PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION (MIDTERM)

TOPIC 1: Introduction to Purposive Communication

UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION:
- Communication is the act of transferring information from one place to another.
- It can also be defined as the transfer of information and ideas thru different mediums. Hence,
communication is giving, receiving, or exchanging ideas, information, signals, or messages through
appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, seek information, give information, or
express emotions.
THREE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION:
- Sender - Medium - Receiver
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:
- Communication takes on different contexts, resulting in different views on communication types. It is
better to group these types according to different contexts.
WHAT IS CONTEXT?
- Contexts are the circumstance of the event wherein we use communication.
Types of Communication According to Mode:
1. Verbal - Oral communication, Written communication
2. Non-Verbal - Body language, Facial expression, eye contact, paralanguage (tone, pitch, and volume of voice), poxemics (distance),
haptics (touch, hugs).
Types of Communication According to Context:
- refers to the communication that occurs within an individual. It involves self-talk, internal dialogue, and the processing of
1. Intrapersonal thoughts and emotions

2. Interpersonal - exchange of information, ideas, and feelings between two or more people. It can occur in various forms, such as
face-to-face conversations, phone calls, or online interactions.
- process of disseminating information to a large audience through various media channels. This includes television,
3. Mass Communication radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet. Aims to reach a broad audience and often involves one-way
communication
4. Extended Communication - refers to communication that occurs over a distance, often using technology. This includes emails, text
messages, video calls, and social media interactions.
5. Intercultural Communication - involves the exchange of information between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It
requires an understanding of cultural differences, such as language, customs, and social norms.
Types of Communication According to Purpose:
1. Formal Communication - It is structured, official, and often documented (reports, emails, meetings)

2. Informal Communication - more casual and spontaneous. It occurs naturally among individuals (ex. casual conversations, social
media, instant messaging, and grapevine or gossip)
COMMUNICATION STYLES:
1. Passive – Emotionally dishonest, indirect, inhibited, self-denying, blaming, apologetic. people pleaser
2 Passive Aggressive – Emotionally dishonest, indirect, self-denying at first, self-enhancing at expense
of others later. express their anger or frustration indirectly, They might use sarcasm, subtle sabotage, or backhanded compliments
3. Aggressive – Inappropriately honest, direct, expressive, attacking, blaming, controlling, self-
enhancing at expense of others. express
others
their opinions and needs in a forceful and often disrespectful manner, they prioritize their own needs over

4. Assertive – Appropriately honest, direct, self-enhancing, expressive, self-confident, empathic to

emotions of all involved. express their opinions, needs, and feelings clearly and respectfully. They balance their own needs with others’ and use direct,
honest communication.
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TOPIC 2: Communication Process, Models, Principles, and Ethics

COMMUNICATION PROCESS: ex. email of employee and employer

sender
message
ex. radio, tv channel
sender receiver
message feedback
channel noise
receiver context
noise

one-way process where the sender transmits a message to the receiver Two-way process, importance of feedback, only one sender and receiver,1v1
without expecting immediate feedback

- views communication as a dynamic,

continuous process where all participants
ex. team meeting discussing a new project are simultaneously senders and receivers

- f2f, expression to agree or disagree. Two

or more. Anyone can be a receiver

communicators
messages
channels
feedback
noise
context
shared meaning

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES:

1. Know your purpose in communicating.

2. Know your audience.

3. Know your topic.

4. Adjust your speech to the context.

5. Worn on the feedback given to you.

THE PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION:

1. Be Clear

2.Be Concise – Always stick to your main point and do not beat around the bush when doing written
communication.

3. Be Concrete – Always support your messages with facts.

 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION (MIDTERM)

4. Be Correct – Remember that communication have its own set of rules. So always remember to check
your grammar and spellings.

5. Be Coherent – Your ideas must be connected to each other. Being coherent means that you are
writing in a logical manner.

6. Be Complete – This means that you should include all important and relevant information needed by
your audience.

7. Be Courteous – Having a friendly and polite tone in your written messages can eliminate confusion
and misinterpretation.

Remember:

- Written Communication will leave an evidence of your communication process. It means that you must
be extra careful knowing that you might deliver an incorrect meaning which will be left there for your
audience to see.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS:

- Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity as a
person.

- Provide accurate and complete information.

- Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately.

sufficient

TOPIC 3: LOCAL & GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

CULTURE:

The Culture Wheel:

- Values - Core beliefs and principles that guide behavior - Knowledge and Stories - collective wisdom, history, and narratives passed down through
generations

- Food and Drink - Greater Community - broader social network and sense of belonging within a community.

- The Arts - Creative expressions

- Tools and Objects - Physical items and artifacts used in daily life, work, and cultural practices

- Techniques and Skills - methods and expertise developed within a culture for various activities, such as farming, cooking, craftsmanship, and problem-solving

- Traditions and Rituals - Established customs and ceremonies that are regularly practiced within a culture

- Language - system of communication

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Local Communication:

1. Mother Tongue - native language or first language, is the language that a person learns from birth.

2. Common Language - also known as a lingua franca, is a language used for communication between people who do not share the same native language. It
serves as a bridge to facilitate understanding and interaction in diverse linguistic settings.

Global Communication:

How do we communicate globally?

- Email is one of the most common forms of global communication.

TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES:

- Language Barriers different languages, dialects and accents, vocabulary and jargons, cultural differences

Local Communication & Global Communication:

- refers to the presence and coexistence of multiple distinct cultural groups within a society. Multicultural environments celebrate and respect diversity in
- Multicultural culture, promoting inclusivity and understanding
The city organizes an annual festival where different cultural groups set up booths to showcase their traditions, food, music, and dance. Visitors can experience a variety of cultures in one place.

- refers to interactions and exchanges between people from different cultural backgrounds
- Intercultural Students from different countries are grouped together to work on a project. They must communicate and collaborate, sharing their unique perspectives and approaches.

- refers to comparisons and interactions between different cultures. It often involves studying and analyzing cultural differences and similarities to
- Cross-cultural understand how they influence behavior, communication, and social practices.
Students from different countries are grouped together to work on a project. They must communicate and collaborate, sharing their unique perspectives and approaches.

How do you communicate in a multicultural setting?

- Diversity
Multicultural: Coexistence of diverse cultures with minimal interaction.
- Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity Intercultural: Active engagement and mutual learning between cultures.
Cross-cultural: Comparison and understanding of different cultures.
- Gender Sensitivity

- Political Correctness

TOPIC 4: Intercultural Communication

Scollon & Scollon, 1995:

- When we communicate with people who are different from us, it is challenging to know how to draw
inferences about what they mean, so it is impossible to depend on the shared knowledge and background
for confidence in our interpretation.

- In multicultural communities, we live alongside each other.

- In cross-cultural communities, some is reaching across boundaries.

- In intercultural communities, there is comprehensive mutuality, reciprocity, and equality.

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Multicultural - refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside
one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other.

Cross-cultural - communication deals with comparing different cultures. Differences are understood and
acknowledged, and they can bring about individual change but not collective transformations.

Intercultural - communities describe communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect
for all cultures. Intercultural communication focuses on mutually exchanging ideas and cultural norms
and developing deep relationships.

Developing Intercultural Communicative

Competence:

Everything should start with a personal

desire and strong conviction to relate more
effectively with people of different cultural
backgrounds. This will create positive
personal relationships and open more
opportunities for professional growth.

1. Improving one’s ability in communicating

in a Multicultural Setting.

2. Refrain from forming expectations based

solely on your culture.

3. Build mutual understanding with the other

person.

4. Overcome Stereotype and Prejudice.

5. Developing flexibility and openness.

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TOPIC 5: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language World Englishes

- It is said that understanding each other involves the process of intercultural communication. We have
different background and practices but through globalization, we were able to be open to new cultures.
This lesson will help us understand the Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language.

- After understanding the effects of Globalization in Communication and the world, it is also important to
understand how we are all connected despite our differences. One big example of this is how our
language varies from one continent to one region, However, through the use of the language, we can be
able to connect to each other.

- This topic brings to our notice the status of English language in the world through its usage and the
roles it plays in several countries of the world.

- As English has spread worldwide, new varieties of English have emerged and they got independent
status accordingly.

- We have encountered the term ‘new Englishes’ or ‘World Englishes’. This stands for the localized
varieties of English as they are used and spoken in different areas and countries.

- Braj Kachru has studies the World Englishes and has given a comprehensive illustration to classify
these English speakers depending on the status of English in their countries, how English came about in
those countries, the usage of the language and the reasons they use it.

- They include the Inner circle, Outer circle, and the Expanding circle. These concentric circles are
based on the development and spread of English language in the world.

- According to Kachru (1985), English speakers all over the world claim to be indigenes of the language
because some speakers were introduced to the language more than any other language when they were
born.

- They also claim that with the English language, one can survive. They even refuse to learn or speak
their native languages. That is why some native languages are dying now.

THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF ENGLISHES:

The Inner Circle:

- This is the circle that consists of countries where English Language has played a traditional and original
role in. It includes the highest level of English speakers (in terms of the quality of their speech and not
population. (They include United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada,
and these are native English speaking countries.)
- They speak the Standard English Language and are few in number. This circle forms the traditional
base of English Language speakers. They participate greatly in the English culture and are norm
providing because most norms are provided by them. They develop these norms and influence other
nations with them. English is their mother tongue, or first language as it is called. They are also called as
the ENL speakers or the English as a Native Language.
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The Outer Circle:

- This is the second level of English speakers. They are very large in population and have a great history
of the colonization process by the British. English is their official language and their second language.
This is why they are called ESL (English as a Second Language) speakers of the language. Examples
of these countries are: Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Bangladesh, etc. English is their language of
politics, government, literature, trade and commerce, finance, entertainment, etc.
- They relate very well with speakers of the inner circle and they have a great deal of vocabulary. English
Language is not only for international reasons, but they use the language in their day-to-day activities
and interactions. That is why they can decide to study any professional course of their choice in any
institution located at countries from the Inner circle.
- There is the presence of wide varieties of English, but if it is formed by them, it may not be included or
acceptable to the English dictionaries; rather, it would be either acceptable within the locale of the country
or used in an informal manner. The cultures practiced in these countries are independent of the English
culture, but they are norm developing, meaning they are still in the process of development.
The Expanding Circle:
- Those speakers include much of the rest of the world. They are very large in population, but do not
speak English in their daily interactions. English is not their language, nor is it used generally within the
country. This language also has no historical development in these countries. They also have no history
in the colonization by English speaking countries in the Inner circle; this does not mean that they do not
value the language by any means.
- Speakers in this circle include citizens of countries like China, Russia, Japan, Korea, Brazil, some parts
of Europe and much of the rest of the world. Their population is very large and despite this, English
language still survives in these areas. They learn English as a Foreign Language or a third or fourth
language due to the need for international affairs.
- English is learnt in schools or at home by teachers and using the basic tools for studying English,
respectively. These tools include Translation Dictionaries and web translators.
- They are norm dependent because they rely on the standards set by the native speakers in the Inner
circle. They are also known to be the EFL or the English as a Foreign Language speakers.

Conclusion:
- As Filipinos are included in the Outer Circle, we have a responsibility to be aware of and recognize
intercultural communication and be sensitive to the people around us who belong to different cultural
heritage and have their own linguistic identity.
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TOPIC 6: The Rise of New Technology

COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY:
- Technology is the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes or applications, whether in industry
or in our everyday lives (Wood, 2020). Technology can be so simple to complex and it has changed the
way we communicate.
- Mobile devices are one of the major sources of communication for almost everybody these days.
Communication is instant now. It is not just the application of technology anymore that is important, but
it is how to use it to communicate. Texting by nature almost encourages poor grammar habits because it
is less formal. Answer the activity below and let us see if you can decode the messages efficiently.
COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA:
- With the rapid rise and spread of internet connectivity, the old forms of communication have given way
to new forms that make the process of communication faster.
- As communication and information travel faster and faster, the world seems to get smaller and smaller.
As a result, this changes how the world communicates, especially with today’ s obsession with social
media networks.
- The internet and social media has drastically changed the way people all over the world interact and
communicate. Social media is forming an increasingly central part of how we all communicate.
- Its online communities carry a strong and influential voice, and there is much to be gained from engaging
directly with people through these channels – whether that be to reach journal readers, to network with
colleagues, or even just to keep up to date with friends and family.
What is Social Media?
- Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or
exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.
The different social media tools and platforms today:
- blog
- facebook
- twitter
- youtube
- flickr
- Instagram
- LinkedIn
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- Filipinos today are considered to spend more time on social media sites than anyone else in the world
spending roughly four hours and 17 minutes a day. They spend most of their time online on sites such
as Facebook and Twitter.
- Following Filipinos are Brazilians and Argentinians. Americans, on the other hand, is among the bottom
half, and Japanese were the least active as reports says.
- It is said that Filipinos share the same cultural dynamics that they tend to always keep in touch with
each other.
- Through social media, we have changed our ways of communication.
Listed below are examples of how social media changed the way we communicate with each
other:
1. It has created a Sense of Urgency and a Need to Share.
2. It has provided an Inside Perspective of Faraway Places.
3. It brought News Back into Millennial Life.
4. It provided the Ability to Broadcast Moments – Live
Technology has changed COMMUNICATION:
- Technology affects communication by making it easier, quicker, and more efficient. It allows you to track
conversations and therefore provide better customer service. Tech also makes it easier to gather
customer insights and improve the entire customer experience.
1. Summarized Writing - Starting with the limited character text messaging of the 2000s, and nowadays
with a the140-character tweet, messages have been getting shorter and more concise. Other
communication areas have been adapted for summarized writing, such as shortened work memos,
condensed academic communication between students and professors, and shortened messages in
advertising.
ILY, OTW, IYKYK
2. Abbreviations - The abbreviated communication style became popular when text messaging started
in the 2000’s has continued into online conversations. It has also made its way into traditionally on-
abbreviated forms such as spoken language, e-mail communication, and even academic writing forms.
3. Unfiltered Interactions - Social media and internet interactions offer a veil between the person
sending and the person receiving the message. These interactions are no longer face-to-face, leading to
unfiltered conversations as people feel they can say anything with no repercussions.
4. Gifs and Emojis - The introduction of using emojis to illustrate a written message or a GIF to express
a reaction may seem fun and innocent. Still, it is also interfering with our ability to craft a written response
properly. It ends up being too tempting to respond with a small picture or a funny moving photo than to
use the mind to create a reaction with words from scratch.
5. Viral Messages - That quick and easy “share” button on so many social media platforms has led to
the phenomenon of “going viral.” Messages, videos, and other content can be easily shared between
platforms with millions of people in a matter of days.