DESIGN EXAMPLE

Design a R.c.C. Tee beam bridge to suit the following data:

Clear width of roadway = 7.5 m
Span (centre to centre of bearings) = 16 m

L.L. = IRC class AA tracked veh.

Average thickness of wearing coat = 80 mm

Concrete mix = M -
25 grade
Steel Fe 415 grade HYSD bars.
Using Courbon's method, compute the design moments and shears and
design the deck slab, main girder and cross girders and sketch the typical
details of reinforcements.
Solution:
1. Data Available
Effective span of Tee beam = 16 m
Width of carriage way = 7.5 m
Thickness of wearing coat = 80 mm

M- 25 grade concrete and Fe -415 grade HYSD bars.

2. Permissible stresses:
cb8.3 N/mm2
Ost200N/mm2
m= 100
j= 0.90
Q=1.1
3. Cross-section of deck: Three main girders are provided at 2.5 m clc.
Thickness of deck slab = 200 mm

Wearing coat =
80 mm
 Width of main girders 300 mm
=
provided.
Cross rders
girders are
are
deep
Umm by wide 300 m m

provided at every 4 m intervals.

300 = mm
Breadth of cross girders
10cm/m span.
160 cm
main
of gird
of main girder
=
depth
Depth to the
is taken as equal the plan showin
he plan showing
deck and
of cross girder The X-see
of the
to
to simpl
simplyty the computations. below.

shown in Fig. 3.22

ne spaCing of X-girders are

150 RC posts at 1.5 m intervals

150 x
7.5m 1m

300
Kerb 600 x 300
80 WC
200
200

600
1400

2500
300 - 2500 1850
1850

Cross section of bridge deck

Cross 2.5 m
girders

Longitudinal 2.5 m
girders

4 m
4 m 4 m 4 m

Pion of bridge - deck

Fig. 3.22. Tee beam and slab bridge deck

4. Design of Interior slab panels:
(a) Bending Moments: Dead weight of slab = (1 x 1 x 0.2 x 24) = 4.8
kn/m2
Are Dead weght of wearng coarse= (0.08 x 22) = 1.76 kN/m2
Total dead load =6.56 kN/ m"
LL.is class AA tracked veh. One wheel is placed at the centre
as shown n Fig. 3.23 below. of panel
der
n= (0.85 + 2 x
0.08) =1.01l m -u
ng
= (3.60+2 x 0.08) =3.76 mn
1.01
= 0.404
2.5
3.76 m 4 m
3.760.94
4.0
B 2.58

KT4.0
Referring to Pigeaud's curves,
=0.625
1.01 ml-
- B = 2.5 m
m, = 0.085 and m, = 0.024
Ahoat Fig. 3.23. Position of Wheel
M g = W(m, + 0.15 m,) Load for Maximum Bending
350(0.085+ 0.15 x 0. 024) Moment
= 31.01 kN.m

As the slab is continuous, design B.M. =0.8Mp:

Design B.M. including impact and continuity factor given by,
Mg (short span) = (1.25 x 0.8 x 31.01) = 31.01 kN-m

similarly,
M = 350 (0.024 +0.15 x 0.085) 12.845 kN-m
M (long span) = (1.25 x 0.8 x 12.845) = 12.845 kN-m.

(b) Shear Forces: Dispersion in the direction of span

=
0.85+ 2 (0.08+ 0.2)
= 1.41 m.

For max. shear, load is kept such that the whole dispersion is in span.

The load is kept at

202. 7 0 5 m from the edge of the beam as shown in
the Fig. 3.24 below:
0.85 m
80 mm wC

200 mm slab

0.705 m
-(X).

L= 2.2 m

2.5 m

Fig. 3.24. Position of wheel load for maximum shear

 Elements of Bridge Engine

Ettective width of slab = Kx|1-+bw

Breadth of cross girder = 30 cm
Clear length of penal = "L" 3.7 m

3.2
1.68
From table, 'K for a continuous slab is obtained as K = 2.52.

Effective width of slab = [2.52 x 0.705 (1 -0.705l2.2) + 3.6+(2x0.08)

= 5 m

350
Load per mtr. width = 5
70 kN.
Shear force = 70 (2.2-0.705)/ 2.2 = 47.60 kN.

Shear force with impact = (1.25 x 47.60) = 59.50 kN.

(c) Dead load B.M.S. and S.F.S.:

Dead load = 6.56 kN/m*
Total load on panel = (4 x 2.5 x 6.56) = 65.6 kN

1 and =1, as panel is loaded with udl

B

K= B2.5=0.625 of =1.6
From Pigeaud's curves,
M, = 0.049 and m = 0.015
M 65.6 (0.049 + 0.15 x 0.015) = 3.36 kN-m

Taking continuity into effects

M, = (0.8 x 3.36) = 2.688 kN-m

M= 66.6 (0.015 +0.15 x 0.049)

= 1.468 kN-m

Taking continuity into effect

M = (0.8 x 1.468) = 1.174 kN-m.
Dead load S.F. = (6.5 x 2.2)/2 = 7.216 kN.

(d) Design moments of shears:

Total MR = (31.01 +2.688) = 33.698 kN-m
Total M,= (12.845 +1.174) =
14.019 kN-m
Total shear force (59.5 +7.216) =
66.716 kN
of section:
(e) Design
Effective depth = "d' = 33.698x10")
= 175 mm

Adopt overall depth = 200 mm

1.1x1000)
 33.698 x 10"
(Short span) Ast = =
1170 mm
200x0.9x175
IUse 16 mm o, HYSD bars at 150 mm clc (Ast = 1341 mm ), spacing of
reinforcement in slabs not to exceed 150 mm according to IRC: 21-1987 to
control crakimg.
Effective depth tor long span using 10 mm ¢ bars,
=
(175-8- 5) =
162 mm

Ast (long span) =

(14.019x105)
(200 x 0 . 9 x 1 6 2 ) 3 4 4 mm2.

Use 10mm o bars @ 150 mm cle (Ast =

524 mm2)
( Check for shear stress:
V 66.716x103
Nominal shear stress t (hxd) (10x175) 0.381 N/mm2

K, =
(1.14-0.7 x 0.175) =
1.0175 2 0.5
K = (0.5 +0.25 p),

100As
where p bxd and As= 1341 mm
(100x1341)
p'= (10 x175) 0.766

K =
(0.5+0.25 x 0.766) =
0.69 2 1
For M-25 grade concrete, T= 0.40 N/mm2
.
T K Xx KL X Te0 (1.0175 x 1x0.40) =

= 0.407 N/mm2

since t < t , shear stresses are within sate permissible limits.

 5. of longitudinal girders:
Design
(a) Reaction factors: Using Courbon's theory, the I.R.C. class AA
loads are arranged for max. eccentricity as shown in Fig. 3.25 below:
W

e Axis of Bridge
(C.G. of Loads)
| (1.1 m)
W
CA W1
-2.05- 0.075
1625
A
B C

0.375
1.25 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 1.25 m

315 7.5 m
Fig. 3.25. Transverse position of I.R.C. Class AA tracked vehicle
 Engineering
of Bridge
54 Elements

girder is given by
eaction factor for outer

1.107 w
1+(3/ x2.5x1.1)/(21 2.5)|
=
x

R=
girder is
Reaction factor for inner
(2 W,/3) (1
+ 0) = 2 W,/3
R =

W= axle load
= 700 kN
If
W, = 0.5 W
W
R= (1.07
x 0.5 W) =0.5536
x 0.5 W)
0.3333 W =

R= (0.667 Dead load of deck slat

slab for girder:
(6) Dead load from
Fig. 3.26 below:
calculated with referce to

150 x 150 R.C. posts

parapet railing

1000
Kerb

300
80 mm w.c.
200 mm R.C. slab deck
200

600 1100

Tee-beam

Fig. 3.26. Details of deck slab kerb and parapet

Weight of:
Parapet railing = 0.7 kN-m
2. Wearing coat = (0.08 x 1.1 x 22) = 1.936 kNm
3. Deck slab = (0.2 x 1.10 x 24) = 5.280 kN/m

AKerb = (0.5 x 0.6 x 1 x 24) = 7.200 kN-m. Total = 15.116 kN-m

Total dead load of deck = (2 x 15.116) + (6.56 x 5.3) = 65 kNfm

Itis assumed that the dead load is shared equally by all girders.
Dead load/ girder = 65/3 = 21.66 k/m

moments in girder
(c) Live load bending
Span of girder =16 m
Impact factor (for class AA loads) =10%
 Design Considerations of R.CC. Bridges

The L. load is placed eentrally on the span as shown in Fig. 3.27 below
700 kN

a 8 m= b 8m-
-L-16 mn
3.6 m

tu yuuuu
3.1 Wab4
L
3.1
Influenceline
for BM

dl-16
Fig. 3.27. Influence ling for bending moment in girder

Bending moment = 0.5 (4 +3.1)700 =2485 kN.m

B.M. including impact and reaction factor for outer girder
= (2485 x 1.1 x 0.5536) = 1513 kN-m

B.M. including impact and reaction factor for inner girder

= (2485 x 1.1 x 0.3333) = 912 kN-m

max. L.L. Shear in the girders,

(d) Live load shear: For estimating the
shown in the Fig. 3.28 below:
the IRC. Class AA loads a r e placed as
Longitudinal girders

Cross girders
W, = 350 kN 2.5
14.2 m

W 350 kN 2.05 m
2.5

-3.6 m 0.45 m
4 m 4m
4 m 4 m

I.R.C. Class AA loads

of maximum shear
3.28. Position of
Fig. 63 kN
= (350 x 0.45)/2.5 =

Reaction of W, on girder B
x 2.05)/2.5 = 287 kN
girder A (350
Reaction of W2 on = (350 + 63) = 413 kN.
Total load on girder B
14.2)/16 366 kN.
(413 x
girder B
=

Maximum reaction in
x 14.2)/16 = 255 kN.
in girder A
=
(287
Maximum reaction
in-
with impact factor
Maximum L.L. Shears
402.6 kN
= (366 x 1.1)=
Innergirder = 280.5 kN
Outer girder
=
(255 x 1.1)
56 Elements of Bridge Engineering

e) Dead load B.M. and S.F. in main girder: The depth ofthe
1s assumed as 1600 mm (100 mm for every meter of span)

Depth of rib = 1.4 m

Width = 0.3 m
Weight of rib/m = (1 x 0.3 x 1.4 x 24) 10.08 kN/m.
The cross girder is assumed to have the same cross-sectional dimen
of the main
girder.
Weight of cross-girder = 10.08 kNm
Reaction on main girder = (10.08 x 2.5) = 25.2 kN

Reaction from deck slab on each girder

21.66 kNm A
Total dead load/m on girder = (21.66 + 10.08)

31.74 kNym
Referring to Fig. 3.29 below, the max. B.M.s. are computed.
25.2 25.2 25.2 kN
31.74 kN/m | 262
4m_ 4 m 4 m 4 m
-16 m

Fig. 3.29. Dead load on main girders

Max. B.M. at centre of span is obtained as under.
Mmax. = (31.74 x 16)/8 + (25.2 x 16)/4 + (25.2 x 16)/4
max.
= 1218 kN-m

Dead load shear at support

= (31.74 x 16)/2 +25.2 + (25.2/2) = 292 kN.
(Design B.M.s. and S.F.s.: These are tabulated below:
Table 3.8. Design moments and shear forces

D.L.B.M. L.L.B.M. Total B.M. Units

B.M.
Outer girder 1218 1513 2731 kN-m
Inner girder 1218 912 2130 kN-m
D.L.S.F. L.LS.F. Total S.F.
S.F.
Outer girder 292 280.1 572.1 kN

Inner girder 292 402.6 694.6 kN

(g) Design of sections for max. B.M. and S.F.

m a x 22731 kN-m
max694.6 kN.
max
"d
The beam is designed
as a T-see, assuming an effective depth
1450 mm
Lever arm
=
(1450 -

200/2)
Approx.
= 1350 mm
 Design Considerations of R.C.C. Bridges 57

Ast =
(2781 x
10") ]
(200x1350)
= 10114 mm*

Provide 16 bars of 32 mm o HYSD bars in four rows (Ast = 12864 mm2

(Remember max. size of bars not to exceed 32 mm ) as per IRC: 21
1987)
Since reinforcement are designed to resist the max. Shear at supports
V
Nominal shear stress,
t, bxd
(694.6x10*)
Teble 2e,Re 13 (300x14501) 5-M

TS2 A56-200
M25 tonUNetl, l a =3.|
= 1.596 N/mm2
0.07 fck > (0.07 x 25) > 1.75 N/mm1s456
Hence safe.
S al
Assurming 2bars of 32 mm ôto be bent of at support section, sheaf 12
resisted by the bent up bars
= =Vs (, A, Sino)- x (xhoh
Jo /I(200 x 2 x 804 x
1/1000 x 2]
=

Aoc 3os 2. (Tag19)pre

227 kN.
Shear resisted by verticalstirrups is computed as balance shear
.

21
(694.6- 227)
= 467.6 kN

Using 10 mm o, 4 legged stirrups,

Spacing Sy = [o,u As, d/v]
=
[(200 x 4 x 79 x
1450)/(467.6 x10)) n 4ene
= 195 mm

Provide 10 mm o, 4 legged stirrups @ 150 mm cle

6. Design of cross girders: Self wt., of cross girler = 10.08 kN.m

Referring to Fig. 3.30 below:

Dead load from slab = (2 x 1/2 x 2.5 x 1.25 x 6.56) clause 3o47 15
= 20.5 kN

Uniformally distributed load

38 (TR< 21)
(20.5
2 58.28.2 kN-m.
2.5
Total load on cross girder= (10.08 +8.2)
18.2kN-m.
Assuming the cross girder to be rigid, reaction on each cross girder =

(18.28 x 5) /3 30.47 kN.

 58 Elements of Bridge Engineering

4m

45
TTTTTTEA KL Llu nT T T T T T E T T T T
1.25 m
Cross girders
Longitudinal girders

4 m
duunuuu .25m

-2.5 m- -2.5 m -

- 18.26 kN/m

2.5 m- 2.5 m-

Fig. 3.30. Loads on cross girders

For max. B.M. in the cross girder, the loads of IRC class AA should be
places shown below (Fig. 3.31),
Load comming on cross-girder -3L2/4-04,)+
=
[350(-0.9/4) =
271.25 kN.
Assuming the cross girder as rigid, reaction on each longitudnal girder
=
[(2 x
271.25)/3] =
180.83 kN.
Max B.M. in Cross girder under the load
=
(180.83 x 1.475) =
266.7 kN-m.
L.L. B.M. including impact = (1.1 x 266.7) = 293.37 kN-m.

D.L. B.M. at 1.475 m from supporrt

=
(30.47 x
1.475-18.28 x 1.4752/2)
25.10 kN-m.
Total design B.M. = (293.37 + 25.10) = 318.47 m.

L.L. Shear including impact

(2x 271.25/3)
= x 1.5 =
198.917 kN.
D.L. shear
=
30.47 kN
T o t a l design shear = (198.917 + 30.47) = 229.39 N
 59
Design Considerations of R.C.C. Bridges
vwewm

Longitudinal
Girders
4 m

8 m

A
Cross
girders
am
2.05 m 4 m

-2.5 m - -2.5 m

271.25 kN 271.25 kN

2.05 m

1.475 mt
2.5 m
-2.5 m

for maximum B.M. in cross girder

live-loads
Fig. 3.31. Position of
as 1520 mm
effective depth of cross-girder
Assuming an

[ (318,4710)_| =1163 mm2

Ast (200 x0.9 x1520)
mm o (Ast = 1256 mm)
Provide 4 bars of 20
(229.39x10')|
Shear stress t , . 300x1520

= 0.503 N/mm
stirrups,
Using 10 mm o, 2-legged
(200 x 2x 79 x 1520)| 2 0 5 mm
Spacing Sy 299.39 x10°
the
150 mm cle throughout
Adopt 10 mm ¢, 2-legged stirrups reinforcement are shown in the
of
girder. The details
1ength of the cross

ig. 3.32 and 3.33.

 0.6-0.6m 3:75-m-
150x 150 mm R.C. posts
at 15 m intervals
1000 12 - 4 nos. Shad
10-150 c/c
-Kerb 10 150 c/c

300 -4-12 16 -150 c/c 80 mm w.c.

4-25%

200 20 mm slab

16-150c/c 500-
10

d 1450 mm 100-150 cic

1600 mmm
10 0

16 32 64
64
150 (4 rows 64
c 3 54
300 300300
-1850- -2500-
of tea 47
 -10 o 4 legged stirrups at 150 c/c 4-25

200
4-25
10 -
2-32 2-32
1600 100-150c/c
1400

16-32

500
700
1000- 1000- 4-32 300
-16m-
Longitudinal section of main girder near support Cross section

10 f-2 legged stirrups at 150 c/c-

+ 4-25

200
4-20
10 0
Main
girder 100-150 c/c
1600
1400

4-20

300 2500-
300+4-20 0 300*
-5300-
Longitudinal section of cross girder Cross section
Fig. 3.33. Reinforcement details in longitudinal and cross girders