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Tuaha Assignment CCN

The document discusses key concepts in the Data Link Layer, focusing on piggybacking as a technique to enhance bidirectional data communication efficiency by combining acknowledgment messages with outgoing data frames. It also compares CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocols, highlighting their mechanisms for handling collisions in wired and wireless networks, respectively. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these techniques for optimal networking solutions.

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2 views4 pages

Tuaha Assignment CCN

The document discusses key concepts in the Data Link Layer, focusing on piggybacking as a technique to enhance bidirectional data communication efficiency by combining acknowledgment messages with outgoing data frames. It also compares CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocols, highlighting their mechanisms for handling collisions in wired and wireless networks, respectively. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these techniques for optimal networking solutions.

Uploaded by

ridasaman47
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bahria School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (BSEAS)

Bahria University, H-11 Campus, Islamabad


Assignment 2 – Spring 2025

Computer
Course Title: Communication Course Code: CEN 223 Credit Hours: 3 (3,0)
s & Networks
Course Program
Haad Akmal BS RIS
Instructor: Name:
Semester: 4th Batch: Section: C
Number of
Submission Maximum
28-03-2025 5 Extra Sheets
Due Date: Marks:
Attached:
Student’s Enrollment
Tuaha Asif 01-139232-134
Name: Number:

Data Link Layer Concepts


Piggybacking in the Data Link Layer
Piggybacking is a technique used in bidirectional data communication to improve efficiency by
combining acknowledgment (ACK) messages with outgoing data frames instead of sending them
separately. This method reduces overhead and optimi1zes bandwidth utilization in network
communication.
In a typical data transmission scenario, each data packet requires an acknowledgment from the
receiver, leading to additional network traffic. Piggybacking helps by attaching acknowledgment
information to the next outgoing data packet, thereby reducing the number of frames sent.
Illustration of Piggybacking:
 Suppose two users, Alice and Bob, are communicating over a network.
1. Alice sends a data frame to Bob.
2. Bob receives it and prepares a response.
3. Instead of sending a separate acknowledgment frame, Bob includes the acknowledgment
within his next outgoing data frame.
4. Alice receives the combined response and acknowledgment.
This process reduces unnecessary transmissions and enhances overall efficiency.

Advantages of Piggybacking
1. Improved Network Efficiency – Fewer frames are sent, leading to better bandwidth
utilization.
2. Lower Transmission Overhead – Reduces the additional load on the network by
minimizing standalone acknowledgment frames.
3. Optimized Data Flow – Enhances the efficiency of bidirectional communication by
integrating acknowledgments with data.
4. Reduced Collision Probability – Fewer network transmissions mean a lower chance of
collisions in shared communication channels.
Limitations of Piggybacking
1. Acknowledgment Delays – If a sender has no data to send, acknowledgments may be
delayed, potentially causing retransmission.
2. Processing Complexity – Implementing piggybacking requires additional logic for
handling combined data and acknowledgment frames.
3. Not Suitable for Asynchronous Communication – Works best in bidirectional
exchanges; in unidirectional data flow, its benefits are minimal.

CSMA/CA vs. CSMA/CD


Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a network protocol that enables multiple devices to
share a communication channel efficiently. Two primary variations exist:
1. CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) – Used in wired
Ethernet networks.
2. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) – Used in
wireless networks.
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
CSMA/CD is employed in Ethernet networks to detect and resolve data collisions when multiple
devices attempt simultaneous transmissions.
Working Mechanism of CSMA/CD
1. A device checks whether the channel is idle before sending data.
2. If the channel is free, it transmits the data.
3. If multiple devices transmit simultaneously, a collision occurs.
4. The devices stop transmitting and enter a backoff period.
5. After a random delay, they attempt retransmission.
Example of CSMA/CD Usage
 Traditional Ethernet LANs (IEEE 802.3) use CSMA/CD to manage network traffic in
wired environments.
Limitations of CSMA/CD
 Ineffective in wireless networks due to difficulties in detecting collisions.
 Frequent collisions can cause network delays, making it less efficient in high-traffic
environments.
CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
CSMA/CA is used in wireless networks where detecting collisions is challenging. Instead of
detecting collisions, CSMA/CA attempts to prevent them.
Working Mechanism of CSMA/CA
1. A device listens to the channel to check if it is idle.
2. If the channel is free, it sends a Request to Send (RTS) signal.
3. The receiver responds with a Clear to Send (CTS) signal.
4. Upon receiving CTS, the sender transmits data.
5. If another device hears the CTS, it waits until the transmission is complete before sending
data.
Example of CSMA/CA Usage
 Wi-Fi networks (IEEE 802.11) rely on CSMA/CA to prevent collisions in wireless
communication.
Limitations of CSMA/CA
 Introduces additional delays due to RTS/CTS signaling.
 Inefficient in networks with high traffic, as multiple RTS/CTS messages can increase
congestion.
Comparison of CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA
Feature CSMA/CD CSMA/CA
Network Type Wired (Ethernet) Wireless (Wi-Fi)
Collision Detects and resolves collisions Avoids collisions before they
Handling occur
Mechanism Stops transmission upon detecting a Uses RTS/CTS to prevent
collision collisions
Efficiency Higher in wired networks Higher in wireless networks
Usage Ethernet LANs Wi-Fi networks

Real-World Applications
1. CSMA/CD Example:
o Office Ethernet LANs that connect multiple computers in a wired environment.
2. CSMA/CA Example:
o Home and enterprise Wi-Fi networks where multiple wireless devices
communicate without interference.

Conclusion
Piggybacking enhances network efficiency by reducing overhead in bidirectional data
transmission, but it is not always suitable due to potential acknowledgment delays. On the other
hand, CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA serve different network types—CSMA/CD is ideal for
Ethernet-based wired networks, while CSMA/CA is crucial for wireless communication.
Understanding these mechanisms ensures optimal selection for different networking
environments.

References
1. Stallings, W. (2014). Data and Computer Communications. Pearson.
2. Kurose, J. & Ross, K. (2017). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. Pearson.
3. IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 Standards Documentation.
4. Tanenbaum, A. S., & Wetherall, D. J. (2010). Computer Networks. Prentice Hall.

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