CLASS X ECONOMICS

CHAPTER-1 DEVELOPMENT
I. IMPORTANT TERMS:
1. Development -It means more income and for higher income people
need regular work, better wages and reasonable and fair prices for
their products and services.
2. National Development: It means an increase in per capita income
and also self-sufficiency of an economy.
3. Economic Development – It is a process whereby the national
income and the percapita income of a country rises and along with this
the number of people living in poverty falls, more employment
opportunities are created and standard of living among the poor
section of society improves.
4. National Income – It is the sum total of all final goods and services
produced in a country during a given period of time plus net factor
income from abroad.
5. Per Capita Income - Average income of a person of a country.
Percapita income= Total income / Population
6. Infant Mortality Rate – The number of children that die before the
age of one year per thousand live births in a particular area.
7. Literacy Rate – Proportion of literate population in the seven and
above age group.
8. Net Attendance Ratio – Total number of children of the age group 14
-15 years attending school as the percentage of total number of
children in the same age group.
9. Body Mass Index – It is the measure of body fat based on height and
weight that applies to adult men and women.
BMI= Weight in Kilogram/(Height in metre)2

II. Answer The Following:

Q1. What is development? What are the two aspects of
development?
Ans. Development is such a situation that can fulfill the aspirations or
desires of people. It is the progress or improvement in the lifestyles of
the people. Two aspects of development are:
1. Different persons can have different developmental goals.
2. What may be development for one may not be development for the
other.
Q2. Why do different individuals have different as well as conflicting
notions of developmental goals?
(OR)
Explain common, different and conflicting goals by giving appropriate
examples?
Ans. Developmental goals may be common, different or conflicting:
1. Common goals: There are some needs which are common to all like
income, freedom, equality, security, respect ,etc.
2. Different goals: Development or progress does not mean the same
thing for every individual. Each individual has his own idea of
development. For example: development for a farmer might mean
irrigation facilities, while for an unemployed youth it may mean
employment opportunities etc.
3. Conflicting goals: What may be development for some may become
destruction for some others. For example: Industrialists may want dams
for electricity, but such dams would displace the natives of a region by
submerging their land.
Q3. Explain any three examples of what factors other than income are
important aspects of our lives?
Ans. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that
you may need to live well.
1. Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
2. Money cannot buy us a disease free life and might not be able to get
protection from infectious disease.
3. Besides money, people also like to have equal treatment in the
society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives which money cannot
buy them.
Q4. How has the World Development Report classified countries?
What are the limitations of this report?
Ans (I) World Bank classifies countries according to the per capita
income.
(ii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and
above in 2019, are called rich countries.
(iii)Countries with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-
income countries.
The limitations of this report are:
(i)It considers only income and not other aspects such as literacy,
health, life expectancy, etc.
(ii) World Development Report (WDR) only tells about income and not
how it is distributed among the citizens
Q5.Why is “Per Capita Income” not an adequate indicator of economic
development of a country? Explain
Ans (i) Per capita income is the average income. It is the income per
head of the population per year.
(ii) Per capita income =Total income of the country
Total Population
(iii)It is not an adequate indicator because;
(a) It does not tell us how this income is distributed. Per capita income
might not be the income of every individual in the state.
(b) Life expectancy and infant mortality rate are other important
criteria for measuring development.
(c) Education and literacy level are other indicators of development.
(d) Pollution free environment, less corruption, gender equality etc. are
also important.
Q6.Write a note on Human Development Index.
Human Development Index is published by the UNDP.
(i) It indicates the level of development of a country.
(ii) It indicates to a country how far it has reached and how far it has yet
to achieve high ranks in matters such as per capita income of the
people.
(iii) one comes to know the important welfare elements such as life
expectancy, literacy, educational level of people and health status.
Q7. Describe any five conditions or aspects that you would consider
before accepting a job.
If one gets a job in a far off place, before accepting it, one would try to
consider many factors, apart from income such as:
(i) Facilities for the family:
I would have to check if there is a good educational facility for
children, a good house and locality to stay in, good medical facilities
should also be available.
(ii)Job security:
I should have clear terms of employment stated in my appointment
letter. A job which gives high pay but no job security will reduce one’s
sense of security and freedom.
(iii) Opportunity to learn:
There should be an opportunity for personal career growth, so that no
boredom or stagnation sets in.
(iv) Working atmosphere needs to be cooperative and healthy:
There should be good team spirit and the seniors should look after
the newcomers and guide them. If women are engaged in paid work,
their dignity in the household and society increases. A safe and secure
environment may allow more women to take up jobs or run a business.
(v) Time for your family:
 Working hours should be fixed and adhered to so that there is time
for spending with family. Leave facility must be there as well.
Q.8 Besides income, what can be other attributes to compare
economic development?
Ans: Income is not only the criterion but it is one of the important
indicators of economic development. Some of the other attributes are:
i)Infant Mortality Rate: It is an indicator of the availability of doctors
and medical facilities in the region as well as the awareness of the
people living there in regard to diseases and their prevention.
Low infant mortality rate indicates good medical facilities and all round
development in the society .A high rate will be economic loss for the
region as much effort is wasted ,which could have been harnessed.
ii) Literacy Rate: This is an indicator of the number of schools and
teachers available in a region and it also indicates whether the facilities
are being used or not due to societal pressures. Low literacy rate
exhibits backwardness and slow economic development.
iii) Life Expectancy: This is also an indicator of available health facilities
.Low life expectancy will be hindrance to economic development.
Q.9.Define Sustainable Development .Write any four features of
Sustainable Development.
a) Sustainable development may be defined as development that meets
the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability
of the future generations to meet their own needs.
i) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be maintained for future
generations.
ii) Resources are to be used wisely so that they can be replenished. For
example, if trees are cut, they should also be replanted and allowed to
grow.
iii) Overuse of resources that exhausts them. For example, petroleum. If
it is used indiscriminately, it will soon get finished and future
generations will have nothing left in their hands
iv) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental
degradation and become a global problem.
v) People must be protected against pollution, thereby ensuring their
quality of life and health.

Q.10.What is Sustainable Development? Explain any four measures to

promote sustainable development.
Ans: Sustain Development: Development without environmental
degradation and with conservation of resources for the future
generations.
Measures to promote sustainable development:
i. Increased use of renewable resources
ii.Less use of fossil fuels
iii.Introduction of organic farming
iv.Adopting measures to reduce global warming
i.Increased use of renewable resources: Sustainable development is the
management of renewable resources for the good of the entire human
and natural community. For sustainable development we must support
the usage of renewable resources such as solar, wind, geothermal and
biomass energy resources.
ii.Less use of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels take a lot time to be formed .These
fossil fuels contribute tremendously to environmental pollution.
iii.Introduction of organic farming: Organic Farming contributes largely
in creating a better quality of soil and combating erosion.
iv.Adopting measures to reduce global warming: In our everyday life,
we should contribute towards building a better environment.
11. How has the World Development Report classified countries?
Ans. (i) World Bank classifies countries according to their per capita
income.
(ii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and
above in 2019, are called rich countries.
(iii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-
income countries.
12. Why do we use averages to compare the development of countries?
What are the limitations in using it?
Ans: (i) Averages are used for better understanding
(ii) For comparison between countries, total income is not very useful.
(iii) Different countries have different populations, so total income will
not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
Limitations: Average income does not depict how the income is
distributed among the people.
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