 The probability of any event A, denoted as P(A), lies between 0 and 1,

inclusive:
 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1

 The sample space, denoted as S, is the set of all possible outcomes of an

experiment.
 The sum of the probabilities of all outcomes in the sample space equals 1:
 Σ P(Ai) = 1
 where Ai represents each individual outcome in the sample space.

 The complement of an event A, denoted as A', is the event that A does

not occur.

 The probability of the complement of A is 1 minus the probability of A:

 P(A') = 1 - P(A)

 If two events A and B are

mutually exclusive (cannot occur simultaneously), the probability of A or B
occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities:
 P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
 If A and B are not mutually
exclusive, the probability of A or B occurring is the sum of their individual
probabilities minus the probability of both occurring: 1
 P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

 : If two events A and B are independent (the

occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the other), the
probability of both A and B occurring is the product of their individual
probabilities:

 P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B)

 : If A and B are dependent (the occurrence of

one affects the probability of the other), the probability of both occurring is
the product of the probability of A and the conditional probability of B given
A:

 P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

The conditional probability of event B occurring given that event A has

already occurred
 P(B|A) = P(A and B) / P(A)
  : An arrangement of objects where order matters.

 nPr = n! / (n-r)!
where:

n is the total number of objects

r is the number of objects to be arranged

 n! (n factorial) = n × (n-1) × (n-2) ×

... × 1
Example:

 How many different ways can you arrange 3 books on a shelf from a
collection of 5 books?
o Answer: 5P3 = 5! / (5-3)! = 60 ways

 Definition: A selection of objects where order does not matter.

 Formula:
 nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!)
where:

o n is the total number of objects

o r is the number of objects to be selected

Example:

o How many different ways can you choose 2 books to read from a
collection of 5 books?
o Answer: 5C2 = 5! / (2! * (5-2)!) = 10 ways
The key difference between permutations and combinations lies in the order of
arrangement. In permutations, the order matters, while in combinations, the order
doesn't matter.

1. : Determine whether order matters

(permutation) or doesn't matter (combination).
2. : Use the appropriate
formula
3. (
.
4.

the problem.
5. Calculate the probability: Divide the number of favorable outcomes by the
total number of outcomes.

Example: A bag contains 3 red balls and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random without
replacement. What is the probability that 1 both balls are red?

 Step 1: We need to choose 2 balls from 5, and the order doesn't matter (combination).
 Step 2: Total outcomes: 5C2 = 10
 Step 3: Favorable outcomes (both red): 3C2 = 3
 Step 4: Probability = 3/10

By understanding the concepts of permutations and combinations and applying them correctly,
you can solve a wide range of probability problems.
1) An event in the probability that will never be happened is called as -

a. Unsure event
b. Sure event
c. Possible event
d. Impossible event

2) What will be the value of P(not E) if P(E) = 0.07?

a. 90 %
b. 0.07
c. 0.93
d. 72%

3) What will be the probability of getting odd numbers if a dice is thrown?

a. 1/2
b. 2
c. 4/2
d. 5/2

4) What is the probability of getting a sum as 3 if a dice is thrown?

a. 2/18

b. 1/18

a. 4
b. 1/36

Show Answer Workspace

5) What is the probability of getting an even number when a dice is thrown?

a. 1/6
b. 1/2
c. 1/3
d. 1/4

Show Answer Workspace

6) The probability of getting two tails when two coins are tossed is -

a. 1/6
b. 1/2
c. 1/3
d. 1/4

Show Answer Workspace

7) What is the probability of getting the sum as a prime number if two dice are thrown?

a. 5/24
b. 5/12
c. 5/30
d. 1/4

Show Answer Workspace

8) What is the probability of getting at least one head if three unbiased coins are tossed?

a. 7/8
b. 1/2
c. 5/8
d. 8/9
Show Answer Workspace

9) What is the probability of getting 1 and 5 if a dice is thrown once?

a. 1/6
b. 1/3
c. 2/3
d. 8/9

Show Answer Workspace

10) What will be the probability of losing a game if the winning probability is 0.3?

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a. 0.5
b. 0.6
c. 0.7
d. 0.8

Show Answer Workspace

11) If two dice are thrown together, what is the probability of getting an even number on one
dice and an odd number on the other dice?

a. 1/4
b. 3/5
c. 3/4
d. 1/2

Show Answer Workspace

12) In a box, there are 8 orange, 7 white, and 6 blue balls. If a ball is picked up randomly, what
is the probability that it is neither orange nor blue?
a. 1/3
b. 1/21
c. 2/21
d. 5/21

Show Answer Workspace

13) A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting a king of a
black suit?

a. 1/26
b. 1/52
c. 3/26
d. 7/52

Show Answer Workspace

14) A dice is thrown twice. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose product is
even?

a. 6/4
b. 1/2
c. 5/4
d. 3/4

Show Answer Workspace

15) Suppose a number x is chosen from the numbers -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. What will be the probability
of x2 > 0?

a. 1/5
b. 2/3
c. 3/5
d. 4/5
Show Answer Workspace

16) If a number is selected at random from the first 50 natural numbers, what will be the
probability that the selected number is a multiple of 3 and 4?

a. 7/50
b. 4/25
c. 2/25
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

17) What is the probability of getting a prime number from the numbers started from 1 to
100?

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a. 1/4
b. 1/100
c. 1/25
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

18) What is the probability of drawing an ace from a pack of 52 cards?

a. 4/13
b. 1/13
c. 1/52
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

19) In 30 balls, a batsman hits the boundaries 6 times. What will be the probability that he did
not hit the boundaries?
a. 1/5
b. 4/5
c. 3/5
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

20) Which of the following probability cannot exist?

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a. 2/5
b. -1.5
c. 7
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

21) A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting a queen card?

a. 1/26
b. 1/52
c. 3/13
d. 1/13

Show Answer Workspace

22) What will be the probability of an impossible event?

a. 0
b. 1
c. Infinity
d. None of the above
Show Answer Workspace

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23) Which of the following can be the probability of an event?

a. -1.3
b. 004
c. 3/8
d. 10/7

Show Answer Workspace

24) If three coins are tossed simultaneously, what is the probability of getting two heads
together?

a. 3/8
b. 1/8
c. 5/8
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

25) The probability of winning the first prize in a lottery of a girl is 8/100. If the total of 6000
tickets are sold, then how many tickets the girl purchased?

a. 480
b. 750
c. 280
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

26) There are 3 blue socks, 5 brown socks, and 4 white socks in a drawer. If two socks are
picked up randomly, what is the probability that the selected socks are of the same color?
a. 1
b. 0
c. 19/66
d. 4/11

Show Answer Workspace

27) A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that it is a face card (King,
Queen, and Jack only)?

a. 1/26
b. 2/13
c. 1/13
d. 3/13

Show Answer Workspace

28) A stock of pens consists of 144 ball pens in which 20 pens are defective, and others are
good. A girl went to the shop to purchase a pen. The shopkeeper randomly draws one pen
and gives it to her. What is the probability that a girl will buy the good pen?

a. 5/26
b. 5/36
c. 31/36
d. None of the above

Show Answer Workspace

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29) The probability of randomly selecting a rotten apple is 0.18 from the heap of 900 apples.
So, what is the number of rotten apples in a heap?

a. 162
b. 164
 c. 136
d. 160

30) If a number is selected at random from the first 100 natural numbers, what will be the
probability that the selected number is a perfect cube?

a. 1/25
b. 2/25
c. 3/25
d. 4/25

31) What will be the number of events if 10 coins are tossed simultaneously?

a. 512
b. 90
c. 1000
d. 1024

32) If two dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability of getting a multiple of 2 on
one dice and multiple of 3 on the other dice?

a. 5/4
b. 5/12
c. 11/36
d. 1/2

33) Four dice are thrown simultaneously. What will be the probability that all of them have
the same face?

a. 1/6
 b. 1/36
c. 1/216
d. None of the above

34) Two people X and Y apply for a job in a company. The probability of the selection of X is
2/5, and Y is 4/7. What is the probability that both of them get selected?

a. 1/6
b. 27/35
c. 8/35
d. 3/35

35) Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What will be the probability of getting a sum of 7?

a. 1/6
b. 2/9
c. 5/6
d. None of the above

36) A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting a non-face
card?

a. 10/13
b. 3/13
c. 1/13
d. None of the above

37) A school has five houses named as A, B, C, D, and E. There are 23 students in a class in
which 4 students are from house A, 8 students are from house B, 5 from C, 2 from D, and the
rest from house E. Class teacher randomly selects a student to be the class monitor. What is
the probability that the selected student is not from house A, B, and C?

a. 1/23
b. 2/23
c. 5/23
d. 6/23

38) A dice is rolled. The probability of getting a number x where 1? X ? 6 is -

a. Greater than 0
b. Greater than 1
c. Between 1 and 0
d. Equal to 1

39) If three coins are tossed simultaneously, what is the probability of getting at most two
heads?

a. 7/8
b. 1/8
c. 5/8
d. None of the above

40) Which of the following statement is not true about probability?

a. The probability of an impossible event is 0.

b. Probability can be greater than 1 or less than 0.
c. Probability cannot be greater than 1.
d. None of the above
41) If P is the probability of an event, what is the probability of its complement?

a. 1 - 1/P
b. P - 1
c. 1 - P
d. None of the above

42) The probability of selecting a bad egg is 0.035 from the lot of 400 eggs. So, what is the
number of bad eggs in the lot?

a. 14
b. 16
c. 18
d. 20

43) Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, a number having five digits is formed without any
repetition. What is the probability that the number is divisible by 4?

a. 1/5
b. 2/5
c. 5/6
d. 3/5

44) The set of one or more than one outcomes from an experiment is called as -

a. Z-value
b. Arithmetic mean
c. Event
 d. None of the above

45) If one event occurs, another event cannot happen, i.e., the events that cannot occur
simultaneously are called as -

a. Exhaustive Events
b. Mutually exclusive events
c. Equally likely events
d. Independent events

46) What is the probability of the random arrangement of letters in the word "UNIVERSITY"
and two I's should come together?

a. 1/7
b. 3/5
c. 1/5
d. 2/7

47) In class, 30% of students study Hindi, 45% study Math, and 15% study both Hindi and
Math’s. If a student is randomly selected, what is the probability that he/she study Hindi or
math?

a. 1/5
b. 3/5
c. 2/5
d. 2/7

48) In binomial distribution, successive trials are -

a. Mutually exclusive
 b. Dependent
c. Independent
d. None of the above

49) The formula for finding the mean of the binomial distribution is -

a. np
b. (1 - p)
c. n + p
d. None of the above

50) How many parameters in the binomial distribution?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

Revision on Unit 4

Probability
Crafting Comprehensive Worksheets for Probability Concepts

Understanding the Core Concepts

Before we dive into the worksheets, let's briefly recap the key concepts:
 1. Sample Space and Probability:
o Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
o Probability: The measure of the likelihood of an event occurring.
2. Addition and Multiplication Rules:
o Addition Rule: Used for mutually exclusive events (events that cannot occur
simultaneously).
 P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
o Multiplication Rule: Used for independent events (events whose occurrence
doesn't affect the other).
 P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B)
3. Permutation and Combination:
o Permutation: An arrangement of objects in a specific order.
 nPr = n! / (n-r)!
o Combination: A selection of objects without regard to order.
 nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!)

Worksheet 1: Sample Space and Probability

1. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the sample space for flipping a coin twice?
 A) {HH, HT, TH, TT}
 B) {H, T}
 C) {H, T, HT, TT}
 D) {HH, HT, TT}
2. If you roll a fair six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling a number greater
than 4?
 A) 1/3
 B) 1/2
 C) 2/3
 D) 5/6

... (28 more questions)

Worksheet 2: Addition and Multiplication Rules

1. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. A bag contains 5 red marbles and 3 blue marbles. What is the probability of
drawing a red marble or a blue marble?
 A) 1/8
 B) 3/8
 C) 5/8
 D) 1
2. A coin is flipped and a die is rolled. What is the probability of getting heads and a
number less than 3?
 A) 1/12
 B) 1/6
  C) 1/4
 D) 1/3

... (28 more questions)

Worksheet 3: Permutation and Combination

1. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. How many different ways can 5 people be seated in a row?
 A) 120
 B) 60
 C) 25
 D) 10
2. A committee of 3 people is to be selected from a group of 7. How many different
committees can be formed?
 A) 21
 B) 35
 C) 105
 D) 210

... (28 more questions)

Model Answers:

Provide a detailed answer key for each question, explaining the reasoning behind the correct
choice.

Additional Tips:

 Visual Aids: Use diagrams, tree diagrams, and Venn diagrams to illustrate concepts.
 Real-world Examples: Incorporate real-world scenarios to make the concepts more
relatable.
 Practice Problems: Include a variety of practice problems to reinforce learning.
 Review and Feedback: Provide opportunities for students to review their work and
receive feedback.

By following these guidelines and customizing the worksheets to your specific needs, you can
create effective learning materials to help students master probability concepts.

Would you like me to generate specific questions for any of the worksheets

=====================================================

Addition and Multiplication Rules: 20 MCQs with Model Answers

Addition Rule

1. Mutually Exclusive Events:

o If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A or B) = ...
 A) P(A) + P(B)
 B) P(A) * P(B)
 C) P(A) - P(B)
 D) P(A) / P(B)
 Answer: A
2. Non-Mutually Exclusive Events:
o If events A and B are not mutually exclusive, then P(A or B) = ...
 A) P(A) + P(B)
 B) P(A) * P(B)
 C) P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
 D) P(A) / P(B)
 Answer: C

Multiplication Rule

3. Independent Events:
o If events A and B are independent, then P(A and B) = ...
 A) P(A) + P(B)
 B) P(A) * P(B)
 C) P(A) - P(B)
 D) P(A) / P(B)
 Answer: B
4. Dependent Events:
o If events A and B are dependent, then P(A and B) = ...
 A) P(A) * P(B)
 B) P(A) * P(B|A)
 C) P(A) + P(B)
 D) P(A) / P(B)
 Answer: B

Application Problems

5. A bag contains 5 red balls and 3 green balls. What is the probability of drawing a
red ball or a green ball?
o A) 5/8
o B) 3/8
o C) 1
o D) 0
o Answer: C
6. A coin is tossed and a die is rolled. What is the probability of getting a head and a
number greater than 4?
o A) 1/12
 o B) 1/6
o C) 1/4
o D) 1/3
o Answer: A
7. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
drawing a heart or a face card?
o A) 11/26
o B) 11/52
o C) 22/52
o D) 13/52
o Answer: A
8. Two dice are rolled. What is the probability of getting a sum of 7 or 11?
o A) 1/6
o B) 1/9
o C) 2/9
o D) 7/36
o Answer: C
9. A box contains 4 red balls, 3 green balls, and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn
without replacement. What is the probability that both balls are red?
o A) 2/9
o B) 1/3
o C) 2/7
o D) 4/9
o Answer: C
10. A coin is tossed three times. What is the probability of getting at least two heads?

 A) 1/8
 B) 3/8
 C) 1/2
 D) 1/4
 Answer: B

[Continue with 10 more questions, covering a variety of concepts and difficulty levels]

Remember to provide clear and concise explanations for each answer, especially for
questions involving complex calculations or reasoning.

Here are the remaining 10 MCQs:

11. A bag contains 5 red balls and 3 green balls. Two balls are drawn without
replacement. What is the probability that both balls are of the same color?

 A) 11/28
 B) 17/28
 C) 1/2
 D) 3/4
 Answer: A

12. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
drawing a red card or a queen?

 A) 7/13
 B) 15/26
 C) 27/52
 D) 1/2
 Answer: C

13. Two dice are rolled. What is the probability of getting a sum less than 7?

 A) 5/18
 B) 7/18
 C) 11/18
 D) 13/18
 Answer: A

14. A coin is tossed four times. What is the probability of getting exactly two tails?

 A) 1/4
 B) 3/8
 C) 1/2
 D) 3/4
 Answer: B

15. A box contains 6 red balls, 4 green balls, and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn
without replacement. What is the probability that all three balls are of different
colors?

 A) 1/11
 B) 2/11
 C) 3/11
 D) 4/11
 Answer: C

16. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
drawing a black card or a king?

 A) 7/13
 B) 15/26
 C) 27/52
 D) 1/2
 Answer: A
 17. Two dice are rolled. What is the probability of getting a sum greater than 8?

 A) 5/18
 B) 7/18
 C) 11/18
 D) 13/18
 Answer: B

18. A coin is tossed five times. What is the probability of getting at least four heads?

 A) 1/16
 B) 5/16
 C) 11/32
 D) 3/8
 Answer: C

19. A bag contains 4 red balls, 3 green balls, and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn
without replacement. What is the probability that at least one ball is red?

 A) 2/3
 B) 5/9
 C) 7/9
 D) 8/9
 Answer: C

20. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
drawing a face card or a spade?

 A) 11/26
 B) 15/26
 C) 27/52
 D) 1/2
 Answer: A

Permutation and Combination MCQs

Basic Concepts

1. Permutation is an arrangement of objects in a specific order.

2. Combination is a selection of objects without regard to order.
Formulae

 Permutation: nPr = n! / (n-r)!

 Combination: nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!)

MCQs

1. In how many ways can 5 people be seated in a row?

o A) 120
o B) 60
o C) 25
o D) 10
o Answer: A
2. How many different 3-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
if repetition is not allowed?
o A) 60
o B) 120
o C) 10
o D) 25
o Answer: A
3. A committee of 3 people is to be selected from a group of 7 people. In how many
ways can this be done?
o A) 21
o B) 35
o C) 105
o D) 210
o Answer: B
4. A box contains 6 red balls and 4 green balls. In how many ways can 2 red balls and
2 green balls be selected?
o A) 90
o B) 180
o C) 360
o D) 720
o Answer: A
5. How many different ways can the letters of the word "MISSISSIPPI" be arranged?
o A) 34,650
o B) 69,300
o C) 138,600
o D) 277,200
o Answer: A
6. A bag contains 5 red balls, 3 green balls, and 2 blue balls. In how many ways can 2
balls be drawn from the bag?
o A) 45
o B) 90
o C) 180
o D) 360
o Answer: A
7. A class has 10 boys and 15 girls. In how many ways can a committee of 4 students be
formed with 2 boys and 2 girls?
o A) 945
o B) 1890
o C) 3780
o D) 7560
o Answer: A
8. A team of 11 players is to be selected from 15 players. In how many ways can this be
done?
o A) 1365
o B) 210
o C) 32760
o D) 13650
o Answer: C
9. How many different 4-letter words can be formed using the letters of the word
"EDUCATION"?
o A) 840
o B) 1680
o C) 2520
o D) 5040
o Answer: C
10. A box contains 5 red balls, 3 green balls, and 2 blue balls. In how many ways can 3
balls be drawn from the bag such that at least one ball is red?

 A) 80
 B) 60
 C) 40
 D) 20
 Answer: A

11. In a class of 30 students, 10 are boys and 20 are girls. In how many ways can a group of 5
students be selected such that it includes at least 3 girls?

 A) 11180
 B) 10290
 C) 9100
 D) 8190
 Answer: A

12. How many different 5-digit numbers greater than 30,000 can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5 without repetition?

 A) 120
 B) 96
 C) 60
 D) 48
 Answer: B
13. A committee of 5 people is to be formed from a group of 6 men and 4 women. In how many
ways can this be done such that the committee has at least 3 women?

 A) 40
 B) 60
 C) 80
 D) 100
 Answer: C

14. How many different 6-letter words can be formed using the letters of the word "SUCCESS"?

 A) 720
 B) 360
 C) 180
 D) 90
 Answer: B

15. A bag contains 4 red balls, 3 green balls, and 2 blue balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be
drawn from the bag such that at least one ball is green?

 A) 60
 B) 45
 C) 30
 D) 15
 Answer: B

16. A class has 12 boys and 10 girls. In how many ways can a group of 4 students be selected such
that it includes at least 2 boys?

 A) 3180
 B) 2970
 C) 2760
 D) 2550
 Answer: A

17. How many different 5-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, if
repetition is not allowed and the number must be greater than 20,000?

 A) 96
 B) 72
 C) 48
 D) 24
 Answer: A

18. A committee of 4 people is to be formed from a group of 7 men and 5 women. In how many
ways can this be done such that the committee has at least 2 women?
 A) 350
 B) 315
 C) 280
 D) 245
 Answer: B

19. How many different 7-letter words can be formed using the letters of the word "SUCCESS"?

 A) 420
 B) 210
 C) 105
 D) 42
 Answer: A

20. A bag contains 6 red balls, 4 green balls, and 2 blue balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be
drawn from the bag such that at least one ball is blue?

 A) 120
 B) 90
 C) 60
 D) 30
 Answer: C