STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

✓ Key Answers for Exercise Pronoun and Noun Parts 1.

1. John
2. car
3. We
4. it
5. He
6. mine
7. doctor
8. It
9. Who
10. They

✓ Key Answers for Exercise Parts of Speech Part 2

Word Part of Speech
Amazing Adjective
Carefully Adverb
She Pronoun
Freedom Noun
Wow Interjection
Between Preposition
Jump Verb
Because Conjunction
Tall Adjective
After Preposition
Excited Adjective
Slowly Adverb
We Pronoun
Honesty Noun
Oops Interjection
Across Preposition
Eat Verb
Although Conjunction
Angry Adjective
Under Preposition
Joyful Adjective
Fast Adverb
You Pronoun
Love Noun/Verb (tergantung konteks)
Hey Interjection
Over Preposition
Dance Verb
But Conjunction
Friendly Adjective
Since Preposition/Conjunction
 Great Adjective
Yesterday Adverb
He Pronoun
Sadness Noun
Yikes Interjection
Into Preposition
Write Verb
Yet Conjunction/Adverb
Soft Adjective
Before Preposition/Conjunction
Nervous Adjective
Kindly Adverb
It Pronoun
Success Noun
Ouch Interjection
Beside Preposition
Sing Verb
Or Conjunction
Shiny Adjective
Toward Preposition
Clap Verb

✓ Key Answers of Exercise for Sentence Part 1

No. Kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris Subject Verb
1 I read a book every night. I read
2 She is cooking in the kitchen. She is cooking
3 We went to the beach yesterday. We went
4 They play soccer in the park. They play
5 The child is crying because he is The child is crying
hungry.
6 My mother works at the hospital. My mother works
7 My brother studies abroad. My brother studies
8 The birds chirp in the morning. The birds chirp
9 My father drives to the office every My father drives
day.
10 I bought new shoes yesterday. I bought

✓ Key Answers of Exercise for Sentence Part 2

No. Sentence Sentence Type
1 The book is on the table. Nominal Sentence
2 She writes an article every day. Verbal Active Sentence
3 The cake was baked by my grandmother. Verbal Passive Sentence
4 They are students at this university. Nominal Sentence
5 A new hospital will be built next year. Verbal Passive Sentence
6 He is watching a movie now. Verbal Active Sentence
7 The car was repaired by the mechanic. Verbal Passive Sentence
8 My brother is a doctor. Nominal Sentence
 9 The manager gave me a promotion. Verbal Active Sentence
10 English is spoken in many countries. Verbal Passive Sentence

✓ TOEFL EXERCISE PART 1

Part A: Completing Sentences (1-15)
1. b) belongs
2. b) Even though
3. b) be completed
4. c) some advice
5. b) were
6. a) slows
7. b) When he left
8. c) because of
9. a) did he realize
10. b) understanding
11. a) come
12. b) are
13. c) to go on
14. c) to read
15. a) was displayed

Part B: Error Analysis / Written Expressions (16-40)

(Cetak tebal menunjukkan bagian yang salah, digantikan dengan jawaban yang benar)
Part A: Completing Sentences (1-15)
1. b) belongs
2. b) Even though
3. b) be completed
4. c) some advice
5. b) were
6. a) slows
7. b) When he left
8. c) because of
9. a) did he realize
10. b) understanding
11. a) come
12. b) are
13. c) to go on
14. c) to read
15. a) was displayed

Part B: Error Analysis / Written Expressions (16-40)

(Cetak tebal menunjukkan bagian yang salah, digantikan dengan jawaban yang
benar)
16. which → who
17. revolved → revolves
18. he was → he
19. was asked → were asked
 20. to made → to make
21. you borrow → you borrowed
22. will → would
23. to listen → listening
24. to publish → to be published
25. resigning → resign
26. enjoys → enjoy
27. that → whom
28. understood → understand
29. to visit → visiting
30. were interested → was interested
31. their → his or her
32. since → for
33. was → were
34. tries → try
35. slowly → more slowly (sudah benar)
36. will → would
37. have ever saw → have ever seen
38. read → reading
39. explains → explained
40. exciting → excited

✓ KEY ANSWER TOEFL EXERCISE PART 2

Part A: Completing Sentences (1-15)
1. c) was studying
2. b) had studied
3. a) had been delivered
4. b) to finish
5. a) did he find
6. a) is
7. a) Despite
8. b) be
9. b) where
10. c) was
11. a) who
12. b) understood
13. b) be completed
14. a) Even though
15. a) is

Part B: Error Analysis / Written Expressions (16-40)

(Cetak tebal menunjukkan bagian yang salah, digantikan dengan jawaban yang benar)
16. avoids to speak → avoids speaking
17. to not miss → not to miss
18. do not to go → do not go
19. likes → like
20. was → were
 21. to review → review
22. we have → we had
23. worked hardly → worked hard
24. visiting → to visit
25. is looking → are looking
26. to listen → listening
27. will come → would come
28. will be → would be
29. in front audience → in front of the audience
30. borrow → borrowed
31. takes → take
32. was discovered → were discovered
33. would have studied → had studied
34. are present → be present
35. whom → who
36. involved into → involved in
37. on → in
38. felt asleep → fell asleep
39. never has → has never
40. since many years ago → for many years

READING COMPREHENSION
✓ EXERCISE FOR SKILL 1: PRONOUN REFERENCE
Soal
1. The word "It" in line 2 refers to …
a) The world
b) Oxygen
c) The Amazon rainforest
d) Carbon dioxide
Jawaban & Pembahasan
Jawaban: (c) The Amazon rainforest
Pembahasan: "It" adalah bentuk tunggal yang merujuk pada sesuatu yang
disebut sebelumnya. Dalam konteks ini, "It is often called the ‘lungs of the Earth’"
menunjukkan bahwa "it" merujuk pada "The Amazon rainforest", bukan pada
"oxygen" atau "carbon dioxide."

Passage 2

The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, are credited with inventing the first successful airplane.
They tested their aircraft in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, because of its strong winds. Their
invention changed the world of transportation forever.

Soal
 2. The word "Their" in line 3 refers to …
a) The Wright brothers
b) The airplane
c) North Carolina
d) The winds

Jawaban & Pembahasan

Jawaban: (a) The Wright brothers

Pembahasan: "Their" adalah possessive pronoun (kata ganti kepemilikan) yang
menunjukkan kepemilikan atas "invention" (penemuan). Karena dalam teks disebutkan bahwa
Orville dan Wilbur Wright menciptakan pesawat, maka "their invention" merujuk pada mereka.
Passage 3
Elephants are known for their intelligence and strong social bonds. They live in herds led by a
matriarch, who uses her experience to guide them. She makes important decisions for the
group, ensuring their survival.

Soal

3. The word "She" in line 3 refers to …

a) The herd
b) An elephant
c) The matriarch
d) Survival

Jawaban & Pembahasan

Jawaban: (c) The matriarch

Pembahasan: Kata "She" adalah pronoun tunggal untuk perempuan. Dalam teks
disebutkan bahwa "a matriarch" memimpin kawanan gajah, dan "She makes important
decisions" menunjukkan bahwa "she" merujuk pada matriarch, bukan herd atau elephant secara
umum.

Passage 4

The internet has revolutionized the way people communicate. It allows instant access to
information, making life easier for many. However, some argue that it also has negative effects,
such as reducing face-to-face interactions.

Soal

4. The word "It" in line 2 refers to …

a) Communication
b) The internet
c) Information
d) Life

Jawaban & Pembahasan

 Jawaban: (b) The internet
Pembahasan: Kata "It" di sini merujuk pada subjek utama dari teks, yaitu "The internet",
yang disebutkan pertama kali dan dibahas sepanjang paragraf.
Passage 5
Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. Every year, climbers attempt to reach its
summit, facing extreme weather conditions. Despite the challenges, they are determined to
succeed.

Soal

5. The word "Its" in line 2 refers to …

a) The world
b) Climbers
c) Mount Everest
d) The weather

Jawaban & Pembahasan

Jawaban: (c) Mount Everest

Pembahasan: Kata "its" menunjukkan kepemilikan dan merujuk pada Mount Everest
karena "summit" berarti puncak gunung, yang hanya bisa dimiliki oleh gunung itu sendiri.

Passage 6

The honeybee plays an important role in pollination. Without it, many plants would not be able to
reproduce. Scientists are studying the decline of its population and looking for ways to protect it.

Soal

6. The word "It" in line 2 refers to …

a) The plants
b) Pollination
c) The honeybee
d) Scientists

Jawaban & Pembahasan

Jawaban: (c) The honeybee

Pembahasan: "It" merujuk pada honeybee karena teks membahas pentingnya lebah
dalam penyerbukan, dan kata "its population" mengacu pada jumlah lebah itu sendiri.
Passage 7
Water is essential for life. People use it for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. In some regions,
however, it is scarce, leading to serious problems.

Soal

7. The word "It" in line 2 refers to …

a) People
 b) Life
c) Water
d) Cleaning

Jawaban & Pembahasan

Jawaban: (c) Water

Pembahasan: "It" merujuk pada water karena kalimat sebelumnya membahas penggunaan
air untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari.
✓ EXERCISE FOR SKILL 2
Passage 1: The Role of Bees in Agriculture
Bees play a crucial role in global agriculture by pollinating crops that produce fruits,
vegetables, and nuts. Without bees, many plants would struggle to reproduce, leading to a
significant decline in food production. Studies indicate that nearly 75% of global crops
depend on pollination. Unfortunately, bee populations have been declining due to habitat
loss, pesticide use, and climate change. Scientists are now researching ways to protect
these essential pollinators.
Soal
1. What is most likely mentioned before this paragraph?
a) The impact of bee stings on humans
b) The role of insects in food chains
c) The general importance of pollination in nature
d) Different species of bees around the world
2. What is most likely discussed after this paragraph?
a) The process of honey production
b) Strategies to increase bee populations
c) How different crops grow without pollination
d) The history of beekeeping in Europe
3. Which sentence best introduces the next paragraph?
a) The decline of bee populations has caused concern among environmentalists and
farmers.
b) Some cultures have long viewed bees as sacred creatures.
c) The anatomy of a bee allows it to collect pollen efficiently.
d) Bees are not the only pollinators in nature.
Jawaban & Pembahasan
1. (c) The general importance of pollination in nature → Paragraf membahas
bagaimana lebah penting untuk penyerbukan, jadi sebelumnya kemungkinan membahas
penyerbukan secara umum.
2. (b) Strategies to increase bee populations → Paragraf berakhir dengan
pembahasan tentang penelitian untuk melindungi lebah, jadi selanjutnya
kemungkinan besar membahas strategi konkret.
3. (a) The decline of bee populations has caused concern among
environmentalists and farmers. → Ini sesuai dengan pembahasan sebelumnya
tentang ancaman terhadap lebah.
 Vocabulary
• Pollination = Penyerbukan
• Habitat loss = Kehilangan habitat
• Pesticide = Pestisida
• Decline = Penurunan
• Crops = Tanaman pertanian

Passage 2: The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, transformed economies from
agrarian to industrial. Factories were built, cities expanded, and new technologies emerged.
One of the most significant changes was the shift from manual labor to machine-based
production, increasing efficiency and productivity. However, industrialization also brought
negative consequences, such as pollution and poor working conditions in factories.

Soal

1. What is most likely mentioned before this paragraph?

a) The history of ancient civilizations
b) The factors leading to the Industrial Revolution
c) The benefits of modern technology
d) The role of agriculture in the economy
2. What is most likely discussed after this paragraph?
a) The effects of industrialization on urban life
b) The invention of the printing press
c) How factories were built in medieval Europe
d) The impact of agriculture on modern society
3. Which sentence best introduces the next paragraph?
a) As factories spread, cities became more crowded and unsanitary.
b) Many people disliked the idea of industrialization.
c) The 19th century was a time of significant cultural change.
d) Some regions resisted the spread of industry.

Jawaban & Pembahasan

1. (b) The factors leading to the Industrial Revolution → Karena paragraf

membahas efek revolusi industri, maka sebelum ini kemungkinan membahas
penyebabnya.

2. (a) The effects of industrialization on urban life → Paragraf terakhir menyebutkan

pertumbuhan kota dan dampak negatif, jadi kemungkinan besar dilanjutkan dengan
pengaruh pada kehidupan urban.

3. (a) As factories spread, cities became more crowded and unsanitary. → Ini logis
karena melanjutkan ide bahwa industrialisasi menyebabkan perubahan sosial.

Vocabulary Penting

• Agrarian = Agraris
 • Manual labor = Pekerjaan manual
• Productivity = Produktivitas
• Urbanization = Urbanisasi
• Unsanitary = Tidak higienis

Passage 3: The Evolution of the Internet

Since its creation in the late 20th century, the internet has revolutionized communication. People
can now send messages instantly, access vast amounts of information, and conduct business
online. The development of social media further changed how people interact, making global
connections easier than ever. However, concerns about privacy and cybersecurity have grown
alongside these advancements.

Soal

1. What is most likely mentioned before this paragraph?

a) The history of early computers
b) The impact of the printing press on literacy
c) The dangers of social media
d) The spread of global commerce
2. What is most likely discussed after this paragraph?
a) The rise of artificial intelligence in digital communication
b) The role of traditional mail in modern society
c) The importance of books in education
d) The mechanics of fiber optic cables
3. Which sentence best introduces the next paragraph?
a) As more people use the internet, governments have implemented stricter regulations.
b) The internet was initially created for military use.
c) Many individuals still prefer face-to-face interactions.
d) The rise of email made postal services obsolete.

Jawaban & Pembahasan

1. (a) The history of early computers → Karena paragraf membahas bagaimana

internet berkembang, sebelumnya kemungkinan membahas awal perkembangan
komputer.

2. (a) The rise of artificial intelligence in digital communication → Karena paragraf

terakhir membahas keamanan siber, kemungkinan topik berikutnya adalah teknologi
masa depan.

3. (a) As more people use the internet, governments have implemented stricter
regulations. → Melanjutkan pembahasan tentang kekhawatiran privasi yang
disebutkan di akhir paragraf sebelumnya.

Vocabulary Penting
 • Revolutionized = Merevolusi
• Cybersecurity = Keamanan siber
• Instantly = Secara instan
• Regulations = Regulasi
• Privacy = Privasi

Passage 4: Climate Change and Its Global Impact

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Rising temperatures,
extreme weather events, and rising sea levels threaten ecosystems and human societies
worldwide. Scientists have linked these changes to increased greenhouse gas emissions from
human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Although some governments
have implemented policies to reduce emissions, progress has been slow due to economic and
political challenges.

Soal

1. What is most likely mentioned before this paragraph?

a) The history of global climate patterns
b) The advantages of industrialization
c) The benefits of greenhouse gases for plant growth
d) The role of fossil fuels in economic development
2. What is most likely discussed after this paragraph?
a) The effects of climate change on agriculture and wildlife
b) The history of the Kyoto Protocol
c) The influence of volcanoes on Earth's temperature
d) The formation of the ozone layer
3. Which sentence best introduces the next paragraph?
a) The effects of climate change are already visible in many parts of the world.
b) Some countries deny that climate change is a real problem.
c) Scientists continue to debate whether human activity affects the climate.
d) Many industries benefit from fossil fuel use.

Jawaban & Pembahasan

1. (a) The history of global climate patterns → Sebelum membahas dampak

perubahan iklim, kemungkinan sebelumnya menjelaskan pola iklim sebelumnya.

2. (a) The effects of climate change on agriculture and wildlife → Karena paragraf
membahas perubahan iklim secara umum, kemungkinan besar selanjutnya
membahas dampaknya pada lingkungan dan ekosistem tertentu.

3. (a) The effects of climate change are already visible in many parts of the world.
→ Kalimat ini menghubungkan penyebab perubahan iklim dengan dampak nyata di
kehidupan sehari-hari.
 Vocabulary Penting

• Greenhouse gas emissions = Emisi gas rumah kaca

• Deforestation = Deforestasi (penebangan hutan)
• Ecosystem = Ekosistem
• Extreme weather events = Peristiwa cuaca ekstrem
• Fossil fuels = Bahan bakar fosil

Passage 5: The Renaissance and Its Influence on Art

The Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth in Europe, beginning in the 14th century. It
marked a renewed interest in classical philosophy, science, and art. During this time, artists like
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo created masterpieces that are still admired today. The
Renaissance also saw advances in architecture, literature, and humanist thinking. These
developments shaped modern artistic expression and laid the foundation for future intellectual
movements.

Soal

1. What is most likely mentioned before this paragraph?

a) The decline of medieval art styles
b) The history of ancient Greece
c) The invention of the printing press
d) The role of the Catholic Church in medieval Europe
2. What is most likely discussed after this paragraph?
a) The impact of the Renaissance on education and science
b) The fall of the Roman Empire
c) The use of oil paint in modern times
d) The influence of Renaissance music on the 20th century
3. Which sentence best introduces the next paragraph?
a) The Renaissance also brought significant changes in the fields of education and
science.
b) Many artists of this period were self-taught.
c) The Catholic Church strongly opposed the changes brought by the Renaissance.
d) Renaissance artists were primarily focused on sculpture.

Jawaban & Pembahasan

1. (a) The decline of medieval art styles → Renaissance berkembang setelah gaya
seni abad pertengahan mulai ditinggalkan.

2. (a) The impact of the Renaissance on education and science → Karena paragraf
pertama membahas seni dan budaya, kemungkinan besar yang selanjutnya dibahas
adalah pengaruhnya dalam bidang lain seperti pendidikan dan sains.
 3. (a) The Renaissance also brought significant changes in the fields of
education and science. → Kalimat ini melanjutkan pembahasan tentang dampak
Renaissance di bidang lain.

Vocabulary Penting

• Cultural rebirth = Kebangkitan budaya

• Humanist thinking = Pemikiran humanis
• Masterpiece = Karya agung
• Architecture = Arsitektur
• Intellectual movement = Gerakan intelektual

Passage 6: The Impact of Social Media on Communication

Social media has dramatically changed how people communicate. Platforms like Facebook,
Twitter, and Instagram allow users to share information instantly, connect with people worldwide,
and express their opinions freely. However, social media also has negative effects, such as the
spread of misinformation, cyberbullying, and privacy concerns. Despite these challenges, its
role in modern society continues to grow.

Soal

1. What is most likely mentioned before this paragraph?

a) The invention of the telephone
b) The history of newspapers and mass communication
c) The rise of the internet and digital technology
d) The effects of radio broadcasting
2. What is most likely discussed after this paragraph?
a) How social media affects mental health
b) The development of the printing press
c) The influence of email on modern business
d) The decline of face-to-face communication
3. Which sentence best introduces the next paragraph?
a) One of the biggest concerns about social media is its impact on mental health.
b) Social media companies continue to expand their influence.
c) Many people prefer traditional communication methods over social media.
d) The role of social media in politics has increased in recent years.

Jawaban & Pembahasan

1. (c) The rise of the internet and digital technology → Karena media sosial
berkembang dengan adanya internet dan teknologi digital, maka itu yang paling
mungkin dibahas sebelumnya.
2. (a) How social media affects mental health → Setelah membahas dampak negatif
media sosial, topik selanjutnya kemungkinan adalah pengaruhnya pada kesehatan
mental.

3. (a) One of the biggest concerns about social media is its impact on mental
health. → Kalimat ini melanjutkan pembahasan tentang dampak sosial media secara
lebih spesifik.

Vocabulary Penting

• Misinformation = Informasi yang salah

• Cyberbullying = Perundungan daring
• Privacy concerns = Kekhawatiran privasi
• Instantly = Secara instan
• Expand their influence = Memperluas pengaruh
✓ EXERCISE FOR SKILL 3
Passage 1: The Role of Bees in Agriculture
Bees play a crucial role in agriculture by pollinating plants, which helps in the production
of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Without bees, many crops would fail to produce food
efficiently, leading to food shortages worldwide. Unfortunately, in recent years, bee
populations have been declining due to habitat destruction, pesticide use, and climate
change. Farmers and environmentalists are working together to create bee-friendly
environments by planting flowers, reducing pesticide use, and establishing conservation
areas. These efforts are crucial for maintaining food security and ecological balance.
Soal Passage 1
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
a) Bees are dangerous to the environment.
b) Farmers are using pesticides to improve crop production.
c) The decline in bee populations affects agriculture.
d) Conservation areas are unnecessary for food security.
Jawaban: (c) The decline in bee populations affects agriculture.
Pembahasan:
• Pilihan (a) salah karena teks tidak menyebutkan bahwa lebah berbahaya.
• Pilihan (b) salah karena teks lebih fokus pada dampak negatif dari pestisida.
• Pilihan (d) salah karena teks justru menyatakan bahwa konservasi sangat penting.
• Pilihan (c) benar karena teks menyoroti hubungan antara lebah dan pertanian.
Vocabulary Penting
• Pollinate (menyerbuki)
• Crops (tanaman hasil pertanian)
• Pesticides (pestisida)
• Habitat destruction (kerusakan habitat)
• Food security (ketahanan pangan)

Passage 2: The Invention of the Printing Press

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century revolutionized
the spread of knowledge. Before the printing press, books were copied by hand, making them
expensive and rare. Gutenberg’s innovation allowed books to be mass-produced, significantly
lowering costs and making literature accessible to the public. This breakthrough contributed to
the spread of literacy, the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution. Today, the printing press is
considered one of the most important inventions in human history.
Soal Passage 2
2. How is the passage organized?
a) Cause and effect
b) Comparison and contrast
c) Problem and solution
d) Chronological order

Jawaban: (a) Cause and effect

Pembahasan:

• Paragraf menjelaskan penyebab (inovasi Gutenberg) → akibat (penyebaran literasi,

Reformation, Scientific Revolution).
• Tidak ada perbandingan antara dua hal (b).
• Tidak membahas solusi dari masalah tertentu (c).
• Tidak disusun berdasarkan urutan waktu yang spesifik (d).
Vocabulary Penting
• Printing press (mesin cetak)
• Revolutionized (merevolusi)
• Mass-produced (diproduksi secara massal)
• Literacy (kemampuan membaca dan menulis)
• Breakthrough (terobosan)

Passage 3: The Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that helps regulate Earth’s temperature.
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane trap heat from the sun, preventing it
from escaping back into space. However, human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and
deforestation, have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, leading to global
warming. Scientists warn that if greenhouse gas emissions are not controlled, the planet could
face severe consequences, including rising sea levels and extreme weather events.
Soal Passage 3
3. What is the main idea of the passage?
a) The greenhouse effect is harmful to the environment.
b) Human activities have intensified the greenhouse effect, leading to climate change.
 c) Scientists do not believe in the greenhouse effect.
d) Methane is the only greenhouse gas.

Jawaban: (b) Human activities have intensified the greenhouse effect, leading to
climate change.
Pembahasan:

• Pilihan (a) tidak sepenuhnya benar karena efek rumah kaca itu alami.
• Pilihan (c) salah karena para ilmuwan justru memperingatkan bahayanya.
• Pilihan (d) salah karena bukan hanya metana yang menjadi gas rumah kaca.
Vocabulary Penting
• Greenhouse effect (efek rumah kaca)
• Fossil fuels (bahan bakar fosil)
• Deforestation (penggundulan hutan)
• Emissions (emisi)
• Extreme weather (cuaca ekstrem)

Passage 4: The Importance of Sleep

Sleep is essential for maintaining physical and mental health. During sleep, the body repairs
itself, the brain processes information, and energy is restored. Studies show that lack of sleep
can lead to a weakened immune system, poor concentration, and an increased risk of chronic
diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Experts recommend that adults get at least 7-9
hours of sleep per night to function optimally.
Soal Passage 4
4. How is the passage organized?
a) Comparison and contrast
b) Problem and solution
c) Cause and effect
d) Chronological order

Jawaban: (c) Cause and effect

Pembahasan:

• Paragraf menjelaskan penyebab (kurang tidur) → akibat (penurunan kesehatan dan

konsentrasi).
Vocabulary Penting
• Immune system (sistem kekebalan tubuh)
• Chronic diseases (penyakit kronis)
• Concentration (konsentrasi)
 • Function optimally (berfungsi dengan optimal)

Passage 5: The Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. Built over centuries,
the wall was originally constructed to protect Chinese territories from invasions. Made of stone,
brick, and other materials, the wall stretches over 13,000 miles and is considered an
architectural marvel. Over time, the wall became a symbol of China’s strength and
perseverance. Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and attracts millions of tourists each
year.
Soal Passage 5
5. What is the main idea of the passage?
a) The Great Wall of China is an ancient fortification with historical significance.
b) The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built.
c) The Great Wall of China was ineffective at stopping invaders.
d) The Great Wall of China is made of stone.

Jawaban: (a) The Great Wall of China is an ancient fortification with historical
significance.
Pembahasan:

• Pilihan (b) hanya menyebut panjangnya, tetapi tidak mencerminkan makna sejarahnya.
• Pilihan (c) tidak disebutkan dalam teks.
• Pilihan (d) hanya menyebutkan bahan yang digunakan.
Vocabulary Penting
• Landmark (landmark/tengara)
• Fortification (benteng)
• Architectural marvel (keajaiban arsitektur)
• Heritage site (situs warisan budaya)
✓ Exercise For Skill 4
PASSAGE 1: The Importance of Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are among the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. They provide
shelter for numerous marine species and act as natural barriers that protect coastlines from
storms and erosion. In addition, coral reefs contribute to the economy through tourism and
fisheries.
However, these ecosystems face severe threats due to human activities. Climate change
has caused ocean temperatures to rise, leading to coral bleaching. Pollution and overfishing
have further damaged reef systems, reducing biodiversity and threatening the livelihoods of
people who depend on them.
Efforts to protect coral reefs include establishing marine protected areas, reducing carbon
emissions, and promoting sustainable fishing practices. Scientists emphasize the need for
immediate action to prevent further damage and ensure the survival of these critical
ecosystems.
Vocabulary Penting
• Ecosystem = ekosistem
• Biodiversity = keanekaragaman hayati
• Coral bleaching = pemutihan karang
• Livelihoods = mata pencaharian
• Sustainable = berkelanjutan
Soal Location of Information
1. Where does the passage explain the role of coral reefs in protecting marine life?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
2. In which paragraph does the passage discuss the impact of climate change on coral
reefs?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
3. Where does the passage provide solutions for coral reef conservation?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan
1: (a) Paragraph 1 → Paragraf pertama menjelaskan bagaimana terumbu karang
memberikan perlindungan bagi kehidupan laut dan mencegah erosi pantai.
2: (b) Paragraph 2 → Paragraf kedua membahas dampak perubahan iklim,
seperti pemanasan laut dan pemutihan karang.
3: (c) Paragraph 3 → Paragraf ketiga menyajikan solusi untuk melindungi
terumbu karang, termasuk kawasan konservasi dan perikanan berkelanjutan.

PASSAGE 2: The History of the Printing Press

The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century,
revolutionized communication and the spread of knowledge. Before its invention, books
were handwritten, making them rare and expensive. The printing press made books more
accessible, leading to an increase in literacy rates across Europe.
The spread of printed materials had a profound impact on society. It played a crucial
role in the Protestant Reformation, as religious ideas could be widely distributed.
Additionally, it facilitated the Scientific Revolution by allowing scholars to share discoveries
more efficiently.
Modern printing technology has advanced significantly, with digital printing and online
publishing transforming the way information is disseminated. However, the legacy of the
printing press remains evident in how societies value written knowledge and mass
communication.
 Vocabulary Penting
• Revolutionized = merevolusi
• Accessible = dapat diakses
• Literacy rates = tingkat melek huruf
• Disseminate = menyebarkan
• Legacy = warisan
Soal Location of Information
1. Where in the passage does it explain how books were made before the
printing press?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
2. In which paragraph does the passage describe the impact of the printing press
on religion and science?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
3. Where does the passage discuss modern developments in printing
technology?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan
1: (a) Paragraph 1 → Paragraf pertama menjelaskan sebelum mesin cetak, buku
ditulis tangan dan sangat mahal.
2: (b) Paragraph 2 → Paragraf kedua membahas bagaimana mesin cetak
mempengaruhi Reformasi Protestan dan Revolusi Ilmiah.
3: (c) Paragraph 3 → Paragraf ketiga membahas perkembangan teknologi cetak
modern dan digitalisasi.

PASSAGE 3: The Discovery of Penicillin

In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the world’s first widely used antibiotic.
While conducting experiments with bacteria, he noticed that a mold called Penicillium
notatum was killing the bacteria. This accidental discovery changed the field of medicine
forever.
Penicillin was first used to treat infections during World War II. It significantly reduced
death rates among soldiers and became a vital weapon against bacterial diseases.
Following its success, scientists developed other antibiotics to combat various infections.
Despite its benefits, the overuse of antibiotics has led to antibiotic resistance. Many
bacteria have evolved to withstand treatment, making infections harder to cure.
Researchers continue to study new ways to fight resistant bacteria while promoting
responsible antibiotic use.
 Vocabulary Penting
• Antibiotic = antibiotik
• Mold = jamur
• Combat = melawan
• Resistance = ketahanan
• Withstand = bertahan terhadap
Soal Location of Information
1. Where does the passage describe the discovery of penicillin?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
2. In which paragraph does the passage discuss the role of penicillin in World
War II?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
3. Where in the passage is the problem of antibiotic resistance mentioned?
a) Paragraph 1
b) Paragraph 2
c) Paragraph 3
d) None of the above
Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan
1: (a) Paragraph 1 → Paragraf pertama membahas penemuan penicillin
oleh Alexander Fleming.
2: (b) Paragraph 2 → Paragraf kedua menjelaskan penggunaan pertama
penicillin dalam Perang Dunia II.
3: (c) Paragraph 3 → Paragraf ketiga membahas masalah resistensi
antibiotik akibat penggunaan berlebihan.

✓ Exercise For Skill 5

PASSAGE 1: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the medical field, offering groundbreaking
solutions for diagnosis and treatment. One of the most remarkable applications of AI is in
radiology, where machine learning algorithms analyze medical images with unparalleled
accuracy. This technology helps doctors detect diseases such as cancer at an early stage,
significantly increasing patients' chances of recovery.
Moreover, AI-powered robots are now assisting in complex surgeries, improving
precision while reducing human error. Although AI continues to revolutionize healthcare,
ethical concerns about data privacy and decision-making responsibility remain major
challenges.
Vocabulary Penting
• Groundbreaking = inovatif, revolusioner
• Unparalleled = tidak tertandingi
• Precision = ketepatan
• Revolutionize = merevolusi, mengubah secara drastis
• Ethical concerns = masalah etika
Soal Vocabulary
1. The word "groundbreaking" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
a) Ordinary
b) Innovative
c) Unsuccessful
d) Expensive
2. The word "unparalleled" in paragraph 1 most likely means:
a) Unique
b) Inferior
c) Simple
d) Standard
3. The word "precision" in paragraph 2 refers to:
a) A lack of control
b) Extreme accuracy
c) A dangerous mistake
d) A difficult operation
Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan
1: (b) Innovative → "Groundbreaking" berarti revolusioner atau inovatif,
sinonimnya adalah "innovative".
2: (a) Unique → "Unparalleled" berarti tidak tertandingi atau unik, tidak bisa
dibandingkan dengan yang lain.
3: (b) Extreme accuracy → "Precision" mengacu pada ketepatan atau
akurasi yang sangat tinggi.

PASSAGE 2: Climate Change and Its Impact on Biodiversity

Climate change is a pressing global issue, with profound implications for biodiversity.
Rising temperatures disrupt ecosystems, causing habitat loss and species extinction. Coral
reefs, for instance, suffer from bleaching due to increased ocean temperatures.
Furthermore, shifting weather patterns lead to unpredictable rainfall and droughts,
severely affecting agricultural productivity. Scientists advocate for immediate mitigation
strategies, including reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable practices.

Vocabulary Penting

• Pressing = mendesak
• Profound = mendalam
• Disrupt = mengganggu
• Bleaching = pemutihan
• Mitigation = pengurangan dampak
1. The word "pressing" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
a) Unimportant
b) Urgent
c) Slow
d) Temporary
2. The word "disrupt" in paragraph 1 most likely means:
a) Protect
b) Disturb
c) Improve
d) Strengthen
3. The word "mitigation" in paragraph 2 refers to:
a) Increasing the problem
b) Reducing harmful effects
c) Ignoring the consequences
d) Accelerating changes

Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan

1: (b) Urgent → "Pressing" berarti mendesak atau membutuhkan tindakan segera.

2: (b) Disturb → "Disrupt" berarti mengganggu atau mengacaukan keseimbangan
sistem.
3: (b) Reducing harmful effects → "Mitigation" berarti pengurangan dampak buruk
dari sesuatu.

PASSAGE 3: The Renaissance and Its Influence on Modern Society

The Renaissance was a pivotal period in European history that marked a resurgence
of interest in art, science, and philosophy. Great thinkers such as Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo produced masterpieces that continue to inspire contemporary artists.
This era also witnessed groundbreaking scientific discoveries, including heliocentrism,
which challenged long-standing beliefs. The influence of the Renaissance persists today,
shaping modern education, architecture, and cultural norms.

Vocabulary Penting

• Pivotal = sangat penting

• Resurgence = kebangkitan kembali
• Masterpieces = karya agung
• Heliocentrism = teori heliosentris (matahari sebagai pusat tata surya)
• Persists = bertahan lama
1. The word "pivotal" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
a) Minor
b) Crucial
c) Forgotten
d) Controversial
 2. The word "resurgence" in paragraph 1 refers to:
a) A decline
b) A revival
c) A removal
d) A disappearance
3. The word "persists" in paragraph 2 most likely means:
a) Fades away
b) Continues
c) Stops
d) Changes completely

Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan

1: (b) Crucial → "Pivotal" berarti sangat penting atau krusial dalam sejarah.
2: (b) A revival → "Resurgence" berarti kebangkitan kembali sesuatu yang
sebelumnya redup.
3: (b) Continues → "Persists" berarti tetap ada atau bertahan lama.

✓ EXERCISE FOR SKILL 6

Passage 1: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
Social media has transformed how people communicate and interact. Platforms
such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter allow users to connect instantly, share
updates, and engage with a broader audience. While these platforms provide
numerous benefits, they also contribute to several psychological concerns, particularly
among young users. Studies have shown that excessive social media use can lead to
increased anxiety, depression, and poor self-esteem due to constant exposure to
curated, idealized representations of others' lives.
One significant issue linked to social media is the phenomenon of comparison
culture. Many individuals feel pressured to portray an unrealistic version of their lives
online, leading to dissatisfaction and feelings of inadequacy. Algorithms further
reinforce this behavior by promoting content that garners the most engagement, often
favoring aesthetically pleasing and aspirational posts. Over time, this exposure can
distort users' perceptions of reality and fuel negative mental health outcomes.
Despite these concerns, social media can be used positively if approached
mindfully. Some platforms promote awareness about mental health issues, offering
support communities and resources for struggling individuals. Experts recommend
setting time limits, curating a healthier feed, and engaging in offline activities to
counteract social media's negative impact. Ultimately, responsible usage and digital
literacy are crucial in navigating the complexities of the online world.
Exercise 1: Answer the following questions
1. What is the tone of the passage?
(A) Objective
(B) Critical
(C) Enthusiastic
(D) Indifferent
2. What is the purpose of the passage?
(A) To criticize the use of social media entirely
(B) To analyze both the benefits and drawbacks of social media
(C) To argue in favor of social media’s positive influence
(D) To provide entertainment through personal anecdotes
3. How is the passage organized?
(A) By presenting a historical timeline
(B) By comparing different perspectives on social media
(C) By listing causes and effects
(D) By offering a problem and suggesting solutions

Answer Key & Explanation

1. (B) Critical → The passage highlights the negative effects of social media on mental
health while acknowledging some positive aspects.
2. (B) To analyze both the benefits and drawbacks of social media → The passage
provides a balanced analysis rather than only criticizing or praising social media.
3. (D) By offering a problem and suggesting solutions → The passage discusses an
issue (social media’s negative effects) and then provides solutions for responsible
usage.

Vocabulary List

• Curated → Dikurasi
• Aspirational → Berorientasi pada keinginan tinggi
• Distort → Mendistorsi / Mengubah secara tidak akurat
• Mindfully → Dengan penuh kesadaran
• Digital literacy → Literasi digital

Passage 2: The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized multiple industries, with healthcare being one
of the most promising fields for its application. AI-powered diagnostic tools can detect
diseases at an early stage, sometimes even more accurately than human doctors. For
example, AI-driven image recognition software is now capable of identifying tumors in
medical scans with a high degree of precision, leading to faster and more effective
treatments.
Despite its advancements, AI in medicine also raises ethical concerns. One major issue
is the potential for bias in AI algorithms. Since AI systems learn from existing medical data,
they can unintentionally adopt prejudices present in historical records. This could lead to
disparities in healthcare outcomes, where certain groups receive lower-quality care due to
algorithmic biases. Additionally, the reliance on AI raises questions about patient privacy and
the security of sensitive medical information.
Looking ahead, experts believe that AI will continue to evolve and integrate seamlessly
into medical practice. However, it is crucial to implement regulations that ensure ethical
usage and minimize biases. The collaboration between AI developers, healthcare
professionals, and policymakers will play a vital role in shaping a future where AI enhances,
rather than replaces, human expertise in medicine.
Exercise 2: Answer the following questions
1. What is the tone of the passage?
(a) Optimistic
(b) Cautious
(c) Neutral
(d) Dismissive
2. What is the purpose of the passage?
(a) To promote AI as the ultimate solution in medicine
(b) To inform about AI's benefits and challenges in healthcare
(c) To argue against AI usage in medical fields
(d) To describe the history of AI in medicine
3. How is the passage organized?
(a) By presenting a cause-and-effect relationship
(b) By listing AI’s benefits, drawbacks, and future prospects
(c) By comparing AI with traditional medicine
(d) By outlining AI’s development over time

Answer Key & Explanation

1. (B) Cautious → The passage discusses both the advantages and the ethical
concerns of AI in medicine, suggesting careful consideration.
2. (B) To inform about AI’s benefits and challenges in healthcare → The passage
presents a neutral overview of AI’s role, not fully endorsing or rejecting it.
3. (B) By listing AI’s benefits, drawbacks, and future prospects → The passage follows
a logical progression, first discussing advantages, then challenges, and ending with
future predictions.

Vocabulary List

• Revolutionized → Merevolusi
• Precision → Ketepatan
• Disparities → Ketimpangan
• Algorithmic bias → Bias algoritmik
• Seamlessly → Secara mulus
✓ EXERCISE FOR SKILL 7
Passage 1: The Disappearance of the Maya Civilization
The Maya civilization, one of the most advanced ancient societies, flourished in
Mesoamerica for centuries. They developed complex writing systems, impressive
architectural structures, and advanced knowledge in astronomy and mathematics.
However, by the 10th century, many of their great cities had been abandoned, and the
civilization experienced a dramatic decline. Historians and archaeologists have
 proposed various theories to explain this disappearance, ranging from prolonged
droughts and environmental degradation to internal conflicts and foreign invasions.
One of the most widely accepted theories is that severe droughts caused by
climate change led to a food and water crisis. Studies of lake sediments and tree rings
indicate that the region experienced prolonged periods of little to no rainfall, severely
affecting agriculture. Without enough food, populations would have been forced to
migrate or perish. Additionally, deforestation due to large-scale farming and
construction projects may have worsened environmental conditions, making survival
even more difficult.
Another possible explanation is internal warfare. Evidence from hieroglyphic
records suggests that the Maya city-states were frequently engaged in conflicts.
Continuous battles could have weakened political structures and disrupted trade,
leading to economic collapse. Although the exact reason for the civilization's decline
remains uncertain, it is likely that multiple factors played a role in the downfall of the
once-great Maya civilization.

1. What can be inferred about the decline of the Maya civilization?

a) The Maya civilization disappeared suddenly without any warning.
b) Climate change may have significantly contributed to their decline.
c) The Maya was completely destroyed by foreign invaders.
d) There is a single cause that explains the Maya civilization's decline.

2. What does the passage suggest about Maya agriculture?

a) Maya agriculture was completely sustainable.
b) Farming methods may have contributed to environmental problems.
c) Maya farmers had advanced irrigation systems.
d) The Maya did not rely on agriculture for their survival.

3. What can be inferred about Maya city-states?

a) They were peaceful and rarely fought with each other.
b) They engaged in frequent conflicts, which may have weakened them.
c) They had no written records of their history.
d) They were destroyed by a single catastrophic war.

Vocabulary Penting

• Flourished = berkembang pesat

• Prolonged = berkepanjangan
• Degradation = penurunan kualitas
• Hieroglyphic = tulisan kuno bergambar
• Irrigation = pengairan
Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan

1. (b) Climate change may have significantly contributed to their decline.

➝ Pembahasan: Teks menyebutkan bukti bahwa kekeringan parah dan perubahan iklim
berdampak besar pada pertanian dan kehidupan mereka.

2. (b) Farming methods may have contributed to environmental problems.

➝ Pembahasan: Disebutkan bahwa deforestasi akibat pertanian besar-besaran
mungkin memperburuk kondisi lingkungan.
3. (b) They engaged in frequent conflicts, which may have weakened them.
➝ Pembahasan: Ada bukti dalam catatan hieroglif yang menunjukkan bahwa negara-
kota Maya sering berperang satu sama lain.

Passage 2: The Rise of Electric Vehicles

Over the past decade, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased dramatically.
Governments around the world have implemented policies to reduce carbon emissions, and
EVs are seen as a key solution to combat climate change. Many car manufacturers have
announced ambitious plans to transition away from gasoline-powered vehicles, investing
billions into battery technology and charging infrastructure.
One of the biggest challenges in the widespread adoption of EVs is battery technology.
Although modern lithium-ion batteries have improved significantly in terms of efficiency and
lifespan, issues such as limited range and long charging times still pose problems.
Researchers are actively developing solid-state batteries, which promise to provide higher
energy density and faster charging capabilities. If successful, this innovation could
revolutionize the automobile industry.
Despite these advancements, there are concerns about the sustainability of EV
production. The mining of lithium, cobalt, and other rare materials required for batteries raises
environmental and ethical concerns. Additionally, while EVs do not produce tailpipe emissions,
the electricity used to charge them often comes from fossil fuel-based power plants. This
means that the actual environmental benefits of EVs depend on the energy sources used to
generate electricity.
1. What can be inferred about the future of electric vehicles?
a) The adoption of EVs will likely continue to grow.
b) Gasoline-powered cars will disappear within the next five years.
c) Battery technology is already perfect and does not need improvement.
d) Governments are not interested in supporting EVs.
2. What does the passage imply about lithium-ion batteries?
a) They have no disadvantages.
b) They still face challenges related to range and charging speed.
c) They are no longer used in electric vehicles.
d) They are already more advanced than solid-state batteries.
3. What can be inferred about the sustainability of EVs?
a) EVs have no environmental impact.
b) The mining of battery materials raises ethical and environmental concerns.
 c) EVs do not require electricity to function.
d) Fossil fuels play no role in EV adoption.

Vocabulary Penting

• Adoption = penerimaan/penggunaan
• Transition = beralih
• Efficiency = efisiensi
• Ethical = etis
• Infrastructure = infrastruktur

Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan

4. (a) The adoption of EVs will likely continue to grow.

➝ Pembahasan: Teks menyebutkan bahwa pemerintah dan industri otomotif berinvestasi besar
dalam EV.

5. (b) They still face challenges related to range and charging speed.
➝ Pembahasan: Disebutkan bahwa baterai lithium-ion masih memiliki keterbatasan dalam jarak
tempuh dan waktu pengisian daya.

6. (b) The mining of battery materials raises ethical and environmental concerns.
➝ Pembahasan: Teks menyebutkan bahwa penambangan lithium dan kobalt menimbulkan
masalah lingkungan dan etika.
✓ EXERCISE FOR SKILL 8
Passage 1: The Impact of Climate Change on Ocean Currents
Climate change has significantly altered global ocean currents, disrupting marine
ecosystems and weather patterns worldwide. As the planet warms, melting ice caps
release vast amounts of freshwater into the oceans. This influx of freshwater dilutes
the salinity of seawater, weakening crucial currents such as the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Scientists predict that if this trend continues, it could
lead to drastic climate changes, including harsher winters in Europe and intensified
storms in the tropics.
The alteration of ocean currents has direct consequences for marine life. Many
species, from plankton to large migratory fish, rely on stable oceanic temperatures and
nutrient flows for survival. Changes in currents disrupt food chains, forcing species to
either adapt, migrate, or face extinction. Coral reefs, which depend on stable
temperatures, are particularly vulnerable, experiencing widespread bleaching due to
temperature fluctuations.
Beyond marine ecosystems, shifts in ocean currents influence human activities.
Fishing industries suffer from declining fish populations, while coastal communities
face increased flooding and erosion. Additionally, altered currents affect global rainfall
patterns, leading to prolonged droughts or excessive precipitation in various regions.
Governments and scientists are racing to find solutions, but the long-term impact of
these changes remains uncertain.
 1. Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the first paragraph?
a) Rising temperatures increase salinity in ocean waters, making currents stronger.
b) Climate change causes ocean currents to weaken, potentially leading to extreme
weather.
c) The AMOC strengthens due to an increase in global temperature and ice melting.
d) Global warming has little effect on ocean currents, but it impacts weather.
Jawaban: (b)
➡ Pembahasan:
• "Climate change has significantly altered global ocean currents" →
"Climate change causes ocean currents to weaken"
• "It could lead to drastic climate changes" → "Potentially leading to extreme
weather"
• Jawaban (a), (c), dan (d) tidak sesuai dengan makna asli.

Vocabulary Penting

• Disrupting = Mengganggu
• Salinity = Kadar garam
• Currents = Arus laut
• Extinction = Kepunahan
• Precipitation = Curah hujan

Passage 2: The Renaissance and Its Influence on Modern Thought

The Renaissance, which began in Italy during the 14th century, was a cultural movement
that emphasized humanism, art, and scientific discovery. This period saw the revival of
classical knowledge and the birth of new artistic techniques, such as linear perspective.
Renaissance thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo combined scientific
observation with artistic creativity, leading to groundbreaking works that continue to inspire
modern scholars.
One of the key contributions of the Renaissance was the shift towards empirical
observation in science. Prior to this period, many scientific beliefs were based on religious
doctrine or ancient texts. However, Renaissance scientists like Galileo Galilei championed
experimentation and direct observation, laying the foundation for modern scientific methods.
This approach eventually led to major discoveries in physics, astronomy, and medicine.
The Renaissance also had a profound impact on literature and philosophy. Writers such
as William Shakespeare and Niccolò Machiavelli explored complex themes of power, human
nature, and morality. Their works continue to shape contemporary discussions on governance,
ethics, and psychology. Ultimately, the Renaissance's emphasis on intellectual inquiry and
innovation transformed the trajectory of Western civilization.
2. What is the best restatement of the second paragraph?
a) Renaissance scientists rejected empirical observation and relied on religious doctrine.
b) The Renaissance encouraged a scientific approach based on observation and
experimentation.
c) Galileo Galilei’s studies had little impact on modern science.
d) Ancient texts and religious beliefs remained the primary source of scientific knowledge.
 Jawaban: (b)
➡ Pembahasan:

• "The shift towards empirical observation in science" → "Encouraged a scientific

approach based on observation"
• "Laying the foundation for modern scientific methods" → "Experimentation
became an important method"
• Jawaban (a), (c), dan (d) tidak sesuai dengan makna asli.

Vocabulary Penting

• Empirical = Berdasarkan pengalaman atau pengamatan

• Doctrine = Ajaran
• Groundbreaking = Revolusioner
• Governance = Tata kelola
• Trajectory = Jalur perkembangan

Passage 3: The Role of Sleep in Memory Formation

Sleep plays a crucial role in consolidating memories and enhancing cognitive function. During
deep sleep, the brain strengthens neural connections, allowing information to be stored more
effectively. Studies suggest that individuals who get sufficient sleep perform better in learning
and problem-solving tasks compared to those who are sleep-deprived.
Beyond memory retention, sleep is essential for emotional regulation. Lack of sleep has been
linked to increased stress, anxiety, and mood disorders. When the brain does not get adequate
rest, it struggles to process emotions properly, leading to heightened reactivity and poor
decision-making.
Furthermore, chronic sleep deprivation is associated with long-term health risks, including
cardiovascular diseases, weakened immunity, and metabolic disorders. Researchers emphasize
the importance of maintaining a consistent sleep schedule to promote overall well-being and
cognitive performance.

Soal Restatement Question

3. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the third paragraph?
a) Chronic sleep deprivation increases the risk of serious health conditions.
b) Sleep plays no role in maintaining immunity and health.
c) Sleep deprivation improves emotional stability.
d) Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule does not affect cognitive abilities.

Jawaban: (a)
➡ Pembahasan:

• "Chronic sleep deprivation is associated with long-term health risks" →

"Increases the risk of serious health conditions"
• Jawaban (b), (c), dan (d) bertentangan dengan makna asli.

Vocabulary Penting

• Consolidating = Memperkuat
• Cognitive function = Fungsi kognitif
• Deprivation = Kekurangan
• Metabolic disorders = Gangguan metabolisme
• Well-being = Kesejahteraan
✓ EXERCISE FOR SKILL 9

Passage 1: The Impact of Social Media on Human Interaction

Social media has transformed the way people communicate, offering instant
connections across the globe. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
allow users to share information, express opinions, and maintain relationships
regardless of physical distance. While social media fosters communication, it has
also led to concerns about reduced face-to-face interactions, which are essential for
developing social skills.
Another significant impact of social media is its influence on mental health. Studies
suggest that excessive social media use can contribute to anxiety, depression, and
low self-esteem. The pressure to maintain a perfect online presence can lead
individuals to compare themselves to others, resulting in feelings of inadequacy.
However, social media can also provide support networks, helping people connect
with communities that share similar interests or struggles.
Despite its advantages, social media presents challenges related to
misinformation and privacy. False information can spread rapidly, influencing public
opinion and decision-making. Additionally, concerns over data security and online
surveillance have led to debates on how companies should regulate personal
information. Governments and organizations continue to develop policies to ensure
responsible social media use.

1. According to the passage, all of the following are effects of social media
EXCEPT...
a) It enables people to stay connected despite physical distance.
b) It can contribute to anxiety and low self-esteem.
c) It ensures the accuracy of information shared online.
d) It raises privacy concerns related to data security.

Jawaban: (c) It ensures the accuracy of information shared online.

➡ Pembahasan:

• (a) "Stay connected despite distance" → Disebutkan dalam paragraf

pertama.
 • (b) "Anxiety and low self-esteem" → Disebutkan dalam paragraf kedua.
• (d) "Privacy concerns and data security" → Disebutkan dalam paragraf
ketiga.
• (c) "Ensures accuracy of information" tidak disebutkan dan
bertentangan dengan bagian tentang misinformasi, sehingga jawaban yang
benar.

Vocabulary Penting Passage 1

• Face-to-face interactions = interaksi langsung

• Self-esteem = harga diri
• Misinformation = informasi yang salah
• Surveillance = pengawasan
• Regulate = mengatur

Passage 2: The Influence of Advertising on Consumer Behavior

Advertising plays a crucial role in shaping consumer preferences and purchasing

decisions. Companies invest millions of dollars in marketing strategies that appeal to
emotions, desires, and cultural values. Advertisements use persuasive techniques such as
celebrity endorsements, catchy slogans, and vibrant visuals to influence buying behavior.

One of the major effects of advertising is the creation of brand loyalty. Consumers often
develop a preference for a particular brand due to repeated exposure to advertisements. This
loyalty can lead them to choose a product not necessarily because of its quality but because
of its strong brand identity. Marketers also use psychological tactics such as scarcity and
exclusivity to create a sense of urgency among buyers.

However, advertising also has ethical concerns. Some companies use misleading
information or exaggerated claims to attract consumers. Additionally, children and vulnerable
populations are often targeted with ads for unhealthy products, raising debates on the need
for stricter regulations. Governments worldwide have implemented advertising guidelines to
ensure that marketing practices remain ethical and transparent.

2. According to the passage, all of the following are effects of advertising EXCEPT...

a) It influences consumer preferences and buying decisions.

b) It helps companies build brand loyalty.
c) It guarantees that all advertisements provide truthful information.
d) It sometimes targets vulnerable populations, leading to ethical concerns.

Jawaban: (c) It guarantees that all advertisements provide truthful

information.
➡ Pembahasan:

• (a) "Influences buying decisions" → Disebutkan dalam paragraf pertama.

• (b) "Builds brand loyalty" → Disebutkan dalam paragraf kedua.
• (d) "Targets vulnerable populations" → Disebutkan dalam paragraf ketiga.
 • (c) "Guarantees truthful information" tidak disebutkan, justru sebaliknya, ada
iklan yang menyesatkan.

Vocabulary Penting Passage 2

• Consumer behavior = perilaku konsumen

• Brand loyalty = kesetiaan merek
• Scarcity = kelangkaan
• Exclusivity = eksklusivitas
• Ethical concerns = masalah etika

EXERCISE FOR SKILL 10

Passage 1: The Impact of Sleep on College Students' Academic Performance

College students often struggle to balance academic responsibilities and social life,
leading to inconsistent sleep schedules. Research has shown that inadequate sleep
negatively impacts cognitive functions, including memory retention and problem-solving skills.
Students who consistently get fewer than six hours of sleep per night tend to perform worse
on exams and assignments compared to those who sleep seven to nine hours.
One reason sleep affects academic performance is that it plays a critical role in memory
consolidation. During sleep, the brain strengthens neural connections related to newly learned
information. Without sufficient rest, students may struggle to recall key concepts, leading to
difficulties in understanding complex subjects. This is particularly evident in subjects requiring
analytical thinking, such as mathematics and engineering.
Another factor is the impact of sleep deprivation on attention and concentration. A lack of
sleep reduces the brain's ability to focus, making it harder for students to absorb new
information during lectures or study sessions. Consequently, students may need to spend
extra hours reviewing materials that they could have understood more quickly with proper rest.
1. Why does the author mention memory consolidation in the passage?
a) To highlight the importance of sleep in strengthening neural connections.
b) To argue that sleep is more beneficial than studying.
c) To show that memory consolidation only happens during sleep.
d) To explain why students often forget key concepts.
2. According to the passage, why do students with insufficient sleep struggle with
exams?
a) Because they lack time to prepare for the test.
b) Because their cognitive functions are weakened due to sleep deprivation.
c) Because they spend too much time on social activities.
d) Because they are unable to write properly due to fatigue.
3. Why does the author mention mathematics and engineering in the passage?
a) To suggest that students studying these subjects sleep more than others.
b) To provide examples of subjects that require analytical thinking.
c) To argue that these subjects are the most difficult in college.
d) To demonstrate that sleep is unnecessary for these fields.
 Kunci Jawaban dan Pembahasan

1. (a) To highlight the importance of sleep in strengthening neural connections.

➡ Pembahasan: Paragraf kedua menjelaskan bahwa selama tidur, otak
memperkuat hubungan saraf yang terkait dengan informasi baru.
2. (b) Because their cognitive functions are weakened due to sleep deprivation.
➡ Pembahasan: Paragraf pertama menyatakan bahwa kurang tidur berdampak
negatif pada fungsi kognitif, termasuk kemampuan mengingat dan menyelesaikan
masalah.
3. (b) To provide examples of subjects that require analytical thinking.
➡ Pembahasan: Paragraf kedua menyebutkan matematika dan teknik sebagai
contoh mata kuliah yang menuntut pemikiran analitis, yang dapat terganggu jika
kurang tidur.

Passage 2: The Benefits of Study Groups in College

Study groups are a common strategy used by college students to enhance their learning
experience. Research suggests that students who participate in study groups tend to retain
information better than those who study alone. Group discussions allow students to clarify
doubts, reinforce key concepts, and gain new perspectives from their peers. This collaborative
environment can be especially beneficial in subjects that require critical thinking and debate,
such as literature and political science.
One major advantage of study groups is that they promote active learning. Unlike passive
reading, discussing concepts with peers requires students to engage more deeply with the
material. By explaining ideas to others, students reinforce their own understanding and
identify gaps in their knowledge. This process makes study groups particularly useful for
subjects that involve problem-solving and application of theories.

Another key benefit is motivation. Studying alone can be monotonous, leading to

decreased focus and productivity. In contrast, study groups provide a structured and
interactive learning experience. Members can encourage each other to stay on track, maintain
consistent study habits, and reduce procrastination. This social support system often leads to
improved academic performance and a more enjoyable learning process.

1. Why does the author mention literature and political science in the passage?
a) To suggest that these subjects are easier to learn in groups.
b) To highlight subjects that benefit from discussion-based learning.
c) To argue that students should only study these subjects in groups.
d) To show that these subjects require more memorization than others.

2. According to the passage, why do study groups promote active learning?

a) Because they encourage students to discuss and explain concepts.

b) Because they allow students to listen passively while others explain.
c) Because they replace the need for reading textbooks.
d) Because they force students to study for longer hours.
3. Why does the author mention motivation as a key benefit of study groups?

a) To explain why students, enjoy learning in groups.

b) To emphasize that studying alone is ineffective.
c) To show that motivation improves test scores
d) To argue that students should always study with friends.

Kunci Jawaban dan Pembahasan

1. (b) To highlight subjects that benefit from discussion-based learning.

➡ Pembahasan: Paragraf pertama menyebutkan bahwa diskusi kelompok sangat
berguna dalam mata kuliah yang memerlukan pemikiran kritis.
2. (a) Because they encourage students to discuss and explain concepts.
➡ Pembahasan: Paragraf kedua menjelaskan bahwa dengan menjelaskan konsep
kepada orang lain, siswa dapat memahami materi lebih dalam.
3. (a) To explain why students enjoy learning in groups.
➡ Pembahasan: Paragraf ketiga menyoroti bahwa belajar kelompok membantu
mengurangi kejenuhan dan meningkatkan motivasi.

Vocabulary Penting dari Passage 2

• Study groups → Kelompok belajar

• Critical thinking → Pemikiran kritis
• Active learning → Pembelajaran aktif
• Reinforce understanding → Memperkuat pemahaman
• Problem-solving → Pemecahan masalah
• Procrastination → Menunda-nunda pekerjaan
• Social support system → Sistem dukungan sosial