HGE 1

REVIEW INNOVATIONS
REFRESHER COURSE
1. A barge weighing 400 kN when empty is 5 meters wide, 18 meters long, and 2.5
meters high. The barge is floating upright in seawater with a specific gravity of 1.03.
Calculate the draft of the barge, in meters, when it is loaded with 3000 sacks of rice,
each with a mass of 50 kg?
𝑊 𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝑊
1.03 9.81 18 5 𝐷 = 400 + 3000 50 9.81 /1000
𝐷 = 2.06 m
𝐷

𝐵𝐹
 2. A closed cylindrical tank, 4 meters long and with a radius of 1.5 meters, is fully
filled with water and placed on a car moving at an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2. How much
force is acting on the backside of the tank?
𝑎 = 2.5 m/s2
𝑎 𝑦 2.5 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = = ⟹ =
𝑔 4 9.81 4
𝑦
ℎത 𝜃 𝑦 = 1.019 m
ത = 9.81 1.019 + 1.5 𝜋 ⋅ 1.52
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
3m 𝑃 = 174.7 kN

4m
3. A cubic meter of water is subjected to a pressure increase of 20 MPa. If the bulk
modulus of elasticity of the water is 2200 MPa, evaluate the change in volume in m3?
Δ𝑃
Δ𝑉
Δ𝑃 Δ𝜎 = − 𝐵
𝑉
Δ𝑃 Δ𝑉
Δ𝑃 20 = − ⋅ 2200
1
3
Δ𝑃 Δ𝑉 = −0.00909 m
Δ𝑃

4. A turbine is rated at 450 kW when the flow of water through it is 0.609 m3/s.
Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what head is acting on the turbine, in meters.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓 ⋅ 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓 ⋅ 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝐸
450 = 0.87 0.609 9.81 𝐻𝐸
𝐻𝐸 = 86.58 m
5. A vertical clean glass piezometer tube has an inside diameter of 1 mm. When a
pressure is applied, water (σ = 0.0728 N/m) rises into the tube to a height of 25 cm.
After correcting for surface tension, estimate the applied pressure in Pa.
𝑊 𝜋 2
𝜎 𝜎 𝑝 ⋅ 𝑑 + 𝜎 ⋅ 𝜋𝑑 = 𝑊
𝑝 𝑝 4
𝜋 𝜋
2 + 0.0728 ⋅ 𝜋 ⋅ 0.001 = 9810 ⋅ ⋅ 0.0012 ⋅ 0.25
𝑝 ⋅ ⋅ 0.001
4 4
𝑝 𝑝 = 2161 Pa
6. In a bakery, water enters a mixing chamber at the rate of 150 liters per sec
through Pipe A, while cooking oil with specific gravity of 0.80 is forced at 30 liters per
sec through pipe B. Assuming the liquids are incompressible and from a
homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water, evaluate the density of the mixture in
kg/m3 leaving through a pipe of diameter 300 mm.
𝑄𝑤 = 0.15 m /s3 𝑄𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.030 m3 /s
3 3
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 1000 kg/m ⋅ 0.15 m /s 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.8 ⋅ 1000 kg/m3 ⋅ 0.03 m3 /s
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 150 kg/s 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 24 kg/s

𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0.15 + 0.03 = 0.18 m /s 3

𝑚ሶ 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 150 + 24 = 174 kg/s

174
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 966.67 kg/m3
0.18
Sit 1. In order to determine the volume and the specific gravity of a stone that weighs
45 kg in air, the engineer observed that when submerged in fresh water the stone
weighs 30 kg.

7. Evaluate the buoyant force

acting on the stone, in N. 𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝐵𝐹 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
45 − 𝐵𝐹 = 30
𝐵𝐹 = 15 kg = 147.15 N
8. Obtain the volume of the stone, in m3. 𝐵𝐹
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 ⟹ 15 = 1000 ⋅ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 0.015 m3
9. Evaluate the specific gravity of the stone.
𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 45 3 𝑠𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 3000
= 3000 kg/m =3
0.015 1000
Sit 2. A 6 – m Ø cylindrical tank, 5.7 m high, discharges water thru a 90 – mm Ø orifice, C
= 0.61, in the conical bottom 30 – cm high.
10. Determine the time needed to empty the cylinder.
𝐴 ℎ2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔ℎ 𝑡 =− 2 ℎ ቚ 5.7
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
=𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐴 2
𝑡 = ℎ − ℎ 0.3
𝑑𝑉 1 2
𝑄=− 𝐶𝐴 𝑜 𝑔
𝑑𝑡 𝜋 𝑄
𝑑ℎ 6 2
2
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔ℎ = −𝐴 4
𝑑𝑡 𝑡= 𝜋 6 − 0.3
𝑡2 0.61 ⋅ 0.09 2 9.81
ℎ2 𝐴 4
න 𝑑𝑡 =න − 𝑑ℎ
𝑡1 ℎ1 𝐶𝐴 𝑜 2𝑔ℎ 𝑡 = 6256.414 s = 104.274 min = 1 hr 44.27 min
ℎ2
𝐴 𝑑ℎ
𝑡 =− න
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1 ℎ
 Sit 2. A 6 – m Ø cylindrical tank, 5.7 m high, discharges water thru a 90 – mm Ø orifice, C
= 0.61, in the conical bottom 30 – cm high.
11. Compute the time needed to empty the conical part of the tank.
𝑑ℎ
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔ℎ = −𝐴
𝑑𝑡 5.7
𝑡2 𝜋
ℎ2 20ℎ 2
න 𝑑𝑡 =න − 4 𝑑ℎ
𝑡1 ℎ1 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔ℎ 0.3
𝑜
ℎ2
100𝜋
𝑡=− න ℎ3/2 𝑑ℎ 𝑄
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1 40𝜋 5/2 5/2
𝑡= 𝜋 0.3 − 0
100𝜋 2 5/2 ℎ2 0.61 ⋅ 0.09 2 2 9.81
𝑡=− ℎ ቚ 4
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 5 ℎ1 𝑡 = 360.378 s = 6.006 min
40𝜋 5/2 5/2
𝑡 = ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
Sit 2. A 6 – m Ø cylindrical tank, 5.7 m high, discharges water thru a 90 – mm Ø orifice, C
= 0.61, in the conical bottom 30 – cm high.
12. Compute the total time needed to empty the tank.
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1 hr 44.27 min + 6.01 min
5.7
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1 hr 50.28 min

0.3

𝑄
Sit 3. A rectangular gate 1.2 m by 3 m is acted by water on one side and is positioned
with its longer sides parallel to the water surface and the plane of the gate is inclined at
60º with the horizontal. The top of the gate is submerged 2 m vertically below the
water surface.
13. Evaluate the hydrostatic force (kN) on
the gate.
2m
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 ത = 9.81 2 + 0.6 sin 60° 1.2 3 ℎത
𝑃 = 88.983 kN 𝑦ത
14. Locate the point of action of the total 𝑐𝑔
hydrostatic force from the bottom on the 𝑃 𝑒
𝑥 𝑐𝑝
plane of the gate. 60°
3 ⋅ 1.23
𝐼 12
𝑒= = = 0.041 m
𝐴𝑦ത 2
3 ⋅ 1.2 ⋅ + 0.6
sin 60°
𝑥 = 0.6 − 0.041 = 0.559 m
Sit 3. A rectangular gate 1.2 m by 3 m is acted by water on one side and is positioned
with its longer sides parallel to the water surface and the plane of the gate is inclined at
60º with the horizontal. The top of the gate is submerged 2 m vertically below the
water surface.
15. If the gate is hinged at the bottom, evaluate
the force normal to the gate at its vertex that
will be required to open it, in kN. 2m
ℎത
𝑦ത
∑𝑀ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 :
𝑐𝑔
𝑃𝑥 −𝐹 1.2 = 0 𝑃 𝑒 𝐹
88.983 0.559 −1.2𝐹 = 0 𝑥 𝑐𝑝
𝐹 = 41.433 kN 60°
16. Minor losses through valves, fittings, bends, contractions etc. are commonly
modeled as proportional to:
C. Velocity head
17. The best hydraulic cross section for a trapezoidal channel of base width b is one for
which the length of the side edge of the flow section is:
A. b
18. When the path lines of the individual particles of a flowing liquid are irregular
curves and continually cross each other and form a complicated network, the flow is
called:
D. turbulent
19. Type of flow where the flow rate does not change over time.
C. steady flow
20. Type of flow where the mean velocity of flow for a given length or reach is the same
at every cross section.
D. Uniform flow
21. Uninterrupted flow in a fluid near a solid boundary in which the direction of flow at
every point remains constant:
B. laminar flow
22. Type of flow where at any time, the discharge or flow rate at every section of the
stream is the same.
A. Continuous flow
23. Type of flow in which, for a fixed rate of flow, the specific energy is minimum.
C. critical flow
24. Type of flow in which the density of the fluid is constant from one point to another.
D. incompressible flow
25. Type of flow in which the fluid particles rotate about their own axis while flowing
along the streamlines.
A. rotational flow