Checkpoint 2.

Question 1

What are the bases of decimal, octal, binary and hexadecimal systems ?

Answer

The bases are:

1. Decimal — Base 10
2. Octal — Base 8
3. Binary — Base 2
4. Hexadecimal — Base 16

Question 2

What is the common property of decimal, octal, binary and hexadecimal number systems ?

Answer

Decimal, octal, binary and hexadecimal number systems are all positional-value system.

Question 3

Complete the sequence of following binary numbers : 100, 101,

110, ............... , ............... , ............... .

Answer

100, 101, 110, 111 , 1000 , 1001 .

Question 4

Complete the sequence of following octal numbers : 525, 526,

527, ............... , ............... , ............... .

Answer

525, 526, 527, 530 , 531 , 532 .

Question 5

Complete the sequence of following hexadecimal numbers : 17, 18,

19, ............... , ............... , ............... .
Answer

17, 18, 19, 1A , 1B , 1C .

Question 6

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal and hexadecimal:

(a) 1010

(b) 111010

(c) 101011111

(d) 1100

(e) 10010101

(f) 11011100

Answer

(a) 1010

Converting to decimal:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 (MSB) 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 8 + 2 = 10

Therefore, (1010)2 = (10)10

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:
1010undefined1010

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1010 A (10)

Therefore, (1010)2 = (A)16

(b) 111010

Converting to decimal:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

1 (MSB) 25 32 1x32=32

Equivalent decimal number = 32 + 16 + 8 + 2 = 58

Therefore, (111010)2 = (58)10

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

0011undefined00111010
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1010 A (10)

0011 3

Therefore, (111010)2 = (3A)16

(c) 101011111

Converting to decimal:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1

1 21 2 1x2=2

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

1 26 64 1x64=64

0 27 128 0x128=0

1 (MSB) 28 256 1x256=256

Equivalent decimal number = 256 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 351

Therefore, (101011111)2 = (351)10

Converting to hexadecimal:
Grouping in bits of 4:

0001undefined000101011111

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1111 F (15)

0101 5

0001 1

Therefore, (101011111)2 = (15F)16

(d) 1100

Converting to decimal:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 (MSB) 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 8 + 4 = 12

Therefore, (1100)2 = (12)10

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

1100undefined1100
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

Therefore, (1100)2 = (C)16

(e) 10010101

Converting to decimal:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

0 23 8 0x8=0

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

0 26 64 0x64=0

1 (MSB) 27 128 1x128=128

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 4 + 16 + 128 = 149

Therefore, (10010101)2 = (149)10

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

1001undefined10010101
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0101 5

1001 9

Therefore, (101011111)2 = (95)16

(f) 11011100

Converting to decimal:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

1 26 64 1x64=64

1 (MSB) 27 128 1x128=128

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 + 16 + 64 + 128 = 220

Therefore, (11011100)2 = (220)10

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:
1101undefined11011100

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

1101 D (13)

Therefore, (11011100)2 = (DC)16

Question 7

Convert the following decimal numbers to binary and octal :

(a) 23

(b) 100

(c) 145

(d) 19

(e) 121

(f) 161

Answer

(a) 23

Converting to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 23 1 (LSB)

2 11 1

2 5 1

2 2 0
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (23)10 = (10111)2

Converting to octal:

8 Quotient Remainder

8 23 7 (LSB)

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (23)10 = (27)8

(b) 100

Converting to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 100 0 (LSB)

2 50 0

2 25 1

2 12 0

2 6 0

2 3 1
 2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (100)10 = (1100100)2

Converting to octal:

8 Quotient Remainder

8 100 4 (LSB)

8 12 4

8 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (100)10 = (144)8

(c) 145

Converting to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 145 1 (LSB)

2 72 0

2 36 0

2 18 0

2 9 1

2 4 0
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (145)10 = (10010001)2

Converting to octal:

8 Quotient Remainder

8 145 1 (LSB)

8 18 2

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (145)10 = (221)8

(d) 19

Converting to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 19 1 (LSB)

2 9 1

2 4 0

2 2 0
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (19)10 = (10011)2

Converting to octal:

8 Quotient Remainder

8 19 3 (LSB)

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (19)10 = (23)8

(e) 121

Converting to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 121 1 (LSB)

2 60 0

2 30 0

2 15 1

2 7 1

2 3 1
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (121)10 = (1111001)2

Converting to octal:

8 Quotient Remainder

8 121 1 (LSB)

8 15 7

8 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (121)10 = (171)8

(f) 161

Converting to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 161 1 (LSB)

2 80 0

2 40 0

2 20 0

2 10 0
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 5 1

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (161)10 = (10100001)2

Converting to octal:

8 Quotient Remainder

8 161 1 (LSB)

8 20 4

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (161)10 = (241)8

Question 8

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary :

(a) A6

(b) A07

(c) 7AB4

(d) BE

(e) BC9

(f) 9BC8
Answer

(a) A6

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

6 0110

A (10) 1010

(A6)16 = (10100110)2

(b) A07

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

7 0111

0 0000

A (10) 1010

(A07)16 = (101000000111)2

(c) 7AB4

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

4 0100

B (11) 1011

A (10) 1010

7 0111

(7AB4)16 = (111101010110100)2
(d) BE

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

E (14) 1110

B (11) 1011

(BE)16 = (10111110)2

(e) BC9

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

9 1001

C (12) 1100

B (11) 1011

(BC9)16 = (101111001001)2

(f) 9BC8

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

8 1000

C (12) 1100

B (11) 1011

9 1001

(9BC8)16 = (1001101111001000)2

Question 9
Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal and octal :

(a) 10011011101

(b) 1111011101011011

(c) 11010111010111

(d) 1010110110111

(e) 10110111011011

(f) 1111101110101111

Answer

(a) 10011011101

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

0100undefined010011011101

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1101 D (13)

1101 D (13)

0100 4

Therefore, (10011011101)2 = (4DD)16

Converting to Octal:

Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010011011101
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

101 5

011 3

011 3

010 2

Therefore, (10011011101)2 = (2335)8

(b) 1111011101011011

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

1111undefined1111011101011011

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1011 B (11)

0101 5

0111 7

1111 F (15)

Therefore, (1111011101011011)2 = (F75B)16

Converting to Octal:

Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined001111011101011011
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

011 3

011 3

101 5

011 3

111 7

001 1

Therefore, (1111011101011011)2 = (173533)8

(c) 11010111010111

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

0011undefined0011010111010111

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0111 7

1101 D (13)

0101 5

0011 3

Therefore, (11010111010111)2 = (35D7)16

Converting to Octal:
Grouping in bits of 3:

011undefined011010111010111

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

111 7

010 2

111 7

010 2

011 3

Therefore, (11010111010111)2 = (32727)8

(d) 1010110110111

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

0001undefined0001010110110111

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0111 7

1011 B (11)

0101 5

0001 1

Therefore, (1010110110111)2 = (15B7)16

Converting to Octal:
Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined001010110110111

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

111 7

110 6

110 6

010 2

001 1

Therefore, (1010110110111)2 = (12667)8

(e) 10110111011011

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

0010undefined0010110111011011

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1011 B (11)

1101 D (13)

1101 D (13)

0010 2

Therefore, (10110111011011)2 = (2DDB)16

Converting to Octal:
Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010110111011011

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

011 3

011 3

111 7

110 6

010 2

Therefore, (10110111011011)2 = (26733)8

(f) 1111101110101111

Converting to hexadecimal:

Grouping in bits of 4:

1111undefined1111101110101111

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1111 F (15)

1010 A (10)

1011 B (11)

1111 F (15)

Therefore, (1111101110101111)2 = (FBAF)16

Converting to Octal:
Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined001111101110101111

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

111 7

101 5

110 6

101 5

111 7

001 1

Therefore, (1111101110101111)2 = (175657)8

Checkpoint 2.2

Question 1

Answer

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1

The value of radix in binary number system is ..........

1. 2✓
2. 8
3. 10
4. 16

Question 2
The value of radix in octal number system is ..........

1. 2
2. 8✓
3. 10
4. 16

Question 3

The value of radix in decimal number system is ..........

1. 2
2. 8
3. 10 ✓
4. 16

Question 4

The value of radix in hexadecimal number system is ..........

1. 2
2. 8
3. 10
4. 16 ✓

Question 5

Which of the following are not valid symbols in octal number system ?

1. 2
2. 8✓
3. 9✓
4. 7

Question 6

Which of the following are not valid symbols in hexadecimal number system ?

1. 2
2. 8
3. 9
4. G✓
5. F
Question 7

Which of the following are not valid symbols in decimal number system ?

1. 2
2. 8
3. 9
4. G✓
5. F✓

Question 8

The hexadecimal digits are 1 to 0 and A to ..........

1. E
2. F✓
3. G
4. D

Question 9

The binary equivalent of the decimal number 10 is ..........

1. 0010
2. 10
3. 1010 ✓
4. 010

Question 10

ASCII code is a 7 bit code for ..........

1. letters
2. numbers
3. other symbol
4. all of these ✓

Question 11

How many bytes are there in 1011 1001 0110 1110 numbers?

1. 1
2. 2 ✓
3. 4
 4. 8

Question 12

The binary equivalent of the octal Numbers 13.54 is.....

1. 1011.1011
2. 1001.1110
3. 1101.1110 ✓
4. None of these

Question 13

The octal equivalent of 111 010 is.....

1. 81
2. 72 ✓
3. 71
4. 82

Question 14

The input hexadecimal representation of 1110 is ..........

1. 0111
2. E✓
3. 15
4. 14

Question 15

Which of the following is not a binary number ?

1. 1111
2. 101
3. 11E ✓
4. 000

Question 16

Convert the hexadecimal number 2C to decimal:

1. 3A
2. 34
 3. 44 ✓
4. 43

Question 17

UTF8 is a type of .......... encoding.

1. ASCII
2. extended ASCII
3. Unicode ✓
4. ISCII

Question 18

UTF32 is a type of .......... encoding.

1. ASCII
2. extended ASCII
3. Unicode ✓
4. ISCII

Question 19

Which of the following is not a valid UTF8 representation?

1. 2 octet (16 bits)

2. 3 octet (24 bits)
3. 4 octet (32 bits)
4. 8 octet (64 bits) ✓

Question 20

Which of the following is not a valid encoding scheme for characters ?

1. ASCII
2. ISCII
3. Unicode
4. ESCII ✓

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1
The Decimal number system is composed of 10 unique symbols.

Question 2

The Binary number system is composed of 2 unique symbols.

Question 3

The Octal number system is composed of 8 unique symbols.

Question 4

The Hexadecimal number system is composed of 16 unique symbols.

Question 5

The illegal digits of octal number system are 8 and 9.

Question 6

Hexadecimal number system recognizes symbols 0 to 9 and A to F.

Question 7

Each octal number is replaced with 3 bits in octal to binary conversion.

Question 8

Each Hexadecimal number is replaced with 4 bits in Hex to binary conversion.

Question 9

ASCII is a 7 bit code while extended ASCII is a 8 bit code.

Question 10

The Unicode encoding scheme can represent all symbols/characters of most languages.

Question 11

The ISCII encoding scheme represents Indian Languages' characters on computers.

Question 12

UTF8 can take upto 4 bytes to represent a symbol.

Question 13

UTF32 takes exactly 4 bytes to represent a symbol.

Question 14

Unicode value of a symbol is called code point.

True/False Questions

Question 1

A computer can work with Decimal number system.

False

Question 2

A computer can work with Binary number system.

True

Question 3

The number of unique symbols in Hexadecimal number system is 15.

False

Question 4

Number systems can also represent characters.

False

Question 5

ISCII is an encoding scheme created for Indian language characters.

True

Question 6

Unicode is able to represent nearly all languages' characters.

True

Question 7

UTF8 is a fixed-length encoding scheme.

False
Question 8

UTF32 is a fixed-length encoding scheme.

True

Question 9

UTF8 is a variable-length encoding scheme and can represent characters in 1 through 4 bytes.
True

Question 10

UTF8 and UTF32 are the only encoding schemes supported by Unicode.
False

Type A: Short Answer Questions

Question 1

What are some number systems used by computers ?

Answer

The most commonly used number systems are decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number
systems.

Question 2

What is the use of Hexadecimal number system on computers ?

Answer

The Hexadecimal number system is used in computers to specify memory addresses (which are
16-bit or 32-bit long). For example, a memory address 1101011010101111 is a big binary
address but with hex it is D6AF which is easier to remember. The Hexadecimal number system
is also used to represent colour codes. For example, FFFFFF represents White, FF0000
represents Red, etc.

Question 3

What does radix or base signify ?

Answer
The radix or base of a number system signifies how many unique symbols or digits are used in
the number system to represent numbers. For example, the decimal number system has a radix or
base of 10 meaning it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9 to represent numbers.

Question 4

What is the use of encoding schemes ?

Answer

Encoding schemes help Computers represent and recognize letters, numbers and symbols. It
provides a predetermined set of codes for each recognized letter, number and symbol. Most
popular encoding schemes are ASCI, Unicode, ISCII, etc.

Question 5

Discuss UTF-8 encoding scheme.

Answer

UTF-8 is a variable width encoding that can represent every character in Unicode character set.
The code unit of UTF-8 is 8 bits called an octet. It uses 1 to maximum 6 octets to represent code
points depending on their size i.e. sometimes it uses 8 bits to store the character, other times 16
or 24 or more bits. It is a type of multi-byte encoding.

Question 6

How is UTF-8 encoding scheme different from UTF-32 encoding scheme ?

Answer

UTF-8 is a variable length encoding scheme that uses different number of bytes to represent
different characters whereas UTF-32 is a fixed length encoding scheme that uses exactly 4 bytes
to represent all Unicode code points.

Question 7

What is the most significant bit and the least significant bit in a binary code ?

Answer

In a binary code, the leftmost bit is called the most significant bit or MSB. It carries the largest
weight. The rightmost bit is called the least significant bit or LSB. It carries the smallest weight.
For example:

1MSB0110110LSBMSB1011011LSB0
Question 8

What are ASCII and extended ASCII encoding schemes ?

Answer

ASCII encoding scheme uses a 7-bit code and it represents 128 characters. Its advantages are
simplicity and efficiency. Extended ASCII encoding scheme uses a 8-bit code and it represents
256 characters.

Question 9

What is the utility of ISCII encoding scheme ?

Answer

ISCII or Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange can be used to represent Indian
languages on the computer. It supports Indian languages that follow both Devanagari script and
other scripts like Tamil, Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, etc.

Question 10

What is Unicode ? What is its significance ?

Answer

Unicode is a universal character encoding scheme that can represent different sets of characters
belonging to different languages by assigning a number to each of the character. It has the
following significance:

1. It defines all the characters needed for writing the majority of known languages in use
today across the world.
2. It is a superset of all other character sets.
3. It is used to represent characters across different platforms and programs.

Question 11

What all encoding schemes does Unicode use to represent characters ?

Answer

Unicode uses UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding schemes.

Question 12

What are ASCII and ISCII ? Why are these used ?

Answer

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses a 7-bit code and
it can represent 128 characters. ASCII code is mostly used to represent the characters of English
language, standard keyboard characters as well as control characters like Carriage Return and
Form Feed. ISCII stands for Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses a 8-bit
code and it can represent 256 characters. It retains all ASCII characters and offers coding for
Indian scripts also. Majority of the Indian languages can be represented using ISCII.

Question 13

What are UTF-8 and UTF-32 encoding schemes. Which one is more popular encoding scheme ?

Answer

UTF-8 is a variable length encoding scheme that uses different number of bytes to represent
different characters whereas UTF-32 is a fixed length encoding scheme that uses exactly 4 bytes
to represent all Unicode code points. UTF-8 is the more popular encoding scheme.

Question 14

What do you understand by code point ?

Answer

Code point refers to a code from a code space that represents a single character from the
character set represented by an encoding scheme. For example, 0x41 is one code point of ASCII
that represents character 'A'.

Question 15

What is the difference between fixed length and variable length encoding schemes ?

Answer

Variable length encoding scheme uses different number of bytes or octets (set of 8 bits) to
represent different characters whereas fixed length encoding scheme uses a fixed number of
bytes to represent different characters.

Type B: Application Based Questions

Question 1

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal:

(a) 1101
Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 (MSB) 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 4 + 8 = 13

Therefore, (1101)2 = (13)10

(b) 111010

Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

1 (MSB) 25 32 1x32=32

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 58

Therefore, (111010)2 = (58)10

(c) 101011111

Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1

1 21 2 1x2=2

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

1 26 64 1x64=64

0 27 128 0x128=0

1 (MSB) 28 256 1x256=256

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 64 + 256 = 351

Therefore, (101011111)2 = (351)10

Question 2

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal :

(a) 1100

Answer
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 (MSB) 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 = 12

Therefore, (1100)2 = (12)10

(b) 10010101

Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 (LSB) 20 1 1x1=1

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

0 23 8 0x8=0

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

0 26 64 0x64=0

1 (MSB) 27 128 1x128=128

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 4 + 16 + 128 = 149

Therefore, (10010101)2 = (149)10

(c) 11011100

Answer

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 (LSB) 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

1 24 16 1x16=16

0 25 32 0x32=0

1 26 64 1x64=64

1 (MSB) 27 128 1x128=128

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 + 16 + 64 + 128 = 220

Therefore, (11011100)2 = (220)10

Question 3

Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:

(a) 23

Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 23 1 (LSB)
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 11 1

2 5 1

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (23)10 = (10111)2

(b) 100

Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 100 0 (LSB)

2 50 0

2 25 1

2 12 0

2 6 0

2 3 1

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (100)10 = (1100100)2

(c) 145

Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 145 1 (LSB)

2 72 0

2 36 0

2 18 0

2 9 1

2 4 0

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (145)10 = (10010001)2

(d) 0.25

Answer

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.25 x 2 = 0.5 0

0.5 x 2 = 0 1

Therefore, (0.25)10 = (0.01)2

Question 4
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:

(a) 19

Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 19 1 (LSB)

2 9 1

2 4 0

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (19)10 = (10011)2

(b) 122

Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 122 0 (LSB)

2 61 1

2 30 0

2 15 1

2 7 1

2 3 1
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (122)10 = (1111010)2

(c) 161

Answer

2 Quotient Remainder

2 161 1 (LSB)

2 80 0

2 40 0

2 20 0

2 10 0

2 5 1

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (161)10 = (10100001)2

(d) 0.675

Answer
 Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.675 x 2 = 0.35 1

0.35 x 2 = 0.7 0

0.7 x 2 = 0.4 1

0.4 x 2 = 0.8 0

0.8 x 2 = 0.6 1

(We stop after 5 iterations if fractional part doesn't become 0)

Therefore, (0.675)10 = (0.10101)2

Question 5

Convert the following decimal numbers to octal:

(a) 19

Answer

8 Quotient Remainder

8 19 3 (LSB)

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (19)10 = (23)8

(b) 122

Answer
 8 Quotient Remainder

8 122 2 (LSB)

8 15 7

8 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, (122)10 = (172)8

(c) 161

Answer

8 Quotient Remainder

8 161 1 (LSB)

8 20 4

8 2 2 (MSB)

Therefore, (161)10 = (241)8

(d) 0.675

Answer

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.675 x 8 = 0.4 5

0.4 x 8 = 0.2 3

0.2 x 8 = 0.6 1
 Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.6 x 8 = 0.8 4

0.8 x 8 = 0.4 6

Therefore, (0.675)10 = (0.53146)8

Question 6

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:

(a) A6

Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

6 0110

A (10) 1010

(A6)16 = (10100110)2

(b) A07

Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

7 0111

0 0000

A (10) 1010

(A07)16 = (101000000111)2
(c) 7AB4

Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

4 0100

B (11) 1011

A (10) 1010

7 0111

(7AB4)16 = (111101010110100)2

Question 7

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:

(a) 23D

Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

D (13) 1101

3 0011

2 0010

(23D)16 = (1000111101)2

(b) BC9

Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

9 1001

C (12) 1100

B (11) 1011

(BC9)16 = (101111001001)2

(c) 9BC8

Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

8 1000

C (12) 1100

B (11) 1011

9 1001

(9BC8)16 = (1001101111001000)2

Question 8

Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:

(a) 10011011101

Answer

Grouping in bits of 4:

0100undefined010011011101
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1101 D (13)

1101 D (13)

0100 4

Therefore, (10011011101)2 = (4DD)16

(b) 1111011101011011

Answer

Grouping in bits of 4:

1111undefined1111011101011011

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1011 B (11)

0101 5

0111 7

1111 F (15)

Therefore, (1111011101011011)2 = (F75B)16

(c) 11010111010111

Answer

Grouping in bits of 4:

0011undefined0011010111010111
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0111 7

1101 D (13)

0101 5

0011 3

Therefore, (11010111010111)2 = (35D7)16

Question 9

Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal:

(a) 1010110110111

Answer

Grouping in bits of 4:

0001undefined0001010110110111

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0111 7

1011 B (11)

0101 5

0001 1

Therefore, (1010110110111)2 = (15B7)16

(b) 10110111011011

Answer
Grouping in bits of 4:

0010undefined0010110111011011

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1011 B (11)

1101 D (13)

1101 D (13)

0010 2

Therefore, (10110111011011)2 = (2DDB)16

(c) 0110101100

Answer

Grouping in bits of 4:

0001undefined000110101100

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

1010 A (10)

0001 1

Therefore, (0110101100)2 = (1AC)16

Question 10

Convert the following octal numbers to decimal:

(a) 257
Answer

Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 (LSB) 80 1 7x1=7

5 81 8 5x8=40

2 (MSB) 82 64 2x64=128

Equivalent decimal number = 7 + 40 + 128 = 175

Therefore, (257)8 = (175)10

(b) 3527

Answer

Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 (LSB) 80 1 7x1=7

2 81 8 2x8=16

5 82 64 5x64=320

3 (MSB) 83 512 3x512=1536

Equivalent decimal number = 7 + 16 + 320 + 1536 = 1879

Therefore, (3527)8 = (1879)10

(c) 123

Answer
 Octal
Power Value Result
No

3 (LSB) 80 1 3x1=3

2 81 8 2x8=16

1 (MSB) 82 64 1x64=64

Equivalent decimal number = 3 + 16 + 64 = 83

Therefore, (123)8 = (83)10

(d) 605.12

Answer

Integral part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

5 80 1 5x1=5

0 81 8 0x8=0

6 82 64 6x64=384

Fractional part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

1 8-1 0.125 1x0.125=0.125

2 8-2 0.0156 2x0.0156=0.0312

Equivalent decimal number = 5 + 384 + 0.125 + 0.0312 = 389.1562

Therefore, (605.12)8 = (389.1562)10

Question 11

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal:

(a) A6

Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

6 160 1 6x1=6

A (10) 161 16 10x16=160

Equivalent decimal number = 6 + 160 = 166

Therefore, (A6)16 = (166)10

(b) A13B

Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

B (11) 160 1 11x1=11

3 161 16 3x16=48

1 162 256 1x256=256

A (10) 163 4096 10x4096=40960

Equivalent decimal number = 11 + 48 + 256 + 40960 = 41275

Therefore, (A13B)16 = (41275)10

(c) 3A5

Answer
 Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

5 160 1 5x1=5

A (10) 161 16 10x16=160

3 162 256 3x256=768

Equivalent decimal number = 5 + 160 + 768 = 933

Therefore, (3A5)16 = (933)10

Question 12

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal:

(a) E9

Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

9 160 1 9x1=9

E (14) 161 16 14x16=224

Equivalent decimal number = 9 + 224 = 233

Therefore, (E9)16 = (233)10

(b) 7CA3

Answer

Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

3 (11) 160 1 3x1=3

 Hexadecimal
Power Value Result
Number

A (10) 161 16 10x16=160

C (12) 162 256 12x256=3072

7 163 4096 7x4096=28672

Equivalent decimal number = 3 + 160 + 3072 + 28672 = 31907

Therefore, (7CA3)16 = (31907)10

Question 13

Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal:

(a) 132

Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 132 4

16 8 8

Therefore, (132)10 = (84)16

(b) 2352

Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 2352 0

16 147 3
 16 Quotient Remainder

16 9 9

Therefore, (2352)10 = (930)16

(c) 122

Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 122 A (10)

16 7 7

Therefore, (122)10 = (7A)16

(d) 0.675

Answer

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.675 x 16 = 0.8 A (10)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

0.8 x 16 = 0.8 C (12)

(We stop after 5 iterations if fractional part doesn't become 0)

Therefore, (0.675)10 = (0.ACCCC)16

Question 14

Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal:

(a) 206

Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 206 E (14)

16 12 C (12)

Therefore, (206)10 = (CE)16

(b) 3619

Answer

16 Quotient Remainder

16 3619 3

16 226 2

16 14 E (14)

Therefore, (3619)10 = (E23)16

Question 15

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to octal:

(a) 38AC
Answer

Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

C (12) 1100

A (10) 1010

8 1000

3 0011

(38AC)16 = (11100010101100)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

011undefined 100undefined 010undefined 101undefined

100undefined011100010101100

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

100 4

011 3

(38AC)16 = (34254)8

(b) 7FD6

Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

6 0110

D (13) 1101

F (15) 1111

7 0111

(7FD6)16 = (111111111010110)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

111undefined 111undefined 111undefined 010undefined

110undefined111111111010110

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

110 6

010 2

111 7

111 7

111 7

(7FD6)16 = (77726)8

(c) ABCD

Answer
 Hexadecimal Binary
Number Equivalent

D (13) 1101

C (12) 1100

B (11) 1011

A (10) 1010

(ABCD)16 = (1010101111001101)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined 010undefined 101undefined 111undefined

001undefined 101undefined001010101111001101

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

101 5

001 1

111 7

101 5

010 2

001 1

(ABCD)16 = (125715)8

Question 16

Convert the following octal numbers to binary:

(a) 123

Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

3 011

2 010

1 001

Therefore, (123)8 = (001undefined 010undefined 011undefined001

010011)2
(b) 3527

Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

7 111

2 010

5 101

3 011

Therefore, (3527)8 = (011undefined

101undefined 010undefined
111undefined011101010111)2
(c) 705

Answer
 Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

5 101

0 000

7 111

Therefore, (705)8 = (111undefined 000undefined 101undefined111

000101)2

Question 17

Convert the following octal numbers to binary:

(a) 7642

Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

2 010

4 100

6 110

7 111

Therefore, (7642)8 = (111undefined

110undefined 100undefined
010undefined111110100010)2
(b) 7015

Answer
 Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

5 101

1 001

0 000

7 111

Therefore, (7015)8 = (111undefined

000undefined 001undefined
101undefined111000001101)2
(c) 3576

Answer

Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

6 110

7 111

5 101

3 011

Therefore, (3576)8 = (011undefined

101undefined 111undefined
110undefined011101111110)2
(d) 705

Answer
 Octal Binary
Number Equivalent

5 101

0 000

7 111

Therefore, (705)8 = (111undefined 000undefined 101undefined111

000101)2

Question 18

Convert the following binary numbers to octal

(a) 111010

Answer

Grouping in bits of 3:

111undefined111010

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

010 2

111 7

Therefore, (111010)2 = (72)8

(b) 110110101

Answer

Grouping in bits of 3:

110undefined110110101
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

101 5

110 6

110 6

Therefore, (110110101)2 = (665)8

(c) 1101100001

Answer

Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined001101100001

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

001 1

100 4

101 5

001 1

Therefore, (1101100001)2 = (1541)8

Question 19

Convert the following binary numbers to octal

(a) 11001

Answer

Grouping in bits of 3:
011undefined011001

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

001 1

011 3

Therefore, (11001)2 = (31)8

(b) 10101100

Answer

Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010101100

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

Therefore, (10101100)2 = (254)8

(c) 111010111

Answer

Grouping in bits of 3:

111undefined111010111

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

111 7
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

010 2

111 7

Therefore, (111010111)2 = (727)8

Question 20

Add the following binary numbers:

(i) 10110111 and 1100101

Answer

1101110111111+1100101100011100+111001101101010101
11111100110
Therefore, (10110111)2 + (1100101)2 = (100011100)2

(ii) 110101 and 101111

Answer

11110111011+1011111100100+111111100011011110110110
Therefore, (110101)2 + (101111)2 = (1100100)2

(iii) 110111.110 and 11011101.010

Answer

0101111101111111.1110+11011101.010100010101.000+1
01100110110011110110111111001111...1100110000
Therefore, (110111.110)2 + (11011101.010)2 = (100010101)2

(iv) 1110.110 and 11010.011

Answer
011111101.1110+11010.011101001.001+1011011111100110
0101...1100110011
Therefore, (1110.110)2 + (11010.011)2 = (101001.001)2

Question 21

Given that A's code point in ASCII is 65, and a's code point is 97. What is the binary
representation of 'A' in ASCII ? (and what's its hexadecimal representation). What is the binary
representation of 'a' in ASCII ?

Answer

Binary representation of 'A' in ASCII will be binary representation of its code point 65.

Converting 65 to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 65 1 (LSB)

2 32 0

2 16 0

2 8 0

2 4 0

2 2 0

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, binary representation of 'A' in ASCII is 1000001.

Converting 65 to Hexadecimal:
 16 Quotient Remainder

16 65 1

16 4 4

Therefore, hexadecimal representation of 'A' in ASCII is (41)16.

Similarly, converting 97 to binary:

2 Quotient Remainder

2 97 1 (LSB)

2 48 0

2 24 0

2 12 0

2 6 0

2 3 1

2 1 1 (MSB)

Therefore, binary representation of 'a' in ASCII is 1100001.

Question 22

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal, octal and hexadecimal numbers.

(i) 100101.101

Answer
Decimal Conversion of integral part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 20 1 1x1=1

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

0 23 8 0x8=0

0 24 16 0x16=0

1 25 32 1x32=32

Decimal Conversion of fractional part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 2-1 0.5 1x0.5=0.5

0 2-2 0.25 0x0.25=0

1 2-3 0.125 1x0.125=0.125

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 4 + 32 + 0.5 + 0.125 = 37.625

Therefore, (100101.101)2 = (37.625)10

Octal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 3:

100undefined100101.101
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

101 5

100 4

. .

101 5

Therefore, (100101.101)2 = (45.5)8

Hexadecimal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 4:

0010undefined00100101.1010

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

0101 5

0010 2

1010 A (10)

Therefore, (100101.101)2 = (25.A)16

(ii) 10101100.01011

Answer

Decimal Conversion of integral part:

 Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

0 24 16 0x16=0

1 25 32 1x32=32

0 26 64 0x64=0

1 27 128 1x128=128

Decimal Conversion of fractional part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 2-1 0.5 0x0.5=0

1 2-2 0.25 1x0.25=0.25

0 2-3 0.125 0x0.125=0

1 2-4 0.0625 1x0.0625=0.0625

1 2-5 0.03125 1x0.03125=0.03125

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 + 32 + 128 + 0.25 + 0.0625 + 0.03125 = 172.34375

Therefore, (10101100.01011)2 = (172.34375)10

Octal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010101100.010110

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

. .

010 2

110 6

Therefore, (10101100.01011)2 = (254.26)8

Hexadecimal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 4:

1010undefined10101100.01011000

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

1010 A (10)

0101 5
 Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1000 8

Therefore, (10101100.01011)2 = (AC.58)16

(iii) 1010

Answer

Decimal Conversion:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 8 = 10

Therefore, (1010)2 = (10)10

Octal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 3:

001undefined001010

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

010 2

001 1
Therefore, (1010)2 = (12)8

Hexadecimal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 4:

1010undefined1010

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1010 A (10)

Therefore, (1010)2 = (A)16

(iv) 10101100.010111

Answer

Decimal Conversion of integral part:

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

1 23 8 1x8=8

0 24 16 0x16=0

1 25 32 1x32=32

0 26 64 0x64=0

1 27 128 1x128=128

Decimal Conversion of fractional part:

 Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 2-1 0.5 0x0.5=0

1 2-2 0.25 1x0.25=0.25

0 2-3 0.125 0x0.125=0

1 2-4 0.0625 1x0.0625=0.0625

1 2-5 0.03125 1x0.03125=0.03125

1 2-6 0.015625 1x0.015625=0.015625

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 8 + 32 + 128 + 0.25 + 0.0625 + 0.03125 + 0.015625 =

172.359375

Therefore, (10101100.010111)2 = (172.359375)10

Octal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 3:

010undefined010101100.010111

Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

100 4

101 5

010 2

. .

010 2
 Binary Equivalent
Number Octal

111 7

Therefore, (10101100.010111)2 = (254.27)8

Hexadecimal Conversion

Grouping in bits of 4:

1010undefined10101100.01011100

Binary Equivalent
Number Hexadecimal

1100 C (12)

1010 A (10)

0101 5

1100 C (12)

Therefore, (10101100.010111)2 = (AC.5C)16