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The document provides an overview of matrices and their role in solving systems of linear equations, highlighting their applications in various fields. It explains the characteristics of linear equations, the concept of linear systems, and the possible outcomes of such systems, including unique, infinite, or no solutions. Additionally, it introduces augmented matrices and elementary row operations as tools for simplifying and solving linear systems.

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Jeann Delacruz
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13 views18 pages

Linalge 1 24 25

The document provides an overview of matrices and their role in solving systems of linear equations, highlighting their applications in various fields. It explains the characteristics of linear equations, the concept of linear systems, and the possible outcomes of such systems, including unique, infinite, or no solutions. Additionally, it introduces augmented matrices and elementary row operations as tools for simplifying and solving linear systems.

Uploaded by

Jeann Delacruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Systems of

Linear Equations
and Matrices
MATRICES
Matrices are mathematical structures consisting of rows
and columns of numbers or other elements arranged in a
rectangular array.
They are widely used in various fields, including
mathematics, physics, engineering, computer science, and
more.
Matrices are fundamental in solving systems of linear
equations, representing transformations in geometry, and
many other applications across various disciplines
Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations

ax + by = c → a, b not both 0
Linear equations
ax + by + cz = d → a, b, c not all 0
The first being a linear equation in the variables x and y
The second a linear equation in the variables x, y, and z.
Generally, a linear equation in the n variables
x1, x2,...,xn
to be one that can be expressed in the form
a1x1 + a2x2 +···+ anxn = b
Linear Equations

ax + by = c → a, b not both 0
Linear equations
ax + by + cz = d → a, b, c not all 0
The first being a linear equation in the variables x and y
The second a linear equation in the variables x, y, and z.
Generally, a linear equation in the n variables
x1, x2,...,xn
to be one that can be expressed in the form
a1x1 + a2x2 +···+ anxn = b
Linear Equations

Observe that a linear equation does not involve any


products or roots of variables.
All variables occur only to the first power.
They do not appear, for example, as arguments of
trigonometric, logarithmic, or exponential functions.
Linear Equations

Non-linear equation
• Non-linear because 𝑦 is squared.
• Non-linear due to the product term 𝑥𝑦.
• Non-linear because of the sine function sin𝑥.
• Non-linear because of the square root operation
on x1
Linear Equations

• A finite set of linear equations is called a system of


linear equations or, more briefly, a linear system.
• The variables are called unknowns.
• A solution of a linear system in n unknowns x1, x2,...,xn
is a sequence of n numbers s1, s2,...,sn for which the
substitution
Linear Equations
solution

solution

These solutions can be written more succinctly as

Note: ordered n-tuple. With this notation it is understood that all variables appear in
the same order in each equation. If n = 2, then the n-tuple is called an ordered pair, and
if n = 3, then it is called an ordered triple.
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns

Linear systems in two unknowns


arise in connection with
intersections of lines. For example,
consider the linear system

in which the graphs of the


equations are lines in the xy-plane.
Each solution (x, y) of this system
corresponds to a point of
intersection of the lines, so there are
three possibilities
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns

1. The lines may be parallel and distinct, in


which case there is no intersection and
consequently no solution.
2. The lines may intersect at only one point,
in which case the system has exactly one
solution.. Thus, a consistent linear system of
two equations in
3. The lines may coincide, in which case there are infinitely many points of intersection (the
points on the common line) and consequently infinitely many solutions.
In general, we say that a linear system is consistent if it has at least one solution and
inconsistent if it has no solutions. Thus, a consistent linear system of two equations in two
unknowns has either one solution or infinitely many solutions—there are no other possibilities.
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns

Note: Every system of linear equations has zero, one, or infinitely


many solutions. There are no other possibilities.
Systems of Linear Equations

A Linear System with One Solution

A Linear System with No Solution

A Linear System with Infinitely


Many Solutions
A system has infinitely many solutions when the equations are dependent, meaning
one equation is a multiple of the other. In such cases, the equations represent the same line,
and every point on that line is a solution.
Systems of Linear Equations

As the number of equations


and unknowns in a linear system
increases, so does the complexity
of the algebra involved in finding
solutions.
The required computations can be made more manageable by
simplifying notation and standardizing procedures.
For example, by mentally keeping track of the location of the +’s, the x’s,
and the =’s in the linear system
Systems of Linear Equations

AUGMENTED MATRIX
As noted in the introduction to this chapter, the term
“matrix” is used in mathematics to denote a rectangular array
of numbers.
Augmented Matrices and Elementary Row
Operations
Elementary Row Operations
Augmented Matrices and Elementary Row
Operations
-2 R3→ R3 7/2 R3 + R2 → R2
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9 1 0 0 1
−7 −17
0 2 -7 -17 0 1 0 1 0 2
2 2
0 3 -11 -27 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
1
2
R2 → R2 -R2 + R1 → R1
11 35
1 1 2 9 1 0 2 2

0 1 −7
2
−17
2
0 1 −7
2
−17
2
The solution x = 1, y = 2,
z = 3 is now evident.
0 3 -11 -27 0 0 1 3
-3 R2 + R3→ R3 -11/2 R3 + R1 → R1

1 1 2 9 1 0 0 1
−7 −17 −7 −17
0 1 2
0 1 2 2
2
1 3
0 0 -2 -2 0 0 1 3
Augmented Matrices and Elementary Row
Operations
Elementary Row Operations

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