PROBABILITY

Probability

• Concept related to Coins

• Concept related to Dice
• Concept related to Cards
• Concept related to box/bag containing items
 Probability
Probability:
• Probability defines the likelihood of occurrence of an event.
• Probability can be defined as the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the
total number of outcomes of an event.

• Probability. It always lies between 0 to 1

 Probability
Mutually Exclusive Event: In probability theory, two events are mutually exclusive if they
cannot both be true or occur at the same time.

Equally likely events: Equally likely events are events that have the same theoretical
probability (or likelihood) of occurring.

Independent Events: Two events E1 and E2 are said to be independent if the occurrence of
event E2 is not affected by the occurrence or the non-occurrence of the event E1.

Compound Events: An Event associated to a random experiment is a compound event if it is

obtained by combining two or more elementary events associated to the random experiment.
 Probability
Addition theorem:
• Let A and B be two events associated with a random experiment, then
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
• If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)
because for mutually exclusive events, P(A ∩ B) = 0
• If A and B are two independents events, then
P(A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B)

Multiplication Rule: When two events, A and B, are independent, the probability of
both occurring is:
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) · P(B)
 Probability
Odds in favor of the event:
Odds in the favor of any event is the ratio of the number of ways that an outcome
can occur to the number of ways it cannot occur

Odds in against of the event:

Odds against any of event is the ratio of the number of ways that an outcome
cannot occur to the number of ways it can occur.

Condition probability:
 Probability
Concept of Playing Cards:
Deck of cards is the term used for a set of 52 cards consisting of 4 types of suits.

Based on suits, the types of cards in a deck are:

• Spades
• Hearts
• Diamonds
• Clubs
 Probability
The suits which are represented by red cards are hearts and diamonds while the
suits represented by black cards are spades and clubs.

There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards.

There is one more categorization of a deck of cards:

• Face cards : Kings, Queens, and Jacks in all 4 suits are Face cards.
• Number cards: All the cards from 2 to 10 in any suit are called the number
cards.
• Aces: There are 4 Aces in every deck, 1 of every suit.
 Probability
Three unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most two
heads?

A) 5/8
B) 7/8
C) 3/4
D) 1/8
 Probability
When 4 fair coins are tossed together what is the probability of getting –
1) Exact 2 heads?
2) At most 2 heads
3) At least 1 tail
 Probability
A fair coin is tossed 11 times. What is the probability that only the first two
tosses will yield heads?

A) (1/2)^11
B) 1/2
C) (1/2)^9
D) None of these
 Probability
Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability of getting a total of at least
10?

A) 1/6
B) 2/5
C) 5/6
D) 3/5
 Probability
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two
numbers whose product is even?

A) 1/4
B) 3/4
C) 5/16
D) 3/8
 Probability
Four dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability that all of them show
the same face?

A) 1/216
B) 7/54
C) 1/36
D) 3/5
 Probability
A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of getting a queen of
club or a king of heart is:

A) 1/2
B) 1/26
C) 3/52
D) 4/26
 Probability
The probability that a card drawn from a pack of 52 cards will be a diamond
or a king, is:

A) 4/13
B) 3/13
C) 5/13
D) 1/13
 Probability
From a pack of 52 cards, 3 cards are drawn. What is the probability that one is
ace, one is queen and one is jack if
i) Cards are drawn simultaneously
ii) Cards are drawn one after another
 Probability
The probability of a problem being solved by Ram is ¼ and by Shyam is 1/5. If
they try independently, then what is the probability that the problem is solved?
a. 3/5 b. 1/20 c. 2/5 d. 5/13 e. None of these
 Probability
What is the probability that a leap year selected randomly will have 53
Thursday?
1/7 b. 2/7 c. 3/7 d. 5/7 e. None of these:
 Probability
Find the probability that in a random arrangement of the letter of words in the word
‘PROBABILITY’ the two B’s come together.
a.1/11 b.2/11 c.3/11 d.4/11 e.None of these
 Probability
A box contains 3 white, 4 red, and 7 blue balls. If three balls are taken at random
then the probability that
1) All are blue:
2) Exact two balls are blue
3) All the balls are of different colours
4) All the balls are not of same colours
 Probability
In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up
randomly. What is the probability that it is neither blue nor green?

A) 2/3
B) 8/21
C) 3/7
D) 9/22
 Probability
A bag contains 4 red and 5 green balls. Another bag contains 5 red and 6 green balls.
If one ball is drawn from each bag. Find the probability that one ball is red and one is
green.
a.11/20 b.5/8 c.5/18 d.49/99 e.None of these
 Probability
A box contains 21 balls numbered 1 to 21. A ball is drawn and then another ball
is drawn without replacement. What is the probability that both balls are even
numbered?

A) 2/7
B) 8/21
C) 3/14
D) 5/21
 Probability
Six individual sock are present in a drawer- Two Red, Two Black and Two
White. Pradeep picked one sock randomly to wear. Now he draws another sock
from the drawer then what is the probability he draws the socks of same color?

A) 1/5
B) 1/6
C) 1/30
D) 11/30
 Probability
There are total 17 balls in a bag. Out of them 6 are red in colour, 4 are green in
colour and 7 are blue in colour. If Vishal picks three balls randomly from the
bag, then what will be the probability that
i) All the three balls are of different colours
ii) all the three balls are not of the same colour
 Probability
Bag A contains 7 Red Balls, ‘X’ Green Balls, and 5 Yellow Balls. The probability to
pick Green Ball at random is 2/5. Another Bag B contains ‘X-3’ Red Balls, ‘X-4’
Yellow Balls and 6 Green Balls. If two balls are picked one after the other from
Bag B at random then what is the probability for the Balls to be Red?

A) 1/21
B) 2/21
C) 3/21
D) 4/21
 Probability
A box contains slips with numbers from 1 to 50 written on them. A slip is drawn
and replaced. Then another slip is drawn and after replacing another slip is
drawn. What is the probability that an even number appears on the first draw,
an odd number on the second draw and a number divisible by 3 on the third
draw?

A) 1/25
B) 2/25
C) 8/25
D) 4/25
 Probability
A Bag contains some White and Black Balls. The probability of picking two
white balls one after other without replacement from that bag is 14/33. Then
what will be the probability of picking two Black balls from that Bag if bag can
hold maximum 15 balls only?

A) 11/32
B) 14/33
C) 7/33
D) 1/11
 Probability
A committee of 3 members is to be made out of 6 men and 5 women. What is the
probability that the committee has at least two women?

A) 10/33
B) 14/33
C) 14/15
D) 13/25
 Probability
There are 12 boys and 8 girls in a tuition Centre. If three of them scored first
mark, then what is the probability that one of the three is a girl and the other
two are boys?

A) 14/75
B) 22/55
C) 44/95
D) None of these
 Probability
Amit and Bhanu rolled a dice with three faces colored with red and three faces colored
with yellow until one of them gets red and loses the game. Find the probability of Amit
losing the game if Amit starts the game?
A. 1/3 B. 4/5 C. 3/5 D. None of these
 Probability
A survey finds that 56% of people are married. They ask the same group of
people, and 67% have at least one child. If there are 41% that are married and
have at least one child, what is the probability that a person in the survey is
married OR has a child?? (using Venn diagram)

A) 0.82
B) 0.75
C) 4/7
D) 1/2
 Probability

Q. A three digit number (without repetition) is formed with the digits

1,2,3,4,6 and 8 at random. What is the chance that the number formed is a
even number?
a. 2/3 b. 2/5 c. 3/5 d. ½ e. None of these
 Probability
The probability that a student belongs to a club is P(C)=0.4. The probability that
a student works part time is P(PT)=0.5. The probability that a student belongs to
a club AND works part time is P(C and PT)=0.05. What is the probability that a
student belongs to a club OR works part time? ( using Venn diagram)

A) 0.85
B) 0.75
C) 4/7
D) 1/2
 Probability
Suppose children like three types of chocolates Perk, Munch, and 5Star. If they
are asked to choose to pick chocolate they have their own preference, one-sixth
of children population preference is Perk>Munch>5star. One-sixth of children
population preference is Munch>5star>Perk. Similarly remaining four-sixths
children preferences follows as per above combinations. If you met a random
child and give him chance to pick a chocolate between Munch and Perk. He
picked Munch. Now you offer Munch and 5star, what is the probability that he
chooses again Munch?

A) 1/6
B) 1/2
C) 2/3
D) 3/4
Any Doubts???

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