CHAPTER

Basic Mathematics
1 and Logarithm

Some Important Identities a b

(ii) = .........(alternendo)
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab c d
2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab a+b c+d
(iii) = ....(componendo)
3. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) b d
4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) a−b c−d
(iv) = ......(dividendo)
5. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) b d
6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab) a+b c+d
(v) = ......(componendo and dividendo)
7. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab) a−b c−d
b d
(vi) = ........(invertendo)
8. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2 + a c
1 1 1 a c e
2abc  + +  (vii) If = = = ......, then each
a b c b d f
1
9. a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] a + c + e + ...... Sum of the numerators
2 =
b + d + f + ...... Sum of the denominators
10. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
= (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] Solving of Inequalities by Wavy Curve Method
2 Step 1: Obtain critical points by equating all factors to zero.
If a + b + c = 0 , then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc Step 2: Plot the critical points on the number line in the increasing
11. a4 – b4 = (a + b) (a – b) (a2 + b2) order.
12. a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2) Step 3: Put plus sign in the right most interval.
Laws of Indices Step 4: Now, if a root is repeated even times, the sign of the
function will remain the same in the two adjacent sub-intervals of
1. am × an = am+n
the root. (when we are moving from right to left)
2. am ÷ an = am–n
Step 5: If a root is repeated for odd times the sign of the function
3. (am)n = (an)m = amn will be different in the two adjacent sub intervals of the root.
m
−
m
(when we are moving from right to left)
4.  a  n =  b  n
   
b a Properties of Logarithm
5. am ÷ b–n = am × bn 1. loge(ab) = logea + logeb ; (a, b > 0)
6. ( n a ) n = a , where, n ∈ N, n ≥ 2 and a is positive rational a
  log e a − log e b ; (a, b > 0)
2. log e=
number b
7. a ×= b ab , a, b ∈ R and atleast one of a or b should be 3. logeam = mlogea ; (a > 0, m ∈ R)
positive. 4. logaa = 1 ; (a > 0, a ≠ 1)
1
Ratio and Proportion 5. log b a =
m log b a ; (a, b > 0, b ≠ 1 and m ∈ R – {0})
m
a, b, c, d are in proportion. Then,
a c 1
(i) = 6. log b a = ; (a, b > 0 and a, b ≠ 1)
b d log a b
 log m a  f ( x) > 0
7. log b a = ; (a, b, m > 0 and m, b ≠ 1)
log m b (iii) If loga f(x) > logag(x) and a < 1, then ⇒  g ( x) > 0
8. alogam = m ; (a > 0, a ≠ 1 m > 0)  f ( x) < g ( x)

Definition of Modulus
9. a logc b = b logc a ; (a, b, c > 0 and c ≠ 1)
 x, if x ≥ 0
 x > y, if m > 1 |x| = 
10. If logmx > logmy ⇒  − x, if x < 0
 x < y, if 0 < m < 1
(m,x,y > 0, m ≠ 1) Properties of Modulus
11. logma = b ⇒ a = mb ; (m, a > 0, m ≠ 1 ∈ real number) Let 'a', 'b' are positive real number then,
a > m ; if b
m >1 (i) |x|= a ⇒ x = ± a
12. logma > b ⇒ 
b
a < m ; if 0 < m <1 (ii) |x| ≤ a ⇒ –a ≤ x ≤ a ⇒ x ∈ [–a, a]
(iii) |x| < a ⇒ –a < x < a ⇒ x ∈ (–a, a)
a < mb ; if m >1
13. logma < b ⇒   (iv) |x| ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ –a or x ≥ a ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –a] ∪ [a, ∞)
b
a > m ; if 0 < m <1
(v) |x| > a ⇒ x < –a or x > a ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –a) ∪ (a, ∞)
Logarithmic Equations (vi) a ≤ |x| ≤ b ⇒ x ∈ [–b, –a] ∪ [a, b]
(i) An equation of the form loga f(x) = b, (a > 0), a ≠ 1 is equivalent (vii) a < |x| < b ⇒ x ∈ (–b, –a) ∪ (a, b)
to the equation. f(x) = ab, (f(x) > 0)
(viii) |x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|; equality holds when xy ≥ 0
 g ( x) > 0
(ix) |x – y| ≥ ||x| – |y||; equality holds when xy ≥ 0
(ii) If loga f(x) > logag(x) and a > 1, then ⇒  f ( x) > 0
 f ( x) > g ( x) (x) |x + y| ≥ ||x| – |y||; equality holds when xy ≤ 0
 (xi) |x – y| ≤ |x| + |y|; equality holds when xy ≥ 0

2 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW