’s photoelectric equation, K  E  
1 hc
 mv2     K  hf  
2 
The velocity of the photoelectrons, Therefore, the slope of the graph between kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons versus the
 hc 
2   frequency of incident radiation is equal to the
  
v  Planck constant. Thus, the value of Planck’s
m
constant is constant. Hence it is same for all metals
The photoelectric work function, and independent of the intensity of the radiation.
  1 eV  11.6 1019 J , and wavelength of the 73. In photoelectric effect, the work function of a metal

light   3000 A  3000 10 10
m , mass of an is 3.5 eV. The emitted electrons can be stopped by
applying a potential of –1.2 V. Then
electron, m  9.1 10 31 kg
(a) The energy of the incident photons in 4.7 eV
Now, (b) the energy of the incident photons is 2.3 eV
 6.62  1035  3  108  (c) if higher frequency photons be used, the
2 10
 11.6 1019 
 3000  10  photoelectric current will rise
v
9.1 1031 (d) when the energy of photons is 3.5 eV, the
photoelectric current will be maximum
 v  1.04 106 m/s  106 m/s
Ans. (a)
71. For photoelectric emission from certain metal the
Sol. The work function of the metal,   3.5 eV ,
cutoff frequency is v . If radiation of frequency 2v
impinges on the metal plate, the maximum possible Stopping potential, P   1.2 V
velocity of the emitted electron will be (m is the Where, K .E  P.d .(e)  1.2 eV
electron mass): Now, according to Einstein’s photoelectric
(a) 2 h / m (b) h /  2m  equation,
K.E  E  
(c) h / m (d) 2h / m
 K.E    hf
Ans. (d)
Sol. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation;  1.2  3.5  hf
 K.E  E    hf  4.7 eV
74. The work functions for metals A, B, and C are
1
 mv 2max  hf  hf 0 respectively 1.92 eV, 2.0 eV and 5 eV. According
2
to Einstein’s equation, the metals which will emit
Where, cut-off frequency, f , and radiation
photoelectrons for a radiation of wavelength 4100
frequency, 2f
Å is/are
1
Therefore, mv 2max  h2f  hf (a) none (b) A only
2
(c) A and B only (d) All the three metals
2hf Ans. (c)
 v max 
m hc
72. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the Sol. The energy of the incident radiation, E 

plot of the kinetic energy of the emitted
15 MODERN PHYSICS

19 20
Where, the wavelength of the radiation, (a) 3 × 10 (b) 1.5 × 10
o 18 20
  4100 A (c) 6 × 10 (d) 62 × 10
12400 Ans. (b)
Therefore, E   3.02 eV Sol. The number of photons of yellow lights emits per
4100
The work function of the metals A, B, and C is P P
second, n  
1.92 eV, 2.0 eV, and 5 eV , respectively. E hc
If the work function of the metal is lower than the A 200 W bulb is 25% efficient, then
P  200  0.25  50 W
energy of incident light then photoelectrons will
emit. 50  0.6  106
Therefore, n 
So, metal C has a higher work function than the 6.63  1034  3 108
energy of incident light. Hence, only metal A and B  n  1.5 1020 /s
can emit photoelectrons. 78. The figure show the variation of photocurrent with
75. The value of stopping potential in the following anode potential for a photosensitive surface for
diagram three different radiations. Let Ia, Ib and Ic be the
intensities and fa, fb and fc be the frequencies for the
curves a, b and c respectively

(a) – 4V (b) – 3 V
(c) – 2V (d) – 1 V
Ans. (a)
Sol. At stopping potential, i = 0 (a) fa = fb and I a  I b (b) fa = fc and I a  I c
76. The cathode of a photoelectric cell is changed such (c) fa = fb and I a  I b (d) fb = fc and I b  I c
that the work function changes from W1 to W2 Ans. (a)
(W2> W1). If the current before and after changes Sol. The saturation current is proportional to the
are I1 and I2, all other conditions remaining intensity of light while the stopping potential
unchanged, then increases with an increase in frequency.
(assuming h > W2) Now, according to the figure; saturation is the same
for the curve b and c but different for the curve a.
(a) I1= I2 (b) I1< I2
So, I a  I b  I c
(c) I1> I2 (d) I1< I2< 2I1
While the stopping potential have the same
Ans. (a)
frequency for the curve a and b, therefore, fa  fb .
Sol. According to the question, work function W2  W1 .
79. The stopping potential V for photoelectric emission
Since h > W2 photo-electrons will be emitted from a metal surface is plotted along Y-axis and
Now, the photoelectric current is independent of frequency  of incident light along X-axis. A
the work function. straight line is obtained as shown. Planck’s
The photoelectric current is directly proportional to constant is given by
the intensity of incident rays. Since, there is no
change in the intensity of incident rays, I1  I2 .
Therefore, the current will be the same after
changing the value of the work function
77. A 200 W sodium street lamp emits yellow light of
wavelength 0.6 m. Assuming it to be 25%
efficient in converting electrical energy to light, the (a) Slope of the line
number of photons of yellow light it emits per (b) Product of slope of the line and charge on the
second is: electron
MODERN PHYSICS 16

(c) Product of intercept along Y-axis and mass of The minimum kinetic energy of the X-rays photons
the electron is zero, the maximum wavelength of the X-ray
(d) Product of slope and mass of electron beam is infinite
Ans. (b) Hence, the wavelength for X-ray beam,
Sol. h - 0 = eV0  min    
h    82. The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by
 V0       0 
e  e  electrons accelerated by a potential difference of V
h volts is equal to
comparing with y = mx +c  Slope = eV eh
e (a) (b)
80. A light source is at a distance d from a hc cV
photoelectric cell, then the number of hc cV
(c) (d)
photoelectrons emitted from the cell is n. If the eV eh
distance of light source and cell is reduced to half, Ans. (c)
then the number of photoelectrons emitted will hc hc
become Sol.  eV   min 
 min eV
(a) n/2 (b) 2n
83. Mosley measured the frequency (f) of the
(c) 4 n (d) n
characteristic X-rays from many metals of different
Ans. (c)
atomic number (Z) and represented his results by a
Sol. The intensity of photoelectrons is directly
relation known as Mosley’s law. This law is (a, b
proportional to the number of photons incident on
are constants)
the surface.
(a) f = a2 (Z – b)2 (b) Z = a2 (f – b)2
1 2
(c) f = a (Z – b) (d) f = a2 (Z – b)1/2
Therefore, Intensity for point source 
2

distance2 Ans. (a)

If the distance of light source and cell is reduced to Sol. Mosley measured the frequency (f) of the
half, then the number of photoelectrons emitted characteristic X – rays from many metals of the
will become 4 times. different atomic number (Z) and represented his
X-Rays result by the relation known as the Mosley’s law.
81. The X-ray beam coming from an X-ray tube will be This law is represented or expressed as
(a) Monochromatic ƒ = a2(Z  b)2 (a, b are constants).
(b) Having all wavelengths smaller than a certain 84. The shortest wavelength of X-rays emitted from an
maximum wavelength X-ray tube depends upon
(c) Having all wavelengths larger than a certain (a) The current in the tube
minimum wavelength (b) The voltage applied to the tube
(d) Having all wavelengths lying between a (c) The nature of the gas in the tube
minimum and maximum wavelength. (d) The atomic number of the target material
Ans. (c) Ans. (b)
Sol. The X-ray beam coming out from an X-ray tube hc
contains more than one wavelength, so it not Sol. The shortest wavelength,  min 
eV
monochromatic.
The maximum kinetic energy of the X-rays photons 1
 min 
is equal to the maximum energy of the electron V
incident. The shortest wavelength depends on the applied
hc voltage to the cathode tube. Therefore, the shortest
Therefore,  eV wavelength of X-rays emitted from the X-ray tube

depends upon the voltage applied to the tube.
Therefore, the minimum wavelength of the X-ray
85. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is
hc 5 kV and the current through it is 3.2 mA. Then the
beam,  
eV number of electrons striking the target per second
is
17 MODERN PHYSICS

16 16
(a) 2 × 10 (b) 5 × 10 (c) The bombarding electrons knock out electrons
(c) 1 × 10
17
(d) 4 × 10
15
from the inner shell of the target atoms and one
Ans. (a) of the outer electrons falls into this vacancy
3 (d) The valence electrons in the target atoms are
Sol. The current, I  3.2 mA  3.2 10 A .
removed as a result of the collision
Therefore, the number of electrons striking the
Ans. (c)
N I
target per second,   Sol. The characteristic X – rays is emitted when the
t e bombarding electrons knock out electrons from the
Where, e is the charge. inner shell of the target atoms and one of the outer
N 3.2  10 3 electrons falls into this vacancy.
Now,  
t 1.6  10 19 90. X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube operating at a
N given accelerating voltage. The wavelength of the
  2 1016 electrons/second. continuous X-ray has values from
t
(a) 0 to 
86. An X-ray tube is operated at 50 kV. The minimum
(b) min to  where min> 0
wavelength produced is
(a) 0.5 Å (b) 0.75 Å (c) 0 to max where max<
(c) 0.25 Å (d) 1 Å (d) min to max where 0 <min<max<
Ans. (c) Ans. (b)
h Sol. The maximum energy of the X-rays photons is
Sol. By conservation of energy  eV
 equal to the maximum energy of the electron
hc o incident.
  0.25A hc
eV Therefore,  eV
87. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is 
increased. As a result, in the emitted radiation Therefore, the minimum wavelength of the X-ray
(a) The intensity increases hc
beam,  
(b) The minimum wavelength increases eV
(c) The intensity decreases Where, V is the applied voltage in volts.
(d) The minimum wavelength decreases The minimum energy of the X-rays photons is zero
Ans. (d) so the maximum wavelength of the X-ray beam is
hc infinite
Sol. Since min  therefore
eV Hence, the wavelength for X-ray beam,
if V is increased then m in is decreased.  min    
88. Mosley’s law relates the frequencies of line X-rays 91. The intensity of X-rays from a Coolidge tube is
with the following characteristics of the target plotted against wavelength  as shown in the
element figure. The minimum wavelength found is c and
(a) Its density
the wavelength of the K line is k. As the
(b) Its atomic weight
accelerating voltage is increased
(c) Its atomic number
(d) Interplaner spacing of the atomic planes
Ans. (c)
Sol. According to Moseley’s law, characteristic
frequency of X-rays is f =  Z - b  ,
2

Z = Atomic number of element

b = Screening constant
89. The characteristic X-ray radiation is emitted, when
(a) The electrons are accelerated to a fixed energy (a) k – c increases (b) k – c decreases
(b) The source of electrons emits a monoenergetic (c) k increases (d) k decreases
beam
Ans. (a)
MODERN PHYSICS 18

Sol.  c ,  k are the minimum(cut-off) wavelength, and

wavelength of K a lines, respectively.
Now, the minimum wavelength, in the case of the
hc
Coolidge tube,  min   c
eV 94. Which one of the following statements is wrong in
1 the context of X-rays generated from a X-ray tube?
 c  . (a) Wavelength of characteristic X-ray decreases
V
If, the accelerating voltage V increases then the when the atomic number of the target
cut-off wavelength c decreases. increases.
(b) Cut-off wavelength of the continuous X-rays
Whereas, the wavelength, k is independent of
depends on the atomic number of the target
accelerating voltage V.
(c) Intensity of the characteristic X-rays depends
Therefore, as accelerating voltage increases than
on the electric power given to the X-rays tube
the wavelength of Ka lines remains the same but
(d) Cut-off wavelength of the continuous X-rays
the cut-off wavelength c decreases.
depends on the energy of the electrons in the
Hence, k - c increases as accelerating voltage
X-ray tube.
increasing.
Ans. (b)
92. Electrons with de-Broglie wavelength  fall on the Sol. The cut-off wavelength depends on the applied
target in an X-ray tube. The cut-off wavelength of voltage and is independent of the atomic number of
the emitted X-ray is the target.
2mc2 2h hc
(a) 0  (b) 0  Therefore, 0 
h mc eV
2m 2 c 2  2 And, the characteristics wavelength depends on the
(c) 0  (d) 0 = 
h2 atomic number of the target.
Ans. (a) Therefore,  k  1
Z  b 
2
h h
Sol. The de-Broglie wavelength,   
p 2mE 95. The KX-rays emission line of tungsten occurs at
h 2
 = 0.021 nm. The energy difference between K
Therefore, energy, E  ……. (1)
2m2 and L levels in this atoms is about
Therefore, the cut-off wavelength of the emitted X- (a) 0.51 MeV (b) 1.2 MeV
(c) 59 keV (d) 13.6 eV
hc
ray is, 0  Ans. (c)
E Sol. The energy difference between K and L level in the
Now, put the value of E from equation (1), we get;
hc
2mc2 atom, E 
Therefore, 0  
h Where, the wavelength,
93. For production of characteristic KX-rays, the
  0.021 nm  2.11011 m
electron transition is
(a) n = 2 to n = 1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2 6.63 1034  3 108
E
(c) n = 3 to n = 1 (d) n = 4 to n = 2 2.11011  1.6  1013
Ans. (c)  E  59.19 KeV
Sol. For Kβ radiations,
Atomic Nuclei and its Properties
Transition should be from n = 3 to n = 1
96. Density D of nuclear matter varies with nucleon
number A as
(a) D A3 (b) D  A2
(c) D  A (d) D  A0
Ans. (d)
19 MODERN PHYSICS

Sol. Atomic mass = density*volume of atom. 100. The nuclei 6C13 and 7N14 can be described as
So, density of nucleus is in depend of mass number (a) isotones (b) isobars
mass no. A (c) isotopes of carbon (d) isotopes of nitrogen
D   constant
4 3 4 Ans. (a)
r    (R 0 )3  A 
3 3 Sol. If two nuclides have the same neutron number but
As R  R 0 A1/3 R 0  1.1  10 –15 m  different proton numbers are called Isotone.
Now, the number of neutrons in the carbon atom,
6 C13  13  6  7 .
97. The ratio of the radii of the nuclei 13Al27 and 52Te125
And, the number of neutrons in nitrogen atom,
is approximately
7 N14  14  7  7
(a) 6 : 10 (b) 13 : 52
(c) 40 : 177 (d) 14 : 73 Therefore, both the nuclei have the same number of
Ans. (a) neutrons, hence they are Isotones.
1 101. The nuclei of which one of the following pairs of
Sol. The radius of nuclei, R  1.33 1013  A 3 nuclei are isotones?
where, A is the atomic mass of nuclei. (a) 34Se74, 31Ga71 (b) 42Mo92, 40Zr92
1
(c) 38Sr84, 38Sr86 (d) 20Ca40, 16S32
Therefore, R  A3
Ans. (a)
Now, the ratio of the radii of the nuclei
1
Sol. The nuclei which have the same number of
R  27  3 neutrons but the different atomic number and mass
Al 27 125
and 52 Te is,  1   
13
R 2  125  number are called Isotones.
Now, according to question;
R1 6
  74
Se  N  A  Z  74  34  40,
R 2 10 34
71
Ga  N  71  31  40
98. The net force between two nucleons 1 fm apart is 31

F1 if both are protons, F2 if both are neutrons, and

92
42 Mo  N  92  42  50,
F3 if one is a neutron and the other is a proton. 92
40 Zr  N  92  40  52
(a) F1 < F2 < F3 (b) F2 < F1 < F3 84
Sr  N  84  38  46,
(c) F1 < F2 = F3 (d) F1 = F2 < F3 38

Ans. (c)
86
38 Sr  N  86  38  48
Sol. Nuclear force is a very short range force and it is 40
Ca  N  40  20  20,
20
independent of the charge on the nucleons. So the 32
16 S  N  32  16  16
attractive nuclear force is same for any pair of
74
nucleons. Therefore, 34 Se, 71
31 Ga have the same number of

The electrostatics force is a long range force and it neutrons, so this pair of nuclei is Isotones.
acts only between charge particles i.e. protons and 102. mp and mn are masses of proton and neutron
protons will repel each other. respectively. An element of mass m has Z protons
So force between protons is Repulsive and N neutrons, then
(electrostatic) as well as attractive (Nuclear) while (a) m > Zmp + Nmn
that between 2 neutrons and between 1 neutron and (b) m = Zmp + Nmn
1 Proton is only nuclear(attractive).
(c) m < Zmp + Nmn
So, F1 < F2 =F3
(d) m may be greater than, less than or equal to
99. In 88Ra226 nucleus, there are
Zmp + Nmn, depending on nature of element
(a) 138 protons and 88 neutrons
Ans. (c)
(b) 138 neutrons and 88 protons
Sol. Mass of proton and neutrons are m p and m n ,
(c) 226 protons and 88 electrons
(d) 226 neutrons and 138 electrons respectively. m is the mass of an element. Z and
Ans. (b) N are protons and neutrons of an element.
Sol. No. of protons = 88
No. of neutrons =226-88=138
MODERN PHYSICS 20

Now, the atomic mass of any stable nuclei is Ans. (a)

always less than the sum of the masses of the 1

constituent particles. Sol. The radius of the nucleus, R  r0 A 3 where, A is

Therefore, m   Nm n  Zm p  the mass number.

1

103. The mass number of He is 4 and that for sulphur is R  A 3

Now, 1   1 
32. The radius of sulphur nucleus is larger than that R 2  A2 
of helium, by….. times
Therefore, the radius half that of Fe56 is, R 1  R ,
(a) 8 (b) 4
R
(c) 2 (d) 8 and R 2  , and A1  56
2
Ans. (c) 1
1  56  3
Sol. R = R0 A 3 2 
1
 A2 
R   A3 56
 A2  7
1 8
1
RS  32  3
    8 3 Hence, the stable nucleus that has a radius half that
R He  4 
of Fe56 is Li7 .
R S  2 RHe 107. Solar energy is due to
104. The binding energy per nucleon for the parent (a) fusion reaction (b) fission reaction
nucleus is E1 and that for the daughter nuclei is E2. (c) combustion reaction (d) chemical reaction
Then Ans. (a)
(a) E1 > E2 (b) E2 > E1 Sol. Solar energy or the sun’s energy generates from a
(c) E1 > 2E2 (b) E2 = 2 E1 process called nuclear fusion. This fusion reaction
Ans. (b) is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic
Sol. Since daughter Nuclear is More Stable nuclei combine together to form one or more
So, E 2 >E1 different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles.
After decay, the daughter nuclei will be more stable Nuclear fusion is the source of energy for all-stars
hence binding energy per nucleon will be more and suns.
A
than that of their parent nucleus. 108. A nucleus Z X has mass represented by m (A, Z).
105. The binding energy per nucleon is maximum in If mp and mn denotes the mass of proton and
case of neutron respectively and BE the binding energy (in
(a) 2He4 `(b) 26Fe56 MeV), then
(c) 56Ba141 (d) 92U235 (a) BE = [m (A, Z) – Zmp – (A – Z) mn] c2
Ans. (b) (b) BE = [Zmp + (A – Z) mn – m (A, Z)] c2
Sol. The net binding energy of a nucleus is the (c) BE = [Zmp + Amn – m (A, Z)] c2
difference between the nuclear attraction and the
(d) Be = m (A, Z) – Zmp – (A – Z) mn
electrostatic repulsion between positively charged
protons. As the atomic number of an element Ans. (b)
increases its binding energy also increases but Sol. mp and m n be the mass of the proton and neutron,
proton-proton repulsion also increases. respectively. The mass of the nucleus m  A, Z  .
Therefore, the number of protons is less in iron
The mass defect of the nucleus,
Fe56 , so it is more stable and has maximum
26 m   Zm p   A  Z  m n  m  A, Z  
binding energy per nucleon, and has less proton-
Now, the binding energy of a nucleus containing N
proton repulsion.
106. The stable nucleus that has a radius half that of Fe56 neutrons and Z protons, BE  mc2
is Therefore,
(a) Li7 (b) Na21 BE   m   Zm p   A  Z  m n  m  A, Z   c 2
(c) S16 (d) Ca40
21 MODERN PHYSICS

109. During a nuclear fusion reaction, BE

   Nm n  Zm p  m  N, Z 
(a) a heavy nucleus breaks into two fragments by c2 
itself Therefore, the mass of the nucleus
(b) a light nucleus bombarded by thermal neutrons
BE
breaks up  m(N, Z)  Nmn  Zmp  2
c
(c) a heavy nucleus bombarded by thermal
112. The mass of proton is 1.0073 u and that of neutron
neutrons breaks up
(d) two light nuclei combine to give a heavier is 1.0087 u (u = atomic mass unit) The binding
energy of 2He4 is (mass of helium nucleus = 4.0015
nucleus and possibly other products.
Ans. (d) u)
Sol. During a nuclear fusion reaction, two or more (a) 28.4 MeV (b) 0.061 u
lighter nuclei fuse together to form one or more (c) 0.0305 J (d) 0.0305 erg
different heavier nuclei and release an enormous Given, mass of helium nucleus 4.0015 u.
amount of energy and subatomic particle also. The Ans. (a)
difference in product and reactant mass is Sol. Mass of proton, m p  1.0073 u , and mass of the
manifested as the release or absorption of energy. neutron, mn  1.0087 u
110. Binding energy per nucleon plot against the mass
Mass of the nucleus, m  4.0015 u
number for stable nuclei is shown in the figure.
Now, the total mass of 24 He is,
Which curve is correct
m  2  mp  mn   m because helium has two
neutrons and two protons.
Therefore,
 m   2 1.0073  1.0087   4.0015   0.0305
Now, the binding energy of Helium is,
BE  931m  931  0.0305
(a) A (b) B (where, 1amu  u  931 MeV )
(c) C (d) D
 BE  28.3955 MeV
Ans. (c)
113. If the binding energy per nucleon in 3Li7 and 2He4
Sol. For light nuclei, B.E. increases with A while for
nuclei are respectively 5.60 MeV and 7.06 MeV,
heavy nuclei, it decreases.
then the energy of proton in the reaction
111. mp denotes the mass of a proton and mn that of a 7
Li  p  2He 24 is
neutron. A given nucleus of binding energy BE, 3

contains Z protons and N neutrons. The mass m (N, (a) 28.6 MeV (d) 2.4 MeV
Z) of the nucleus is given by (c) 8.4 MeV (d) 17.28 MeV
(a) m (N, Z) = Nmn + Zmp – BEc2 Ans. (d)
(b) m (N, Z) = Nmn + Zmp + BEc 2 Sol. The binding energy of Lithium is 5.6 MeV , and
Helium is 7.06 MeV .
(c) m (N, Z) = Nmn + Zmp – BE/c2
The number of nucleons in Lithium is 7 , and
(d) m (N, Z) = Nmn + Zmp + BE/c2
Helium is 4 .
Ans. (c)
The energy of proton in this reaction
Sol. m p and m n be the mass of the proton and neutron, 7
3 Li  p  2He 24 is
respectively. The mass of the nucleus m  N, Z  . Therefore, proton energy  Binding energy of
The total mass of the nucleus, Helium atom  Binding energy of Lithium atom
 m   Nm n  Zm p  m  N, Z    E p   2  4  7.06    7  5.6 
Now, the binding energy of a nucleus containing N  E p  17.28 MeV
neutrons and Z protons, BE  mc
2
114. Consider the fission reaction
Now, BE   Nm n  Zm p  m  N, Z   c 2 236
92 U 
 X117 +Y117 +n+n i.e. two nuclei of same
mass number 117 are found plus two neutrons. The
MODERN PHYSICS 22

binding energy per nucleon of X and Y is 8.5 MeV Sol. Mass, m  V

whereas of U236 is 7.6 MeV. The total energy Where,  is density and V is the volume.
liberated is
 mV
(a) 2000 MeV (b) 200 MeV
The density of the material is defined as mass per
(c) 20 MeV (d) 2 MeV
unit volume and it is constant for a particular atom.
Ans. (b)
118. A certain mass of Hydrogen is changed to Helium
Sol. Total Energy Released
by the process of fusion. The mass defect in fusion
  8.5  117  8.5  117  236  7.6  reaction is 0.02866 . The energy liberated per
 195.4 MeV  200 Mev nucleon is: (given l = 931 MeV)
115. If a star can convert all the He nuclei completely (a) 13.35 MeV (b) 2.67 MeV
into oxygen nuclei, the energy released per oxygen (c) 26.7 MeV (d) 6.675 MeV
nucleus is [Mass of He nucleus is 4.0026 amu and Ans. (d)
mass of Oxygen nucleus is 15.9994 amu] Sol. Now, the mass defect, m  0.02866 
(a) 7.6 MeV (b) 56.12 MeV Now, according to Einstein’s equation, total energy
(c) 10.24 MeV (d) 23.9 MeV
E  mc2  931m
Ans. (c)
 E  931  0.02866  26.68 MeV
Sol. Energy associated with 1 amu  931 MeV The mass number of Helium is, A  4
4 2 He4  8 O16 So for this conversation, Therefore, the energy liberated per nucleon is
Mass defect, m  4(m He )  (m O2 ) E 26.68
   6.67 MeV
m = 4 × 4.0026 – 15.9994 = 0.011amu A 4
119. The Binding energy per nucleon of 73 Li and 42 He
So, E = 931 × 0.011 = 10.241 MeV
116. The order of magnitude of density of uranium nuclei are 5.60 MeV and 7.06 MeV, respectively.
–27
nucleus is, (mp = 1.67 × 10 kg) In the nuclear reaction 37 Li  11H  42 He  42 He  Q,
20
(a) 10 kg m
–3 17
(b) 10 kg m
–3 the value of energy Q released is:
14 –3 11 –3 (a) 8.4 MeV (b) 17.3 MeV
(c) 10 kg m (d) 10 kg m
(c) 19.6 MeV (d) –2.4 MeV
Ans. (b)
Ans. (b)
m
Sol. The density of the Uranium nucleus,   Sol. The binding energy of 37 Li is 5.6 MeV , and 24 He
V
is 7.06 MeV .
Where, the mass of the uranium, m  Am p
Now, the value of energy released,
And the volume of the uranium nucleus,
3
Q  2  4  7.06    7  5.6 
4 4  1

V  r 3   1.25  10 15  A 3  Q  17.28 MeV  17.3 MeV
3 3  
120. In the reaction 12 H  13 H  42 He  10 n, if the binding
Therefore,
3Am p 3m p energies of 12 H , 13 H and 42 He are respectively a, b
 
  and c (in MeV), then the energy (in MeV) released
45
4 1.25  10 15 3
A 4(1.95  10 )
in this reaction is
3  1.67  1027 (a) c + a – b (b) c – a – b

41.95 1045 (c) a + b + c (d) a + b – c
  1.8  1017 kg/m3 Ans. (b)
117. The mass m of a uranium nucleus varies with its Sol. The reaction is, 12 H  13 H  24 He  01n
volume V as Now, the mass defect,
1 m  mass of product  mass of reactant
(a) m V (b) m
V Then, the total energy released, E  931m MeV
(c) mV (d) m  V 2

Ans. (c)
23 MODERN PHYSICS

Now, the binding energy of  2

1 H  13 H   a  b , 123. Li nucleus has three protons and four neutrons.
Mass of Li nucleus is 7.016005 amu. Mass of
and 24 He  c proton is 1.007277 amu. and mass of neutron is
As we know that, in a nuclear reaction the resultant 1.008665 amu. Mass defect of lithium nucleus is
nucleus is more stable than the parent nucleus. amu is
Therefore, binding energy E= c   a  b  (a) 0.04048 amu (b) 0.4050 amu
c  a  b (c) 0.04052 amu (d) 0.04055 amu
121. The volume occupied by an atom is greater than the Ans. (a)
volume of the nucleus by factor of about Sol. Mass defect m  Zmp  ( A  Z )mn  ma
(a) 1010 (b) 1015 m = 3×1.007277+4×1.008665-7.016005 
(c) 101
(d) 105
m=3.021831+4.03466-7.016005
Ans. (b)
Sol. The volume is directly proportional to the cube of m=0.040486 amu
the radius of a sphere. 124. The function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is
(a) absorb the dangerous gamma radiation
Now, the radius of an atom, ratom  1010 m , and
(b) react with the nuclear fuel to release energy
the radius of a nucleus is, rnucleus  1015 m (c) provide neutrons to the fission process
Therefore, the ratio of the volume of the atom upon (d) slow down fast neutrons so as to have greater
the volume of the nucleus is, probability for nuclear fission to occur
4 3  Ans. (d)
Vatom   ratom  3
Sol. Slow down fast neutrons so as to have greater
 
3   ratom
Vnucleus  4 3  rnucleus
3 probability for nuclear fission to occur.
  rnucleus 
3  125. The binding energy per nucleon of deuteron  H
2
1

and helium nucleus  42 He  is 1.1 MeV and 7 MeV

3
Vatom  10 10 
   15 
Vnucleus  10  respectively. If two deuteron nuclei react to form a
V single helium, nucleus then the energy released is
 atom  1015
Vnucleus (a) 13.9 MeV (b) 26.9 MeV
(c) 23.6 MeV (d) 19.2 MeV
Therefore, Vatom  Vnucleus  1015 m
Ans. (c)
122. The radius of germanium (Ge) nuclide is measured Sol. The nuclear reaction is;
to be twice the radius of 94 Be . The number of 2
H  21 H  24 He  Q
1
nucleons in Ge are Now, the binding energy of the two-deuteron
(a) 73 (b) 74
nucleus is, E1  2  2  1.1  4.4 MeV
(c) 75 (d) 72
Ans. (d) Now, the binding energy of the Helium nucleus is,
1 E 2  4  7  28 MeV
Sol. The radius of the nucleus is, R  A3 Therefore, the total energy released when two
Let, the radius of the germanium nucleus be 2r , deuteron nucleus fuses together to form helium
9
and 4 Be the nucleus be r . nucleus is, E  E 2  E1  28  4.4  23.6 MeV
1
126. Complete the reaction
R  A 3
Therefore, 1   1  where, A is the atomic n + 92U235Ba144 + ...... + 3 n
R 2  A2 
(a) 36Kr89 (b) 36Kr90
number (c) 36Kr 91
(d) 36Kr92
1
Ans. (a)
r  9 3
  Sol. n1  92 u 235  56 Ba144  36 Kr89  3 0 n1
2r  A 2  0

From conservation of mass , 144 + A + 3 = 235 + 1

Therefore, the number of nucleons in Germanium
A = 89
nuclei is,  A 2  72
From conservation of charge,
56 + Z +0 = 92 +0
MODERN PHYSICS 24

 Element with Z = 36 is krypton. 129. The decay constant of a radioactive sample is .

127. Complete the equation for the following fission The half-life and mean-life of the sample are
process: (respectively) given by:
92 U 235  0 n1 
 38Sr 90  ...... (a) 1/ and (ln 2)/ (b) (ln 2)/ and 1/
(a) 54X143 + 30n1 (b) 54X145 
(c) 1/ and  (ln 2) (d)  (ln 2) and 1/
(c) 57Xe142 (d) 54Xe142 + 0n1
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
Sol. The number of radioactive nuclei is given by,
Sol. The equation of fission process;
N  N0 et
235
92 U  01 n  90
38 Sr  54 Xe  3 0 n
143 1

Let after time t  t 1 the number of nuclei becomes

The total mass number is reactant side is 2
235  1  236 , and the atomic number is 92
N0
Now, the mass number on the product side should half N 
2
be, 143  3  1  90  236 , and the atomic number,
ln 2
38  54  92 Now, on solving t 1 

128. The above is a plot of binding energy per nucleon 2

Eb, against the nuclear mass M; A, B, C, D, E, F Now, the mean life of the sample is given by,
correspond to different nuclei. Consider four 1
t avg 
reactions: 
(i) A + B  C +  (ii) C  A + B +  130. Curie is a unit of
(iii) D + E  F +  and (iv) F  D + E +  (a) energy of gamma rays
(b) half-life
(c) radioactivity
(d) intensity of gamma rays
Ans. (c)
Sol. Curie is the unit to measure the intensity of the
radioactivity. There are three units to measure
Where  is the energy released? In which reactions radioactivity or radioactive decay; dps
is  positive? (disintegration per second) and Becquerel  Bq  .
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)
Now, one curie, 1 Ci  3.7 1010 dps
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
Ans. (a) 131. A sample of radioactive elements contains 4 × 1010
Sol. The binding energy per nucleon is higher for active nuclei. If half-life of element is 10 days, then
daughter nuclei than the parent nuclei and is more the number of decayed nuclei after 30 days is
stable than the parent nuclei. (a) 0.5 × 1010 (b) 2 × 1010
The binding energy decides the stability of the (c) 3.5 × 10 10
(d) 1 × 1010
nucleus. Ans. (c)
30
So, according to the figure, the nuclei C has the Sol. The half-decay time, n  t  n  3
highest binding energy. T 10
n
In fusion reaction two lighter nuclei fuse tighter to Now, the number of nuclei decayed, N   1 
form a heavier nucleus and the release of some N 2
0  
energy due to mass defect. So, the nuclei A and B Where, the initial number of radioactive nuclei,
fuse together to form C nuclei and release energy.
N0  4 1010
On the other hand, a heavy nucleus F breaks into 3

Therefore, N  4  1010  
two nuclei D and E and release energy. 1
Now, the reactions are; 2
A  B  C   , and F  D  E    N  5  109
Radioactivity Now, the number of decayed nuclei after 30 days
is,  N 0  N  4 1010  5 109
25 MODERN PHYSICS

decayed nuclei.
  3 .5  1 0 1 0 136. The equation;
132. In a given reaction 411 H  42 He 2   2e   26 MeV
Z X A   Z1K A 4 
 Z1Y A   Z1K 4A represents
Radioactive radiations are emitted in the sequence (a) –decay (b) –decay
of (c) fusion (d) fission
(a)  (b)  Ans. (c)
(c)  (d)  Sol. The nuclear reaction;
Ans. (c) 4 11 H  42 He2   2 01 e  26 MeV
0 4 0
 2
Sol. A
Z X  Z 1Y 
A
 AZ41 K 

 AZ41 K This reaction is a fusion reaction in which the four
Therefore, radioactive radiations are emitted in the lighter nuclei of Hydrogen atom fuse together and
sequence is,      . converted into a Helium atom and releases two-
position and energy.
133. A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron and
137. A nuclear reaction given by
(a) a beta particle (b) an alpha particle
XA  Z 1Y A  1e0  v represents
(c) an antineutrino (d) a neutrino Z

Ans. (c) (a) fusion (b) fission

Sol. A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron, (c) –decay (d) –decay
and an antineutrino. A free neutron is unstable Ans. (c)
outside the nucleus and it decays with a lifetime of Sol. The nuclear reaction; A
Z X A
Y  01 e  v
Z 1
about 15 minutes.
This reaction is a   decay reaction, in which the
0 n  p ev
1 1
1
0
1
v is an antineutrino, total mass number is the same on both sides but the
required for the conservation of spin. atomic number is increased by one unit. In the  
134. A nuclear decay is expressed as
decay process, the mass number is the same but the
6  5 B11     X
C11  atomic number is increased by one unit.
Then the unknown particle X is 138. A nucleus nXm emits one  and two –particles.
(a) neutron (b) antineutrino The resulting nucleus is
(c) proton (d) neutrino (a) nXm–4 (b) n–2Ym–4
Ans. (d)

(c) n–4Z m–4
(d) None of these
Sol. The nuclear reaction; 116 C   115 B  X
Ans. (a)
Where, X is a neutrino. A neutrino is subatomic Sol. The emission of   decay decreases the mass
particle similar to an electron but has no electrical number by 4 units and the atomic number by 2
charge and its mass is very less, which is equal to units, and the emission of   decay increases the
zero.
atomic number by one unit but the mass number
135. Which of the following is positively charged?
remains the same.
(a) –particle (b) –particle
Hence, the decay will be,
(c) –rays (d) X–rays 
X mn   mn42Y 
2
 n m2  42 Z
Ans. (a)
Sol. Alpha particle is a positively charged particle, it 139. In the nuclear decay given below
has two protons and two neutrons but have no A
Z X   AZ14 B* 
 z A1Y   AZ14 B,
electron to balance the positive charge of the the particles emitted in the sequence are
nucleus. On the other hand, the beta particle may
(a)  (b) 
be a positively charged or negatively charged
(c)  (d) 
particle having magnitude of charge equal to that
Ans. (a)
of electron.
Sol. Nuclear decay reaction,
  rays is a neutral particle and it cannot be  
A
Z X   ZA1Y  01   AZ41 B*
deflected by the magnetic field but X-rays is an 
electromagnetic wave of wavelength less than  42    AZ41 B  00 
10 m . *  excited state
MODERN PHYSICS 26

The emission of the beta particle increases the 143. The most penetrating radiation out of the following
atomic number by one unit and the emission of the is
alpha particle reduces the mass number by 4 units (a) –rays (b) –particles
and atomic number by 2 units, which causes the (c) –rays (d) X–rays
product element reaches to the excited state to emit Ans. (a)
gamma particle with no charge and mass number. Sol. The most penetrating radiation is   rays because
140. The graph between the instantaneous concentration the penetration is directly proportional to the
(N) of a radioactive element and time (t) is energy of radiation. The   rays and X-rays have
higher penetrating power than the  &  -rays.
144. Consider  particles,  particles and -rays each
having an energy of 0.5 MeV. In increasing order
(a) (b)
of penetrating powers, the radiations are
(a)  (b) 
(c)  (d) 
Ans. (a)
(c) (d) Sol. Alpha-particle is similar to Helium ions and has the
Ans. (d) biggest particle size with the least penetrating
power. Beta-particle is fast-moving electrons of
dN
Sol. By using N = N0 e –λt and  – N slightly more penetrating power than alpha-
dt
particle. Gamma-particles are photons, using
It shows that N decreases exponentially with time.
gamma they have the highest penetrating power
141. The half-life period of a radioactive substance is 5
and have no rest mass.
min. The amount of substance decayed in 20 min.
Therefore, order of penetration power is     
will be
(a) 93.75% (b) 75% 145. Which of the following cannot be emitted by
(c) 25% (d) 6.25% radioactive substances during their decay?
Ans. (a) (a) Protons
Sol. In 20 Min, No. of half-lives = 4 (b) Neutrinos
4 (c) Helium nuclei
So, N=N 0 ×   = 0
1 N
(d) Electrons
2
  16
Ans. (a)
N Sol. During the radioactive decaying process, protons
N0 - 0
So, amount of substance decayed = 16 ×100 are never emitted by a radioactive substance.
N0 The radioactive nuclei emit alpha, beta    &    ,
 a   93.75% and gamma particles, as well as captures electron
142. The half life of 215 At is 100 s. The time taken during the decaying process.
215 146. A nuclear transformation is denoted by
for the radioactivity of a sample of At to decay
1 X  n,    37 Li . The nucleus of element X is
to th of its initial value is 12 10
16 (a) 6 C (b) 5 B
(a) 400 s (b) 6.3 s 9 11
(c) 5 B (d) 4 Be
(c) 40 s (d) 300 s
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
Sol. The nuclear reaction is;
Sol. Activity  N
n
A
Z X  01n  37 Li  24 He
N 1 1
 = =  Therefore, the mass number of X element,
N 0 16  2 
A  1  7  4  11  1  10
So, no. of half lives  4 And, the atomic number of X element,
So, Time =4×100=400 μs X 0  3 2  5
27 MODERN PHYSICS

10
Therefore, the X element is Boron, 5 B. N0 N0
(c) (d)
147. When deuterium is bombarded on 8O nucleus, an16 2 4
–particle is emitted, then the product nucleus is Ans. (a)
(a) 7N13 (b) 5B10 Sol. The half-life period, T  t 1  5 yr , and total time,
2
(c) 4Be9 (d) 7N14
t  15 yr
Ans. (d)
Therefore, the number of decayed-life periods,
Sol. Now, according to the conservation of mass and
charge; t 15
n  3
16
O  12 H  AZ X  24 He T 5
8
Now, the number of nuclei left after decayed,
16  2  Z  4  Z  14 n
8 1  A  2  A  7 1
N  N0  
Therefore, the reaction process is; 2
3
16
8O  12 H 14
7 N  2 He
4
1
 N  N0  
2
Deuterium is bombarded on the 168O nucleus, the
N0
product of the nucleus is 14
7 N and the emission of N 
8
an alpha particle. 22
151. Ne nucleus, after absorbing energy, decays into
148. The nucleus 6C12 absorbs an energetic neutron and
two -particles and an unknown nucleus. The
emits a beta particle (). The resulting nucleus is unknown nucleus is
(a) 7N14 (b) 7N13 (a) Nitrogen (b) carbon
(c) 5B13 (d) 6C13 (c) Boron (d) oxygen
Ans. (b) Ans. (b)
Sol. The nucleus 6 C 12 absorbs a neutron and emits  - Sol. The nuclear reaction is;
particle then its mass number increases by one unit
22
10 Ne  24 He  24 He  146 X
as well as its charge also increases by one. The new element X is Carbon, 146C
13
Therefore, the resulting nucleus is equal to 7 N . The emission of two alpha-particle reduces the
12
6C  01n  10 e  137 N atomic number by 4 units and the mass number by
131 131 8 units.
149. The half-life of I is 8 days. Given a sample of I
at time t = 0, we can assert that 152. What is the respective number of  and –particles
(a) no nucleus will decay before t = 4 days emitted in the following radioactive decay
(b) no nucleus will decay before t = 8 days
200
X 90 
 168 Y80 ?
(c) all nuclei will decay before t = 16 days (a) 6 and 8 (b) 6 and 6
(d) a given nucleus may decay any time after t = 0. (c) 8 and 8 (d) 8 and 6
Ans. (d) Ans. (d)
Sol. The half-live, t  8 days Sol. The radioactive decay, 200
X 90 168 Y80
Now, at times t  0 , the nuclei start to decay and at Now, the number of  &  -particles emitted be x
any time after that, some of the nuclei may have
and y;
decayed.
90  2x  y  80 …… (1)
dN
Now, the rate of the decay,   N And, 200  4 x  168 …… (2)
dt
Now, equating both the equation, we get
Therefore, the decay process lasts up to t   .
x  8 & y  6
150. If N0 is the original mass of the substance of half-
153. A radioactive nucleus (initial mass number A and
life period t1/2 = 5yr, then the amount of substance
atomic number Z) emits 3 –particles and 2
left after 15 yr., is
positrons. The ratio of number of neutrons to that
N N0 of protons in the final nucleus will be
(a) 0 (b)
8 16
MODERN PHYSICS 28

A Z8 AZ4 Then, two half-lives, T '  2T  2  140  280 days

(a) (b)
Z4 Z 8 1
Therefore, in 280 days the activity will remain
A  Z  12 AZ4 4
(c) (d)
Z4 Z2 of the initial activity.
Ans. (b) Hence, the initial activity of the sample,
Sol. The emission of a   particle decreases the mass = 4  6000 = 24000 dps
number by 4 units and atomic number by 2 units 156. Radioactive element decays to form a stable
+
but the emission of a  particle decreases the  dN 
nuclide, then the rate of decay of reactant  
atomic number by one unit.  dt 
Therefore, the reaction is; will vary with time (t) as shown in figure

3 A 12 2 A 12
A
Z X   Y  3 24 He 
Z 6  Z 8 Z  2 10 e
Therefore, the number of protons in the final
nucleus is, n p  Z  8 , and the number of neutrons
in the final nucleus is, nn  A  Z  4
Therefore, the ratio of the number of neutrons to
(a) (b
that of protons in the final nucleus will be,
nn AZ 4

np Z 8
154. A radioactive nucleus undergoes a series of decay
according to the scheme
    (c) (d)
A  A1  A 2  A 3  A4
Ans. (c)
If the mass number and atomic number of A are
dN
180 and 72 respectively, then what are these Sol.  N
dt
number for A4
dN
(a) 172 and 69 (b) 174 and 70   N0 et
(c) 176 and 69 (d) 176 and 70 dt
Ans. (a) 157. Half-lives of two radioactive substances A and B
Sol.  decays  Z decreased by 2 & A decreased by are respectively 20 minutes and 40 minutes.
4  decays  Z increased by 1 & A doesn’t Initially the samples of A and B have equal number
of nuclei. After 80 minutes, the ratio of remaining
change  decays  A & Z don’t change
numbers of A and B nuclei is
So, (a) 1 : 16 (b) 4 : 1
72 A180 

70 A176
1 

 71A176
2 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1
  69 A172 Ans. (c)
 3 
 69 A172
4
Sol. TA = 20 Min in 80 min, it has 4 half lives
155. After 280 days, the activity of a radioactive sample TB = 40 Min in 80 min, it has 2 half lives
is 6000 dps. The activity reduces to 3000 dps after 4

So, N A =N 0  
1
another 140 days. The initial activity of the sample
in dps is: 2
2
(a) 6000 (b) 9000 1
NB =N0  
(c) 3000 (d) 24000 2
Ans. (d) 1
Sol. According to the question, the activity of a NA 16 1
 = 
radioactive sample is 6000 dps reduced to 3000 NB 1 4
dps in 140 days . 4
Therefore, half-life, T  t 1  140 days
2
29 MODERN PHYSICS

158. The half life of radium is about 1600 years. Of 100 t

g of radium existing now, 25 g will remain Sol. The half-decay time, n 
T
unchanged after 24
(a) 2400 yrs (b) 3200 yrs n 4
6
(c) 4800 yrs (d) 6400 yrs
Now, the half-decay activity of the radioactivity
Ans. (b) n
n A 1
1 substance,  
Sol. N=N 0 ×   A0  2 
2
n Where, final decay activity is, A  0.01 C
1
 25  100   4

Therefore, 0.01  A0  
2 1
n 2
1 1
    A0  0.16  C
2 4
 No. of half lives =n=2 162. A radioactive sample at any instant has its
disintegration rate 5000 disintegrations/min. After
So, t=2×1600=3200 yrs
5 min, the rate is 1250 disintegrations/ min. Then,
159. C14 has half life 5700 years. At the end of 11400 the decay constant (per minute) is
years, the actual amount left is (a) 0.4 ln 2 (b) 0.2 ln 2
(a) 0.5 of original amount (c) 0.1 ln 2 (d) 0.8 ln 2
(b) 0.25 of original amount Ans. (a)
(c) 0.125 of original amount Sol. The initial disintegration rate,
(d) none of the above
R 0  5000 disintegration/min
Ans. (b)
After time t  5 min
11400
Sol. No. of half lives  2 Final disintegration rate,
5700
R  1250 disintegration/min
2
N 1 1
=   = =0.25
Therefore, the decay constant,   ln 
1 R0 
N0  2  4 
t  R 
160. A radioactive sample with a half-life of 1 month
1  5000 
has the label : ‘Activity = 2 microcurie on 1–8–    ln  
1991’. What would be its activity two months 5  1250 
earlier ?    0.4 ln 2
66
(a) 1.0 microcurie (b) 0.5 microcurie 163. Starting with a sample of pure Cu, 7/8 of it decays
(c) 4 microcurie (d) 8 microcurie into Zn in 15 min. The corresponding half-life is
Ans. (d) (a) 10 min (b) 15 min
1 1
Sol. The rate of radioactivity,   where, n is the (c) 5 min (d) 7 min
 2
n
2
half-life Ans. (c)
Therefore, in two-half lives  n  2  , the activity t
Sol. The number of decayed-lives, n  , and the total
1 T
becomes . time is 15 min
4
So, the activity on 1  8  91 is 2 microcurie , then 7
Now, the part of the pure sample decayed.
the activity before two months would be, 8
4  2  8 microcurie . 1
So part is remaining.
161. Half-life period of a radioactive substance is 6 h. 8
After 24 h activity is 0.01 C, what was the initial Therefore, the number of nuclei present,
activity? n
1
(a) 0.04 C (b) 0.08 C N  N0  
2
(c) 0.24 C (d) 0.16 C
Ans. (d)
MODERN PHYSICS 30

15
NA
 e    e 4 t
 5  t
1  1 T
   NB
8 2
2 4 t
1 1
2
1 1
  n 3    
8 2 e e

t Therefore, 4  t  2  t  1
T  5min 2
n 166. Rn decays into Po by emitting an –particle with
 T  5 min
half life of 4 days. A sample contains 6.4 × 1010
164. The half life of the isotope 11Na23 is 15 hrs. How
th
atoms of Rn. After 12 days, the number of atoms of
7 Rn left in the sample will be
much time does it take for   of a sample of
8 (a) 3.2 × 1010 (b) 0.53 × 1010
10
this isotope to decay (c) 2.1 × 10 (d) 0.8 × 1010
(a) 75 hrs (b) 65 hrs Ans. (d)
(c) 55 hrs (d) 45 hrs  
Ans. (d) Sol. Rn 
4
2He
 Po  T1 =4 days 
th th
 2 
7 1
Sol. For   of sample to decay,   should In 12 days No. of half lives  3
8 8 3

So, N=N 0 ×  
1
remain in undecayed
n 2
N 1 1
So,    1
N0 8  2   6.4 1010   0.8 1010
8
n = 3  t = 3  15 = 45 hrs
167. A freshly prepared radioactive source of half life 2
165. Two radioactive substances A and B have decay hours emits radiation of intensity which is 64 times
constants 5 and  respectively. At t = 0 they have the permissible safe level. The minimum time after
the same number of nuclei. The ratio of number of which it would be possible to work safely with the
2
nuclei of A to those of B will be   after a time
1 source is
e   (a) 6 hours (b) 12 hours
interval (c) 24 hours (d) 128 hours
Ans. (b)
(a) 1 (b) 4
4 N 1
Sol. Half-life, T  t 1  2 hr , 
(c) 2 (d) 1 2
N 0 64
2
Therefore, the number of nuclei decayed,
Ans. (d) t t

Sol. Radioactive decay, N  N0e

t N  1 T 1  1 2
    
N0  2  64  2 
Where, A  5, and B   .
Therefore, the total time is taken, t  6  2  12 hr
At, t  0,  N0 A   N0  B 168. The activity of a radioactive sample is measured as
2 9750 counts/min at t = 0 and as 975 counts/min at
Let at any time t , N A   1  t = 5 min. The decay constant is approximately
NB e
(a) 0.922/min (b) 0.691/min
Now, the radioactive decay for
(c) 0.461/min (d) 0.230/min
NA
For A,  e5t Ans. (c)
 N0 A N
……..(1) Sol. The decay rate,  e t
N0
NB
And, for B,  e t …… (2) Where, N  975 counts/min , and N0 = 9750
 N 0 B counts/min, and t = 5 min
Now, dividing equation (1) by (2), we get;
31 MODERN PHYSICS

975 1 1
  e5   e 5   4t  1  t 
9750 10 4
Now, taking log on both sides; 170. A mixture consists of two radioactive materials A1
 loge 10 = 5 and A2 with half lifes of 20 s and 10 s respectively.
Initially the mixture has 40 g of A1 and 160 g of A2.
2.303
   0.461 /min The amount of the two in the mixture will become
5
equal after
169. Two radioactive materials X1 and X2 have decay
(a) 40 s (b) 60 s
constants 5 and  respectively. If initially they (c) 80 s (d) 20 s
have the same number of nuclei, then the ratio of Ans. (a)
1 Sol. The initial quantity in the mixture of
the number of nuclei of X1 to that of X2 will be
e A1 is N01  40 g and A2 is, N 02  160 g .
after a time
The half-life of the A1 to t1 = 20 and of A2 is
1 t2 =10 s
(a)  (b) 
2 Now, at any time t, the amount of both in the
1 e mixture is the same.
(c) (d)
4  Therefore, N1  N 2
Ans. (c) N 01 N 02
Sol. The number of radioactive nuclei, N  N0 et N1  t
and N 2  t
2 20
210
Now, 1  5 , and  2  
40 160
N1  t  t
Therefore,  e   5   t  e 4 t
N2 2 20 210
 t  40 s
N1 1
Where,  (given)
N2 e
4 t
1 1
Therefore,  
e e