 UNIT 04.

PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 4.1 What is a Function in Python?

A function in Python is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task.

 Functions help reduce code duplication and increase modularity.

 Functions accept inputs (parameters), process them, and return output.

 Python provides built-in functions like print(), len(), and also allows user-defined functions.

 Functions in Python are defined using the def keyword.

 Example:

def greet():

print("Hello, welcome to Python!")

greet() # Calling the function

 Output:

Hello, welcome to Python!

 What is the Use of Python Built-in Functions?

Python built-in functions are predefined functions available for common tasks.

 They simplify programming by handling calculations, conversions, and data operations.

 They help save time as they eliminate the need to write complex logic from scratch.

 Examples include print(), len(), type(), sum(), and max().

 Built-in functions do not require imports, making them efficient and easy to use.

 Example:

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

print(len(numbers)) # Output: 4

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 Enlist and Explain 5 Type/Data Conversion and Math Functions

(a) Type/Data Conversion Functions in Python (ask 2 function)

1. int(x): Converts x to an integer. Example: int (4.7) → 4.

2. float(x): Converts x to a floating-point number. Example: float (10) → 10.0.

3. str(x): Converts x to a string. Example: str (25) → '25'.

4. list(x): Converts x to a list. Example: list("abc") → ['a', 'b', 'c'].

5. tuple(x): Converts x to a tuple. Example: tuple ([1,2,3]) → (1,2,3).

Example:

num = "100"

converted_num = int(num) # Converts string to integer

print(converted_num) # Output: 100

(b) Math Functions in Python (ask 2 function and lambda function)

1. abs(x): Returns the absolute value of x. Example: abs(-5) → 5.

2. pow(x, y): Returns x raised to the power of y. Example: pow(2, 3) → 8.

3. round(x, n): Rounds x to n decimal places. Example: round(3.14159, 2) → 3.14.

4. max(x, y, ...): Returns the largest value from the given numbers. Example: max(10, 20) → 20.

5. min(x, y, ...): Returns the smallest value from the given numbers. Example: min(5, 15) → 5.

6. Lambda Function: A lambda function is an anonymous function that is written in a

single line using the lambda keyword. It is mainly used for short, simple operations.

o Example: lambda x: x * 2 defines a function that multiplies a number by 2.

o Example Usage:

double = lambda x: x * 2

print(double(5)) # Output: 10

Marathi Tip 9˙„•.

 Python चे अतंर्निर्ित फंक्शन्स तुमचा वळे वाचवतात आर्ि प्रोग्रर्ॅमगं सोपे

करतात. लम्बॅ ड्ा फंक्शनचा वापर करून तुम्ही एकच ओळीत लॉर्िक र्लहू
शकता! 7'•˙¸.s

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

4.2 Python Functions – User Defined Functions

1) What is Meant by User-Defined Function?
A user-defined function (UDF) is a function that is created by the programmer to perform a specific
task.

 It helps in code reusability by reducing redundancy.

 Functions make code modular and easier to debug.

 It is defined using the def keyword.

 A user-defined function can accept parameters, process data, and return output.

 Example:

def greet():

print("Hello, Welcome to Python!")

greet() # Calling the function

 Output:

Hello, Welcome to Python!

2) What is Function Definition?

A function definition is the process of creating a function in Python.

 It starts with the def keyword followed by the function name.

 Parentheses ( ) may contain parameters.

 A colon : is used after the function name.

 The function body contains statements that define what the function does.

 Example:

def add(a, b): # Function definition

return a + b # Function body

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

3) What is Function Calling?

A function call is used to execute a function.

 The function is called by using its name followed by parentheses ( ).

 If the function has parameters, values (arguments) must be passed during the call.

 The return value (if any) can be stored in a variable.

 Example:

def square(n):

return n * n

result = square(4) # Function calling

print(result) # Output: 16

4) What is Function Argument and Parameter Passing?

➤ Parameters

 Parameters are variables defined in the function definition.

 They act as placeholders for values that will be passed during function calls.

➤ Arguments

 Arguments are the actual values passed to the function when calling it.

 Arguments replace parameters during execution.

Example:

def greet(name): # 'name' is a parameter

print("Hello, " + name)

greet("Rahul") # "Rahul" is an argument

Output:

Hello, Rahul

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

5) What is Return Statement?

The return statement is used to send a value back from a function.

 It terminates the function and returns a result.

 If no return is used, the function returns None.

 The returned value can be stored in a variable.

Example:

def multiply(x, y):

return x * y

result = multiply(5, 3)

print(result) # Output: 15

Q. Explain How to Use User-Defined Functions in Python with an Example

(Most IMP)
➤ Introduction

In Python, user-defined functions (UDFs) are created using the def keyword. A function can take
parameters (inputs), perform operations, and return a result.

Steps to Create and Use a User-Defined Function

1 Use the def keyword to define a function.

2 Provide a function name followed by parentheses ().

3 Write function body (indented statements inside the function).

4 Call the function by using its name followed by parentheses.

Syntax of a Function in Python

def function_name():

# Function body

statements

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

Example 1: Simple User-Defined Function

def greet():

print("Hello! This is a User-Defined Function.")

greet() # Function call

◆ Output:

Hello! This is a User-Defined Function.

Example 2: Function with Parameters

def square(x):

print("Square =", x * x)

square(2) # Calling function with an argument

◆ Output:

Square = 4

Example 3: Function with Multiple Parameters

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(5, 3)

print("Addition =", result)

◆ Output:

Addition = 8

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

Scope of Variables in Python (Most IMP)

 In Python, the scope of a variable defines the visibility and accessibility of a variable in
different parts of a program. Variables can either be local (accessible only within a function)
or global (accessible throughout the program).
 There are 2 types in scope of variable:
1) Global Variable.
2) Local Variable.

1. Global Variable

◆ Definition:
A global variable is a variable that is declared outside any function and can be accessed from
anywhere in the program (inside or outside functions).

◆ Example:

x = 10 # Global variable

def show():

print("Value of x inside function:", x)

show()

print("Value of x outside function:", x)

◆ Output:

Value of x inside function: 10

Value of x outside function: 10

z’‘ Here, x is a global variable and is accessible both inside and outside the function.

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

2. Local Variable

◆ Definition:
A local variable is a variable declared inside a function, and it can only be accessed within
that function. It cannot be used outside the function.

◆ Example:

def show():

y = 20 # Local variable

print("Value of y inside function:", y)

show()

print("Value of y outside function:", y) # This will give an error!

◆ Output:

Value of y inside function: 20

NameError: name 'y' is not defined

z ‘’ Here, y is a local variable and cannot be accessed outside the function.

 Key Differences Between Global and Local Variables

Feature Global Variable Local Variable

Scope Entire program Only inside the function

Declared Outside any function Inside a function

Accessible Both inside and outside functions Only inside the function

Example x = 10 (outside function) y = 20 (inside function)

Marathi Tip ˙„9.•

 global वेररएबल संपूिि प्रोग्राममध्ये वापरता येतो,

 पि local वेररएबल फक्त त्या फंक्शनमध्येच वापरता येतो.
 त्यामुळे वेररएबल योग्य र्िकािी र्डक्लेअर करिे मित्त्वाचे आिे!

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 4.3 Modules (IMP)

Explain Module

A module in Python is a file containing Python definitions, functions, variables, and classes. It is used
to organize code into separate files for better readability and reusability.

 Definition: A module is a collection of Python code that can be reused in other

Python programs.

 Importing: Modules can be imported using the import keyword.

 Namespace: Every module creates its own namespace to avoid conflicts between
different modules.

 Modularity: Modules help in dividing large programs into smaller, manageable, and
logically organized parts.

Uses of a Module

1. Code Reusability: Once a module is created, it can be reused in different programs

without rewriting the code.

2. Organization: Modules help in organizing code logically into separate files, which makes
the program easier to maintain.

3. Namespace Management: Using modules allows for better organization of global

variables and functions within a specific namespace.

4. Avoids Redundancy: Instead of writing the same functions or classes again, you can
import and reuse them from a module.

5. Ease of Debugging: When code is modularized into separate files, it is easier to identify
and fix issues in specific sections.

6. Improves Readability: By splitting the code into smaller modules, the overall readability
of the program improves.

How to Define a Module

 A module is simply a .py file that contains Python code (functions, classes, variables, etc.).
 To define a module, follow these steps:

1. Create a new .py file (e.g., mymodule.py).

2. Define functions, classes, or variables inside the file.

3. Save the file.

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 Example:

# mymodule.py def

greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

 Python Program Using Module

Below is an example of creating and using a Python module:

Step 1: Create the module greetings.py

# greetings.py def

greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

Step 2: Create the main program and import the module

# main_program.py

import greetings # Import the greetings module

name = input("Enter your name: ")

message = greetings.greet(name) # Use the greet function from the greetings module print(message)

Explanation:

 We first create a module greetings.py that has a function greet() to return a

greeting message.

 In the main_program.py file, we import the greetings module using the import keyword
and then call the greet() function from the module.

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 User-Defined Module to Display Program Name

Create a user-defined module program_name.py that asks the user for their program name and
displays it.

Step 1: Define the module program_name.py

# program_name.py

def get_program_name():

name = input("Enter your program name: ")

return f"The program name is: {name}"

Step 2: Main program that uses this module

# main_program.py

import program_name # Import the user-defined module

message = program_name.get_program_name() # Call the function from the module

print(message)

Explanation:

 In the module program_name.py, the function get_program_name() asks the user for
the program name and returns the formatted message.

 In the main program main_program.py, we import the program_name module and use
the get_program_name() function to display the entered program name.

मराठी टिप:

 पायथन मॉड्यूल्स वापरिे आपल्या कोडला अर्िक व्यवस्थित, पुनवािपरता

आर्ि सुसंगत बनवते.
 िे तुम्ही मोठ्या प्रोिेक्ट्सवर काम करत असता, तेव्हा मॉड्यूल्सचा
वापर करून तुमच्या कोडला वेगवेगळ्या फायलीत र्वभागून िेविे
सोपे आर्ि अर्िक व्यविार्पत िोईल.
 यामुळे कोड र्डबग करिे आर्ि त्याचे देखभाल करिे खूप सोपे िोईल.
 तुम्ही चांगले मॉड्यूल तयार केल्यास, दुसऱ्या लोकांनािी ते
वापरण्याची सुर्विा र्मळते, िे तुमच्या कामाचे मूल्य वाढवते.

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

1) What is Namespace?

 A namespace in Python refers to a container where names (such as variables, functions,

classes, etc.) are mapped to objects. It helps in organizing the code and avoiding conflicts by
ensuring that different parts of the program can use the same names without interfering
with each other.

 Each namespace exists in a specific scope and can be local, global, or built-in,
determining how Python looks for variables and functions.

2) What is Scoping?

 Scoping refers to the region of the program where a particular variable or function is
accessible. The scope determines the visibility of a variable within different parts of the
code.

 There are mainly four types of scopes in Python: Local, Enclosing, Global, and Built-in
(often abbreviated as LEGB rule).

Uses of Namespace and Scoping

1. Avoiding Name Conflicts: Namespaces ensure that variables and functions in different
parts of the program do not clash, even if they have the same name.

2. Efficient Memory Management: By creating isolated namespaces for variables,

Python ensures that variables from different scopes do not unnecessarily consume
memory.

3. Modular Programming: Helps in organizing code by defining variables and functions that
are specific to certain sections of the code or modules.

4. Improving Code Readability: By maintaining separate namespaces for different parts of

the program, code becomes easier to understand and maintain.

Example of Namespace and Scoping

# Global Namespace

x = 10 # Global variable

def func1():

# Local Namespace inside func1

x = 20 # Local variable in func1

print("Inside func1, x =", x) # Prints the local x

def func2():

print("Inside func2, x =", x) # Prints the global x

func1() # Calls func1, prints local x

func2() # Calls func2, prints global x

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 4.4 Python Packages

1) What is meant by Packages in Python?
1. A package in Python is a collection of modules grouped in a directory with an init .py
file.

2. It helps in organizing large codebases by structuring related modules together.

3. Packages promote code reusability by allowing users to import only required modules.

4. It follows a hierarchy: Package → Modules → Functions/Classes.

2) Writing Python Packages

1. Create a folder with the package name.

2. Inside the folder, create an init .py file (this makes it a package).

3. Add multiple .py files (modules) inside the package folder.

4. Import and use the modules in a Python script using import package.module.

‘’z Example:

# Step 1: Create a package directory "mypackage"

# Step 2: Inside it, create a file ` init .py` (empty or with initialization code)

# Step 3: Create a module inside the package: file "greet.py"

# greet.py

def hello():

print("Hello from mypackage!")

# Step 4: Using the package

import mypackage.greet as gt

gt.hello()

Output:

Hello from mypackage!

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

3) Using Standard Packages in Python ( i, ii only read kara iii, iv, v most imp)

(i) Math Package

◆ Definition: The math module provides mathematical functions like trigonometry,

logarithms, and factorials.

◆ Uses:

 Performing advanced mathematical calculations.

 Finding square roots, power, and logarithms.

 Working with trigonometric functions like sin(), cos(), etc.

 Calculating factorial, GCD, etc.

z’‘ Example:

import math

print(math.sqrt(25)) # Output: 5.0

print(math.factorial(5)) # Output: 120

print(math.sin(math.radians(30))) # Output: 0.5

(ii) SciPy Package

◆ Definition: SciPy is used for scientific computing, including optimization, integration, and
signal processing.

◆ Uses:

 Solving linear algebra problems.

 Integration and differentiation of functions.

 Performing statistical analysis.

 Signal/image processing.

‘’z Example:

from scipy import stats

data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 8, 9]

print(stats.mode(data)) # Output: ModeResult(mode=array([5]), count=array([2]))

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

(iii) NumPy Package

◆ Definition: NumPy provides support for multi-dimensional arrays and numerical computations.

◆ Uses:

 Working with large numerical datasets efficiently.

 Performing matrix operations.

 Generating random numbers.

 Mathematical operations on arrays.

z’‘ Example:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr * 2) # Output: [ 2 4 6 8 10]

(iv) Matplotlib Package

◆ Definition: Matplotlib is used for data visualization like plots, graphs, and charts.

◆ Uses:

 Creating line graphs, bar charts, and histograms.

 Visualizing data trends over time.

 Customizing plot appearance.

 Generating multiple subplots.

‘’z Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]

y = [10, 20, 25, 30]

plt.plot(x, y, marker="o")

plt.xlabel("X-axis")

plt.ylabel("Y-axis")

plt.title("Simple Line

Graph") plt.show()

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

(v) Pandas Package

◆ Definition: Pandas is used for data manipulation and analysis.

◆ Uses:

 Handling large datasets efficiently.

 Performing data cleaning and transformation.

 Reading and writing data from files (CSV, Excel).

 Performing operations like sorting, filtering, and grouping.

‘’z Example:

import pandas as pd

data = {"Name": ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"], "Age": [25, 30, 35]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

print(df)

Output:

Name Age

0 Alice 25

1 Bob 30

2 Charlie 35

Q . What is a User-Defined Package? and Write a program

illustrating use of user defined package in python. (Most IMP)
1. A user-defined package is a collection of custom modules created by the user.

2. It helps in modularizing code, making it more reusable.

3. It follows the same structure as built-in packages.

4. To use a user-defined package, simply import it like built-in ones.

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

Program: Creating and Using a User-Defined Package

z ‘’ Step 1: Create a package structure

mypackage/

│── init .py

│── greetings.py

│── math_ops.py

‘’z Step 2: Write module files

greetings.py

def say_hello():

return "Hello, Welcome to Python Packages!"

math_ops.py

def add(a, b):

return a + b

‘’z Step 3: Use the package

import mypackage.greetings as greet import

mypackage.math_ops as mops

print(greet.say_hello()) # Output: Hello, Welcome to Python Packages! print(mops.add(5,

3)) # Output: 8

Marathi Tip:

◆ पॅकेजेस वापरल्याने कोडचे पुनवाापर (Reusability) व व्यवस्थापन (Modularity) सोपे

होते.

◆ Python मधील Math, NumPy, SciPy, Pandas यासारखी पॅकेजेस डेिा सायन्स आटि
संगिकीय गिनांमध्ये महत्त्वाची भूटमका बजावतात.

◆ स्वतः चे पॅकेज तयार करून मोठ्या प्रमािावर कोटडंग करिे सोपे होते.

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 Summer 2022

1. Explain Local and Global variable. (2marks)

2. Explain how to use user defined function in python with example. (4marks)

3. Write a program for importing module for addition and subtraction of two numbers. (4marks)

4. Write a program illustrating use of user defined package in python(4marks)

5. Explain package Numpy with example. (6marks)

 Winter 2022

1. Write use of lambda function in python. (2marks)

2. What is local and global variables? Explain with appropriate example. (4marks)

3. What is command line argument? Write python code to add b) two

numbers given as input from command line arguments and print its sum.

(4marks)

4. Example module. How to define module. (6marks)

 Summer 2023

1. Describe any two data conversion function. (2marks)

2. Describe mkdir( ) function. (2marks)

3. Explain any four Python's Built-in Function with example. (4marks)

4. Explain Module and its use in Python. (4marks)

5. Write a Python program to calculate sum of digit of given number using function. (6marks)

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  UNIT 04. PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES AND PACKAGES

 Winter 2023

1. State use of namespace in python (2marks)

2. Write python program using module, show how to write and use module by importing it.
(4marks)

3. Explain Numpy package in detail. (4marks)

4. Write a program illustrating use of user defined package in python. (6marks)

 Summer 2024

1. Write use of matplotlib package in python. (2marks)

2. Describe following Standard Packages

i) Numpy
ii) Pandas. (4marks)

3. Write a python program to create a user defined module that will ask your program name
and display the name of the program. (4marks)

4. Explain following functions with example:

i) The open( ) function
ii) The write( ) function. (4marks)

 Winter 2024

1. Write a program illustrating use of user defined package in Python. (4marks)

2. Explain how to use user defined function in Python with example . (4marks)

3. How to write , import and alias modules. (6marks)

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