Forces and Motion
Forces and Motion
elocity
measered
-
Speed and
velocity both
say
how fast
something is , bo the are in m/s Cor km/h or mph)
There diffrence !
Averagea
is a
·
-Distance
I'm
with regard to direction
Velocity is how fast
something going is .
'm/s)
(when an object is
changing direction whilst staying the same speed .
Acceleration
·
The rate of
change in
velocity ./ How fast something speeds up or slows down change a in
Final velocity
/
If
Slowing down
Speeding
-
a = +x
a= x - p -
up
Melerationmis F
-
Initial velocity
Accelerated
Time
-
lots first few seconds
velocity
distance m :
Final o
-
accelerates at 9 8 mis
Anything 'dropped' (gravity velocity
-
Distace-time graphi
-
The diffrent parts of the distance-time graph describes the motion of an object.
Gradient cat
any point) speed
-
gradients
=
-
-
Flat sections are where it stopped .
Decelerating
-
Curves represent acceleration ! Stoped
·
curve getting steeper-speeding up (increasing Accelerating
steady
·
curve
getting less steep (leveling out) slowing down = speed
⑤ o
304850
oo
(decreating gradient
10 10
Calculating the
avarage speed of an object over a period of time :
Divide the total distance travled by the time it took to travel that
steady speed
distance.
acceleration
-
Describes how an objects velocity changes over time .
Acceleration
-
gradient-acceleration 10-
Time in S
Isteepness Tacceleration/deceleration
- =
- downhill sections-decceleration
-
The area under
any part/section the graph-distance
of travelled in that time
A
-
curce means
chainging acceleration .
gravity
Gravity -
A force of attraction between objects . The size of this force depends on !
W
mg
·
It pull objects , makes the accelerate towrds the ground. =
·
It give everything a
weight . ,
keeps
weight
Planets and satalytes their obrit.
gravitationalgth'N/kg
·
, moons in
Weight is caused
by th pull of
gravity .The weight of an object, is the force of gravity pulling it towards a
Types of forces :
-
a
-
Reaction force - acts perpendicular to the surface and
away from it
.
-
Electrostatic force-between two charged objects . Direction depends on type of charge .
e like
charge repel Opposite charges attract
g
.
. .
.
speeding something up .
Drag/Airresistance/Friction -
which is
slowing something down.
-
Lift-e g due to . .
an aeroplan wing 80, 000 N
-
80, 000 N
-
Tension -
in a rope or cable . Lift 80, 000 N vertical = ON
components
Cleft)
magnitude direction
Weight
Resultant Force' 80, 00ON
Resultant Force = 30, 000 N
Right -
To travel at a needed
steady speed a
driving force to contredict the friction
-
, is .
-
Frictio occurs in 3
ways .
③ Resistance or
'drag' from fluids :
-
In fluids as the speed increases , the friction increases
-Toy
, ar
lightgate .
runway
I
Release
-
-
car
ramp
IIIIIIII
-
of ramp
-
Changing angle
-
Cars with diffrent shape, size and weight .
-
staway M Inertia :
Resultant Force ! Zero Resultant Force ! Zero The tendency for the motion of an object to remain
- -
I "A lot of inertia
② Crequire a
big force
to
change its velocity)
⑨A resultant force means acceleration
objects interact
-
I
5 outcomes exert each other
, depending on initial motion ! forces they on
reout
Stationary start speeding to the
right
I
① -
②
Moving to the right -n Speed up
③
Travelingshleft- Slow down S
①
Traveliveling slowly -p
Stop moving
I
&
③
Change in direction + no
change in speed .
>
IDON
acceleration
3 possible outcomes
speed
tirection
anychangchanges
changevity ①The box
lower
moves
mass
because it has
- smaller bos
F = m=
mas
F ma =
③ Both
--
can
a = Fm
move
- di
Resultant acceleration T
eitem
Force'N' 'm/s2 To accelerate -a
ighforce small or mass
Scalars Vectors
-
g.
a car
traveling at 22 mis e.
g .
velocity displacement
, ,
acceleration Force momentum
, ,
M
distance
speed speed no direction
·
,
,
2km west
#Distance :
3km Length magnitude
=
Direction &
Way its
pointing = Direction
3 km East
magnetude De
paD or
g 3 km West
·
-
Terminal velocity
surface parachute
g
Acceleration
area e
ou
.
.
towards
Accelerating ground Velocity increases Terminal
velocity
Air resistance
Air resistance Air resistance
Weight
Weight Weight
Applying a force to an object can cause it to
compress stretch ,
or bend .
You
always have to
apply
more than one force in order for it to stay still .
is
Extentioni 1
-Increase in
length of a
spring when its streached .
e .
. D
g Hang a
spring
from solid support. NATURAL
② Measure the length of the
string without
adding any
force V
M 7
extension
force
a
. Equal forced so
doesn't fall
that
spring
① Measure the
length ge the
of the to
change of the
spring
V
1
Hooke's law !
Spring constant !
Extensi
Force Extention
= eCore) How many N-force - it would take to streatch the
object by 1m
↑
Spring constant -
strong material - &F to expand
Constant
-
-
constant
spring
F Force-Extention
Force Extention'mi
graphi
'N'
7e
Elastic Hooke's law
deformation · -
Elastic limit
%
or limit of
proportionality
straightline ,
through origin
Foe
Hooke's law Extention
Stoping Distance
Minimum distance required to stop vehicle
a in an
emergency
-
distance=
Stopping Thinking Distance+
Breaking Distance
Thinking farDistance
How travels
a car
during the driver's
reaction
time .
-
seeinga pyingto
① speed -
↑ speed-idistance covered
Breaking taken
Distance
under the force
Distance to stop braking
-
② Mass
③
Condition/Daugalit of brakes ; worn/faulty -> Won't slow the car as
quickly -D distance covered before stopping
① Less friction-between car and road -D ↑ distance covered before stopping.
Baldtyred Lawetlicy
Hazard Spotted
Impact of Speed Double speed-a 4xbreathingto
9m 14 m
·
15 m 38m
22 M/s ·Tot
:
= 33m increases
· Zo ve to
21m 75m Tot = 96m speed (mph)
31m/s :
Momentum
vector
quantity momentum mas ,
to
pM N
velocity mis
#
--
-
=
45001 1200kg
X12m/s9 + 54, 000 Kymis -30, 000
kgmis X-15mls
-SE
SYSTEM D CLOSED SYSTEM
I·I
Tot momentumi
.
collision
000km
-
54,
000 kg
ms
+
30,
-
shared velocity :
Equal momentum in opposite
D
pm o
PM direction !
=
4.
4
24,
000T Tot momentum after ! @K9
m/S mis
.
Car crashes
Y
= 2k9x5m/s 10K9mis =
injuriespreadthechangeinmomentum reduce for
injury
mr-ma
change a mis
Safety features !
i
time's
.
lose momentum as the car
the car
crumples ②
Slightly streatchy
6
=
12N (slow down a bit more
slowly)
turnea
,
masa
F= ma
Resultant acceleration momentum
mas ,
to
velocity
,
mass
Velocity
mis
Mgig
&
q =
F /
Dencity
acceleration Time's
Kg/m3g/m3 "Volume
'm/s2
mas
&
W =
weight gravitationalgth'N/kg