PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION REVIEWER (PRELIM)

A.​ Elements of Communication

a.​ Sender/Encoder
➢​ The person or entity initiating the message.
b.​ Receiver/Decoder
➢​ The person or entity interpreting the message.
c.​ Chanel
➢​ The medium used to transmit the message (e.g., speech, text, email).
d.​ Feedback
➢​ The receiver’s response, which confirms understanding.
e.​ Noise
➢​ Any interference that distorts the message (e.g., distractions,
misinterpretation).
○​ External Noise - physical surroundings/environment
○​ Internal Noise - emotions/feelings
f.​ Setting
➢​ The physical, social, or cultural environment in which communication takes
place.

B.​ Different Communication Models

a.​ Shannon and Weaver’s Communication Model
➢​ It's a linear model where communication is seen as a one-way
transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver. It highlights
noise as a major barrier to effective communication. This is commonly
used in telecommunications and mass media.
➢​ Also known as “transmission model”
➢​ Key Elements:
○​ Sender (Information Source): Creates the message.
○​ Encoder (Transmitter): Converts the message into signals (e.g.,
spoken words, written text).
○​ Channel: The medium used (e.g., phone, radio, internet).
○​ Decoder: Interprets the signals back into a message.
○​ Noise: Any interference that distorts the message (e.g., poor
signal, distractions).
 ○​ Receiver : The destination of the message from sender
b.​ Aristotle Model of Communication
➢​ A linear model focused on persuasion. It is a one-way communication;
no direct feedback. It is used mainly in public speaking and rhetoric.
➢​ Key Elements:
○​ Speaker (Sender): The source of the message, responsible for
crafting an effective speech.
○​ Speech (Message): The content being delivered, structured to
persuade or inform.
○​ Audience (Receiver): The listeners who interpret and respond to
the message.
c.​ Schramm’s Communication Model
➢​ An interactive model that introduces the concept of a field of
experience, meaning communication is more effective when the sender
and receiver share common knowledge or background. It also
emphasizes feedback as a key part of communication.
➢​ Key Elements:
○​ Sender (Encoder): Crafts and transmits the message.
○​ Message: The content being communicated.
○​ Receiver (Decoder): Interprets the message.
○​ Feedback: The receiver’s response, ensuring mutual
understanding.
d.​ Berlos’ Communication Model
➢​ A linear model that highlights how communication effectiveness depends
on factors like the sender’s communication skills, attitude,
knowledge, and the medium used.
➢​ It is also known as the SMCR Model of Communication
➢​ Key Elements:
○​ S (Source): The sender’s communication skills, knowledge,
attitude, social system, and culture influence the message.
○​ M (Message): The content, structure, and form of the
communication.
○​ C (Channel): The medium used (e.g., hearing, seeing, touching).
 ○​ R (Receiver): The audience’s knowledge, attitude, social system,
and culture affect how the message is understood.

C.​ Types of Communication

Sizes of the Receivers of the message:
●​ Intrapersonal Communication
○​ The receiver is oneself (e.g., self-talk, internal reflection).
●​ Interpersonal Communication
○​ One-on-one communication (e.g., conversations between friends,
interviews).
●​ Group Communication
○​ A small audience (e.g., meetings, classroom discussions, family
gatherings).
●​ Public Communication
○​ A larger audience in a shared physical space (e.g., speeches, lectures,
conferences).
●​ Mass Communication
○​ A very large, often dispersed audience reached through media (e.g.,
television, social media, newspapers).

Mediums of Communication
●​ Verbal Communication
○​ Oral
○​ Written
●​ Non-verbal Communication
○​ Physical Appearance - attire
○​ Eye Contact - establish camaraderie to the audience
○​ Facial Expression - the movement of the face to show emotion
○​ Posture - the way you carry yourself
○​ Gestures - movement of hands/body to express meaning/emotion
○​ Proxemics - the distance you maintain with your audience
 D.​ Intercultural Communication
Culture
➢​ A system of beliefs governing a person’s life
Intercultural Communication
➢​ Interaction among different cultural groups
➢​ Kinds:
○​ Interracial Communication - communication among different races
○​ Interethnic Communication - communication among different ethnicities
○​ International Communication - communication among different nations
○​ Intracultural Communication - communication among same cultures
○​ Cross-cultural Communication - communication with respect of other
cultures
Worldviews
➢​ How someone perceives or reacts to the world they live in

​ Different Orientations (Echurt 2006)

●​ Orientation to Groups (Individualism vs Collectivism)
○​ Individualism - value self-reliance/independence; individual rights and
choices
○​ Collectivism - conformist/conforms to societal norms/common good
●​ Orientation to Time (Clock-oriented vs Event-oriented)
○​ Clock-oriented - observes time; values punctuality and organization (e.g.
schools, companies, subways)
○​ Event-oriented - sees time as abstract and flexible; the time is not
important but the event itself
●​ Orientation to Power/Authority (Hierarchical vs Egalitarian)
○​ Hierarchical - focuses on status, social class, titles, and degrees
○​ Egalitarian - focuses on equality and opportunities for all
●​ Orientation to Gender (Masculine vs Feminine)
○​ Masculine - focuses on ambition, wage earning, and decision-making
○​ Feminine - enabling and nurturing relationships; also egalitarian
E.​ Types of Registers
●​ Frozen
-​ Static register; constant message that does not change
 -​ Ex: Bible verses, vows, pledges, prayers, national anthems
-​ Remembered by repetition, habit, or memorization
●​ Formal
-​ Have specific formats or language rules; no slang (formal)
-​ Ex: Speeches, sermons
●​ Consultative
-​ To consult with specific people
-​ Informal or natural
-​ Mostly have a power dynamic with a professional
●​ Casual
-​ Easygoing, relaxed, conversational, slang
-​ Ex: Chit Chat with friends
●​ Intimate
-​ Language voice is personal or private
-​ Involves conversation with family, friends, or partners
-​ Includes sweet talks/exchanges, nicknames

F.​ Barrier of Intercultural Communication

1.​ Ethnocentrism
-​ Belief that one ethnicity is superior than others
2.​ Stereotyping
-​ Generalizing/categorizing a specific ethnic group with a distorted view
3.​ Prejudice
-​ Negative attitude/feeling to a particular group with people
4.​ Discrimination
-​ Unfair treatment towards a particular group
-​ Explicit action of excluding/exempting a person of a certain group
 G.​ Ethics in Communication
Communication Ethics
➢​ How our morals govern our communication
4 Ethical Approaches to Decision-Making
1.​ Utilitarianism/Utilitarian Ethics
-​ You ask what maximizes happiness and minimizes pain
2.​ Moral Duty (Deontological Ethics)
-​ Immanuel Kant
-​ Aim to follow rules because it is our duty no matter the circumstance
-​ Ex: The Ten Commandments
3.​ Virtue Ethics
-​ Aristotle and other philosophers
-​ Focuses on a life of morality
-​ Living the virtues leads you to make virtuous choices
4.​ Common Good
-​ A society value common good
-​ System for the benefit of all

​ Guidelines for Ethical Communicators (Johannsen, 2007)

1.​ Ethical Communication respect their audience
-​ Respect opinions, ideals, beliefs
2.​ Ethical Communication respect the truth
-​ Not lying/distorting the truth; being honest
3.​ Ethical Communication use information appropriately
-​ Using appropriate information to be accurate
4.​ Ethical Communication do not falsify information
-​ Not plagiarizing