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Forces and Motion

The document discusses the concepts of speed, velocity, acceleration, and the forces acting on objects, including gravity, weight, and friction. It explains the differences between scalar and vector quantities, the laws of motion, and the importance of free body diagrams. Additionally, it covers practical investigations of motion and factors affecting stopping distance for vehicles.

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7000r.alshaibani
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
14 views9 pages

Forces and Motion

The document discusses the concepts of speed, velocity, acceleration, and the forces acting on objects, including gravity, weight, and friction. It explains the differences between scalar and vector quantities, the laws of motion, and the importance of free body diagrams. Additionally, it covers practical investigations of motion and factors affecting stopping distance for vehicles.

Uploaded by

7000r.alshaibani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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-

elocity
measered
-

Speed and
velocity both
say
how fast
something is , bo the are in m/s Cor km/h or mph)
There diffrence !

Averagea
is a
·

Speed how fast


something going with regard to its direction
is is no .

-Distance

I'm
with regard to direction
Velocity is how fast
something going is .
'm/s)

This means objects with constant speed but changing velocity =


you can
-
.

(when an object is
changing direction whilst staying the same speed .

Acceleration
·
The rate of
change in
velocity ./ How fast something speeds up or slows down change a in
Final velocity
/

If
Slowing down
Speeding
-

a = +x
a= x - p -
up
Melerationmis F
-

Initial velocity
Accelerated
Time
-
lots first few seconds
velocity
distance m :

Final o
-

Object starts stationary -


nu = D
295 =

accelerates at 9 8 mis
Anything 'dropped' (gravity velocity
-

acceleration 'm/s2) Initial


.

Distace-time graphi
-
The diffrent parts of the distance-time graph describes the motion of an object.
Gradient cat
any point) speed
-

gradients
=
-

-
Flat sections are where it stopped .
Decelerating
-
Curves represent acceleration ! Stoped
·
curve getting steeper-speeding up (increasing Accelerating
steady
·
curve
getting less steep (leveling out) slowing down = speed
⑤ o

304850
oo

(decreating gradient
10 10

Calculating the
avarage speed of an object over a period of time :

Divide the total distance travled by the time it took to travel that
steady speed
distance.

Velocity-time Graphi steady speed Increasing


- Deceleration
30-

acceleration
-
Describes how an objects velocity changes over time .
Acceleration
-
gradient-acceleration 10-

- Flat sections represent steady speed 10 20 30 40 go to to


go go po 110 120

Time in S

Isteepness Tacceleration/deceleration
- =

uphill sections = acceleration

- downhill sections-decceleration
-
The area under
any part/section the graph-distance
of travelled in that time
A
-
curce means
chainging acceleration .
gravity
Gravity -
A force of attraction between objects . The size of this force depends on !

① The mass of the object


② How far those objects are

Bigger and closer objects ,


have
big influence over nearby objects I gravitational
. field streangthig' on
-
Whenever an object comes into a
gravitational field ,
it experiences a force -D
weight
effects !
important
mass'kg'
3

W
mg
·
It pull objects , makes the accelerate towrds the ground. =
·
It give everything a
weight . ,

keeps
weight
Planets and satalytes their obrit.

gravitationalgth'N/kg
·

, moons in

Weight and Mass


-
Mass is the amount of 'stuff' in an object It doesn't change
.

anywhere in the universe .

Weight is caused
by th pull of
gravity .The weight of an object, is the force of gravity pulling it towards a

Types of forces :

Weight or gravity Close to planet. Acts downwards


-

-
a

-
Reaction force - acts perpendicular to the surface and
away from it
.

-
Electrostatic force-between two charged objects . Direction depends on type of charge .

e like
charge repel Opposite charges attract
g
.
. .
.

Thrust-Pull or Push due to engine or rocket


-

speeding something up .

Drag/Airresistance/Friction -
which is
slowing something down.
-
Lift-e g due to . .
an aeroplan wing 80, 000 N
-
80, 000 N
-
Tension -
in a rope or cable . Lift 80, 000 N vertical = ON
components

Free Body Diagrams !


000m
120, 000 N
All forces vectors
are rights
-
-

Airresistance thrust horizontal


all have components 38, 000 N(right)
they ai (Drug) =
so
90 .

Cleft)
magnitude direction

Weight
Resultant Force' 80, 00ON
Resultant Force = 30, 000 N
Right -

Overall force on object


Friction :
-
Friction is a force that opposses motion .

To travel at a needed
steady speed a
driving force to contredict the friction
-

, is .

-
Frictio occurs in 3
ways .

① Friction between solid surfaces which (static frictions


are
gripping
② Friction between each other !
solid surfaces which are
sliding past
· Both reduced by putting a lubricant . Can cause wear of surfaces

③ Resistance or
'drag' from fluids :

Reducing drag in fluids!

①keeping shape of object streamlined

Higher drag reduces the speed


,

-
In fluids as the speed increases , the friction increases

-Toy
, ar

Investigating motion [Practicles !


~ light gate
- Set up apparatus as shown
1 startline light gate
Measure the difference between each -
-

lightgate .

runway
I
Release
-
-

car
ramp

IIIIIIII
-

light gates should be connected to a computer .

When the car


passes through ,
a beam of light is brocken and a time is recorded by data-logging software .

Repeat several time and get the


avarege
time it takes for the car to reach each light .

-Divide the distance between the light gates by the


average
time taken for the car to tarvel between the
gates
to get the average speed of the car on the ramp and the Pavarage speed ofthe car on the run
way
Play around with setup!
-

Change mass of car

Placing diffrent materials on the ramp-effect of friction


of ramp
Changing height
-

of ramp
-

Changing angle
-
Cars with diffrent shape, size and weight .
-

The 3 laws of motion


① Balanced force means no change in
velocity :

staway M Inertia :
Resultant Force ! Zero Resultant Force ! Zero The tendency for the motion of an object to remain

Remain Stationary carry at the unchanged


on
moving
same velocity Inertial mass !

How difficult it is to change an


object's velocity-
n
resultantfoaenae inertial mass - F=Ma
large mass

- -
I "A lot of inertia
② Crequire a
big force
to
change its velocity)
⑨A resultant force means acceleration

objects interact
-

③ When two the


-

I
5 outcomes exert each other
, depending on initial motion ! forces they on

reout
Stationary start speeding to the
right
I
① -


Moving to the right -n Speed up

Travelingshleft- Slow down S


Traveliveling slowly -p
Stop moving
I
&


Change in direction + no
change in speed .
>

IDON
acceleration
3 possible outcomes
speed
tirection
anychangchanges
changevity ①The box
lower
moves

mass
because it has
- smaller bos

⑦ The size of resultant force is directly


I
② It would not move If

quickly the person


.
pushed
can be
- bi

proportional to the acceleration it causes pushed backwards

F = m=
mas
F ma =
③ Both

--
can

a = Fm
move

- di

Resultant acceleration T
eitem
Force'N' 'm/s2 To accelerate -a
ighforce small or mass
Scalars Vectors
-

physical quintities that only have a magnitude direction Both


magnetude + direction
measured
e
it
e .

g.
a car
traveling at 22 mis e.

g .

velocity displacement
, ,
acceleration Force momentum
, ,

M
distance
speed speed no direction
·

,
,

temp time e... Displacement :


slar
&
mass,
,

2km west

#Distance :
3km Length magnitude
=

Direction &
Way its
pointing = Direction
3 km East
magnetude De
paD or

g 3 km West
·
-

Terminal velocity
surface parachute
g
Acceleration
area e
ou
.
.

towards
Accelerating ground Velocity increases Terminal
velocity
Air resistance
Air resistance Air resistance

& Pant & ritant ,


equal ant

Weight
Weight Weight
Applying a force to an object can cause it to
compress stretch ,
or bend .
You
always have to
apply
more than one force in order for it to stay still .

Deformation when an object changes shape

Elastic Deformation ! Inelastic Deformation plastic deformation

An object that able to


go back
An object that can't return to its
- -

is

to its original shape . original shape .


Stays Deformed

Extentioni 1

-Increase in
length of a
spring when its streached .

e .

. D
g Hang a
spring
from solid support. NATURAL
② Measure the length of the
string without
adding any
force V
M 7

③ Add that will pull down at the spring

extension
force
a
. Equal forced so

doesn't fall
that

spring
① Measure the
length ge the
of the to
change of the
spring
V
1

Hooke's law !
Spring constant !
Extensi
Force Extention
= eCore) How many N-force - it would take to streatch the

object by 1m


Spring constant -
strong material - &F to expand
Constant
-
-

constant
spring

F Force-Extention
Force Extention'mi
graphi
'N'
7e
Elastic Hooke's law
deformation · -
Elastic limit

%
or limit of
proportionality

straightline ,

through origin
Foe
Hooke's law Extention
Stoping Distance
Minimum distance required to stop vehicle
a in an
emergency
-

distance=
Stopping Thinking Distance+
Breaking Distance

Thinking farDistance
How travels
a car
during the driver's
reaction
time .
-

Things that affect ! Time between

seeinga pyingto
① speed -
↑ speed-idistance covered

② reaction time-tired distractions I reaction tim-a distance


, drunk,
drugs , ,
covered before
braking

Breaking taken
Distance
under the force
Distance to stop braking
-

Things that affect !


① Speed
↑ time taken to stop-reduce DY distance covered before
KE too
stopping
-

② Mass


Condition/Daugalit of brakes ; worn/faulty -> Won't slow the car as
quickly -D distance covered before stopping
① Less friction-between car and road -D ↑ distance covered before stopping.

Baldtyred Lawetlicy
Hazard Spotted
Impact of Speed Double speed-a 4xbreathingto
9m 14 m

13 M/S : Tot = 23m


-
60
getsster
-
he

·
15 m 38m

22 M/s ·Tot
:
= 33m increases

· Zo ve to
21m 75m Tot = 96m speed (mph)

31m/s :
Momentum
vector
quantity momentum mas ,
to

pM N

velocity mis

#
--

-
=
45001 1200kg
X12m/s9 + 54, 000 Kymis -30, 000
kgmis X-15mls

The conservasion of momentum priciple!


In closed
a
systemi
Total momentum before event = Total momentum after event

-SE
SYSTEM D CLOSED SYSTEM

I·I
Tot momentumi
.

#54ym Tot momentum before !


. + 24000 kg mis
+
24800kgm/s
>
I
-

collision

000km
-

54,
000 kg
ms
+
30,
-

shared velocity :
Equal momentum in opposite
D

pm o
PM direction !
=
4.
4
24,
000T Tot momentum after ! @K9
m/S mis
.

single large particle

Car crashes
Y

head injuries will experience momentum will decrease


ahngeforce / to a almost instantly
·
spinal injeries

① Speed up ② slow down



reduce chance
of ↓ chance of
Force (N) =

= 2k9x5m/s 10K9mis =
injuriespreadthechangeinmomentum reduce for
injury

mr-ma

change a mis
Safety features !
i

Air ③ Seat Belti


MV-mu
/ How much ?
·
Accelerate -
a
velocity -
- momentum

Bags & Crumplezone
lose momentumslower
Stop you from flying out of
t Small amount of extra time to O

Forceames 2k9 xzm/s = 16k9mis Compressable)

time's
.
lose momentum as the car
the car

crumples ②
Slightly streatchy
6
=
12N (slow down a bit more
slowly)
turnea
,
masa
F= ma
Resultant acceleration momentum
mas ,
to

change Force'N' 'm/s2


pM
in

velocity
,
mass
Velocity
mis

Mgig
&
q =
F /

Dencity
acceleration Time's
Kg/m3g/m3 "Volume
'm/s2

mas
&

W =

weight gravitationalgth'N/kg

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