Numericals

a) Enthalpy of Dry saturated Steam:

hg = hf + hfg kJ/kg

b) Enthalpy of Wet Steam:

h = hf + x .hfg kJ/kg
c) Enthalpy of Superheated Steam:
hsup = hf + hfg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg
d) Degree of superheat (DOS):
DOS = (Tsup - Tsat) 0C

e) Amount of superheat (AOS):

AOS = Csup (Tsup - Tsat) kJ/kg
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 2
 NUMERICALS ON PROPERTIES OF STEAM
1) Determine the condition and related parameter of the steam in the following cases: (i) Pressure of
10 bar and temperature of 200° C and (ii) Pressure of 8 bar and enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg. (iii)
Steam at 20 bar and 300° C is cooled at constant pressure during which the heat lost is 400 kJ/kg.
Assume specific heat of superheated steam as 2.25 kJ/Kg K.

Solution:
i) Pressure = 10 bar and T = 200 °C

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 7
i) Pressure = 10 bar and T = 200 °C

From steam tables at a pressure of 10 bar

𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 179.9 °C,

ℎ𝑓 = 762.6 kJ/kg
Since the temperature of the steam is greater than the
saturation temperature the steam sample is superheated ℎ𝑔 = 2776.2 kJ/kg
[𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 >𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ] ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2013.6 kJ/kg,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 8
Since the temperature of the steam is greater than the saturation temperature
the steam sample is superheated [𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 >𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]

= 2776.2 + 2.25(200 - 179.9)

ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 2821.43 kJ/kg

Degree of Superheat (DOS)

𝐷𝑂𝑆= (𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 9
(ii) Pressure of 8 bar and enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg.

Solution:
i) Pressure = 8 bar and h = 2500 kJ/kg
From steam tables at a pressure of 8 bar,

𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 170.4 °C,

ℎ𝑓 = 720.9 kJ/kg

ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2046.5 kJ/kg,

ℎ𝑔 = 2767.4 kJ/kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 10
Since enthalpy of dry saturated steam (hg = 2767.4 kJ/kg) is greater than the
enthalpy of steam sample (h = 2500 kJ/kg) the given sample of steam is wet
Steam [ℎ𝑔 >ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ]
Dryness fraction of the steam (X):

h = ℎ𝑓 + X ℎ𝑓𝑔

2500 = 720.9 + X * 2046.5

X= 0.8693 or 86.93 %

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 11
(iii) Steam at 20 bar and 300° C is cooled at constant pressure during which the heat lost is 400 kJ/kg.
Assume specific heat of superheated steam as 2.25 kJ/Kg K.

Solution:
i) Pressure = 20 bar and T = 300 °C

From steam tables at a pressure of 20 bar,

𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 212.4 °C, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1888.7 kJ/kg,

ℎ𝑓 = 908.5 kJ/kg ℎ𝑔 = 2797.2 kJ/kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 12
Since the temperature of the steam is greater than the saturation temperature
the steam sample is superheated [𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 >𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]

= 2797.2 + 2.25(300 – 212.4)

ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 2994.3 kJ/kg

Enthalpy after heat loss of 400 kJ/kg = 2994.3 – 400

h= 2594.3 kJ/kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 13
Since the enthalpy after heat loss (2594.3 kJ/kg) is less than the enthalpy of
dry saturated steam (hg = 2797.2 kJ/kg), the steam is Wet [ℎ𝑔 >ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ]

Dryness fraction of the steam (X):

h = ℎ𝑓 + X ℎ𝑓𝑔
2594.3 = 908.5 + X × 1888.7
X= 0.8926 or 89.26%

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 14
2) Two boilers one with super heater and another without super heater are
delivering equal quantities of steam into a common main. The pressure in the
boilers and in the main is 20 bar. The temperature of the steam from a boiler with
a superheater is 350°C and the temperature of steam in the main is 250°C.
Determine the quality of steam supplied by the other boiler. Assume specific heat
of superheated steam as 2.25kJ/Kg K.
Solution:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 15
Solution:
i) Pressure = 20 bar

𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 212.4 °C, ℎ𝑓 = 908.5 kJ/kg ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1888.7 kJ/kg, ℎ𝑔 = 2797.2 kJ/kg

Enthalpy of steam generated in the boiler (B1) having super heater

T=350°C ˃Tsat, steam is superheated.

hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)

= 2797.2 + 2.25 (350 –

212.4)
= 3106.8kJ/kg --------(A)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 16
Enthalpy of steam generated in the boiler (B2) without the superheater

Hence the steam is wetsteam

Dryness fraction of the steam (X):

h = ℎ𝑓 + X ℎ𝑓𝑔

h = 908.5 + X × -------(B)
1888.7

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 17
 Enthalpy of steam in the main

T=250°C ˃Tsat[212.4°C], steam is superheated

hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)

= 2797.2 + 2.25 (250 –

212.4)
= 2881.8 kJ/kg

Total enthalpy in the main for 2kg of steam

= 2x 2881.8

= 5763.6 kJ/2kg --------(C)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 18
 For heat balance

(A) + (B) = (C)

3106.8 + 908.5 + X* 1888.7 = 5763.6

X= 0.9257 or 92.57%.

Steam generated in the boiler without the superheater

is 92.57% dry.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 19
3) A dry saturated steam at a pressure of 1 MPa is generated in a boiler. Dry saturated
steam leaves the boiler to enter a super heater, where it loses heat equal to 400 kJ/kg. In
the super heater, steam is super-heated to temperature of 300°C. If temperature of feed
water is 28°C, determine:

a) Total heat supplied to feed water in the boiler

b) Dryness fraction of steam at the entry of super heater

c) Total heat supplied in the super heater.

Assume specific heat of water as 4.187kJ/Kg K and that of superheated steam as

2.25kJ/Kg K

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 20
Data: Pressure = 1 MPa = 10 bar,

𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 300 °C, T = 28 °C

Heat loss before entering superheater = 400 kJ/kg

400 kJ/kg
At 10 bar,
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 179.9 °C,
ℎ𝑓 = 762.6 kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2013.6 Let P – Point at which water enters the boiler
kJ/kg Q – Point at which steam leaves the boiler in dry saturated condition.
R – Point at which steam enters the superheater as wet steam
ℎ𝑔 = 2776.2 kJ/kg S – Point at which superheated steam leaves the superheater.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 21
 Enthalpy of water at 28°C or enthalpy at P

𝒉𝒘 = m Cp (Tw-0) kJ/kg

= 1 x 4.187 x (28-0)
ℎ𝑃 = 117.24 kJ/Kg 400 kJ/kg

Enthalpy at Q = ℎ𝑄 = ℎ𝑔 = 2776.2 kJ/kg

Enthalpy of steam at the entry point of superheater (R),
ℎ𝑅 = ℎ𝑄 – 400
= 2776.2 - 400
ℎ𝑅 = 2376.2 kJ/kg DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 22
 Enthalpy of superheated steam (S),

hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)

= 2776.2 + 2.25 (300 – 179.9)

400 kJ/kg

ℎ𝑆 = 3046.43 kJ/kg

a) Total heat supplied to feed water in the boiler

= ℎ𝑄 –ℎ𝑃

= 2776.2 – 117.24
= 2658.96 kJ/kg DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 23
b) Dryness fraction of steam at the entry to the superheater (X)

h = 𝒉𝑹 = hf + x .hfg

2376.2 = 762.6 + X × 2013.6

X = 0.8014 or 80.14%

c) Total heat supplied in the superheater 400 kJ/kg

h = ℎ𝑆 -ℎ𝑅
= 3046.43 - 2376.2

= 670.23 kJ/kg
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 24
4) A chemical company planning to install a coal fired boiler in its plant for process heating is
weighing different technical options due to investment constraints. The steam generation capacity
required is 5000kg per hour at a pressure of 0.56 MPa and at a temperature of 220°C. The feed
water is available from a nearby reservoir at an average temperature 30°C. The coal consumption
is 1500 kg/hr, having a calorific value of 24 MJ/kg. Assess the improvement in boiler efficiency if
the following accessories are used. Total heat supplied to feed water in the boiler

i) Economizer which will increase the feed water temperature by 58°C.and reduce the coal consumption by 14%.

ii) Air Preheater which will reduce the coal consumption by 20%.

iii) Both Economizer and Air Preheater whose combined effect will reduce the coal consumption by 30%.

Assume specific heat of water as 4.187kJ/Kg K and that of superheated steam as 2.25kJ/Kg K
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 25
Data:

From steam tables at a pressure of at 0.56 MPa = 5.6 bar

Enthalpy of water at 30°C

ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇−0)
= 1 x 4.187 x (30-0)

= 125.61 kJ/kg.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 27
Enthalpy at a temperature of 220°C

hsup = hg + Csup (Tsup - Tsat)

= 2752.5 + 2.25x (220-156.2)

= 2896.05 kJ/Kg
Boiler Efficiency without using the accessories

= 38.48%

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 28
i) Economizer which will increase the feed water temperature by 58°C.and reduce
the coal consumption by 14%.

Enthalpy of water at 88°C

ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇−0) = 1 x 4.187 x (88-0)= 368.46 kJ/kg.

Boiler Efficiency if Economizer is used.

= 40.52%

Improvement if efficiency= 40.52 – 38.48 = 2.05% in absolute terms.

OR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 29
ii) Air Preheater which will reduce the coal consumption by 20%.

Boiler Efficiency if Air Preheater is used.

= 48.09%

Improvement if efficiency= 48.09 – 38.48 = 9.61% in absolute terms.

OR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 30
iii) Both Economizer and Air Preheater whose combined effect will reduce the coal
consumption by 30%.

Boiler Efficiency if both Economizer and Air Preheater are used.

= 50.15%

Improvement if efficiency= 50.15 – 38.48 = 11.67% in absolute terms.

OR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 31
5] A restaurant, daily uses 600 kg of 95% dry steam produced at a pressure of 3
bar. The boiler is fitted with an economizer which increases the feed water
temperature to 94° C and is fired using wood and paddy husk in equal proportions.
The gross calorific values of wood and paddy husk are 15500 kJ/kg and 12600
kJ/kg respectively. The boiler has been operating with an average efficiency of
78%. Calculate the daily consumption of wood and paddy husk?

Data:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 32
From Steam tables at P= 3bar.

Enthalpy of water at 94°C

ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇−0)

= 1 x 4.187 x (94-0)

= 393.58kJ/kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 34
Enthalpy at X= 0.95

h = hf + x .hfg

= 561.5 + 0.95 * 2163.2

= 2616.54 kJ/kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

MIT. MANIPAL 35
Boiler Efficiency

𝑚𝑓𝑢 = 121.71kg/day

Quantity of wood and paddy husk consumed= 0.5* 121.71

= 60.86kg each/day
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,
MIT. MANIPAL 36
Simple gear train consists of three gears. The
number of teeth on the driving gear is 60 and on
the idler is 40 and on the driven gear is 80. Find the
velocity ratio. If the driving gear rotates at 1200
rpm, calculate the speed of driven gear.
In a compound gear train of wheels, A, B, C and D have
15,30,20,40 teeth respectively. The wheel B and C are
keyed to the same shaft. If the wheel A runs at 400 rpm,
find the speed of wheel D. Sketch the arrangement if B
meshes with A and C meshes with D.
The shaft from the motor is connected to gear A
and rotates at 950 rpm. Gear B and C is compound
gear as well as D and E. Gear A meshes with gear B
and gear C drives gear D. The gear E meshes with
gear F which is fixed on output shaft. Determine
speed of gear F. Number of teeth on gear
A,B,C,D,E,F are 20,50,25,75,25,65 respectively.
Sketch arrangement and find the velocity ratio of
the gear train.
Five gears of 15, 20,25,30,35 are available. Show an
arrangement of gears to obtain maximum velocity
ratio.