Chapter#8(Electric field )

Electric Charge:
❖ It is a fundamental property of matter.

❖▪ The minimum
It is symbolized charge
by “q” and exist
“e” , its SI unit in the universe
is “coulomb”.
independently is known as elementary charge (e) , e
= ± 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
❖ Electric charge is discrete or quantized in nature i.e.
Electric charge exist in fixed quantities.

q = ± ne
where n is no# of protons/ electrons
 Coulomb’s Law:
In any medium the electric force of attraction or
repulsion between two bodies is directly proportional to
the product of the magnitude of their charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐
F∝ 𝟐 𝑞2
𝒓
𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐 𝑟 𝐹Ԧ 12
F=K 𝟐
𝒓

F=
𝟏 𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐 𝑞1 -𝐹Ԧ 21
𝟒𝝅Ɛ 𝒓𝟐
Vector form of Coulomb’s law:
𝟏 𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝒓ො 𝟏𝟐
𝟒𝝅Ɛ 𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝒓ො 𝟐𝟏
𝟒𝝅Ɛ 𝒓𝟐

𝐹Ԧ 12 = -𝐹Ԧ 21
𝐹Ԧ 12 = 𝐹Ԧ 21
 Fe = 𝐖 Ke2
r=
mg
KQ1Q2
2 = mg r = 0.119m
r
Ke2
2 = mg
r
 Electric field:
❖ It is a region or a space around an
electric charge where another charge
experience force of attraction or
repulsion.

𝒒
❖ The region is represented by
electric lines of force first
introduced by Michael Faraday.
 Electric field Intensity:
❖ Force per unit test charge at
any point in an electric field is 𝐴
known as electric field intensity 𝑞0
on that particular point. 𝑟

𝒒
❖ Electric field intensity is also
termed as field intensity or
electric intensity.
A test charge is a charge with magnitude so small
that placing it at a point has negligible affect on
the field around the point.
𝐴 𝑞0
At point “A” field intensity
of charge q 𝒓
𝑭
E= (1)
𝑞
𝒒𝟎
It is a vector quantity.

Units: NC-1 or Vm-1

 𝑞𝑞0
F=K
𝑟2
Put value of “F” in equation(1) 𝐴 𝑞0
K 𝑞𝑞0
2 𝑟
E= 𝑟
𝑞0
𝒒 𝒒
E=K
𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝒒
E =
𝟒𝝅Ɛ𝒐 𝒓𝟐
 1 𝑞1
E1 = 2 𝑟
𝟏Ƹ
4𝜋Ɛ𝑜 𝑟𝟏

1 𝑞2
E2 = 2 𝑟𝟐Ƹ
4𝜋Ɛ𝑜 𝑟𝟐

1 𝑞𝑖
Ei = 2 𝑟𝒊Ƹ
4𝜋Ɛ𝑜 𝑟𝒊

1 𝑞𝑛
En = 2 𝑟Ƹ
4𝜋Ɛ𝑜 𝑟𝒏 𝒏
Net field intensity due to “n” number of +ve charges

Enet = E1 + E2 + … + Ei + … + En

1
𝒊=𝒏
𝑞𝑖
E𝑛𝑒𝑡= σ 𝑟𝒊 Ƹ
4𝜋Ɛ𝑜 𝒊=𝟏 𝑟𝑖 2

Field intensity obeys superposition principle

F = qE F = eE -19 1200
F= 1.6x10 ( 1 )
100
F = 1.92x10-14 N
F a = 2.1 x 1016m/s2
F = ma a=
m
1 2 2S -9
S = ut+ at t = t =1.37 x 10 s
2 a
 mg mg
Fe = W qE = mg E= E=
q 2e
mg -7
E= E =2.03 x 10 N/C
2e
Direction of electric field intensity must be
opposite to gravitational field. i.e., upwards
 Ke Ep = 360N/C 600 Ep
Ep = 2
r
Ke 1200
Ee = 2 Ee = 360N/C
r Ee
En = Ep2 +2 EpEecos𝜽 + Ee2
En = 360N/C
Electric flux E

A A

A
 A φ = E (Acos𝟎𝟎)=EA

φ = E (Acos𝛉) A
E
Electric flux: electric lines of induction passing through vector
area

A E
Unit: Nm2 C−1
θ θ
E A Electric flux is a scalar
product of field intensity
and vector area.

φ = E (Acos𝛉) φ = A (Ecos𝛉) electric flux is a scalar

quantity.
φ= E . A φ = A . E

E . A = A . E
Commutative law
 θ= 00 φmax =BA φ = 100% of φmax

3
θ=300 φ= BA φ = 87% of φmax
2

φ = BAcosθ φ= BA φ = 71% of φmax

𝟏
θ=450
2

1
θ=600 φ = BA φ = 50%of φmax
2

θ=900 φ=0 φ = 0% of φmax

 Gauss’s Law
As we see that electric flux
through a sphere when charge
“q” is placed Inside is equal to
the electric flux envelops a close
surface of an arbitrary shape &
size.
Electric flux does not depend upon
the geometry of the close surface

Electric flux depends upon the electric

charge enclosed in the close surface.
 Gauss’s Law:
Statement: 𝜟A1 E
The electric flux through a close surface
θ
(Gaussian surface) is always equals to
𝟏
Ɛ𝟎
times the total charge enclosed in the
surface.
Assumptions:
1) Electric field intensity of each charge is
uniform on the gaussian surface
everywhere.
2) Electric field intensity of each charge is
parallel to every Fractional area element.
Electric flux through the Gaussian surface due to charge q1.

ɸ1 = E𝟏 . 𝜮𝜟Ai Total electric flux (ɸ) through the

gaussian surface
ɸ1 =
𝒒1

ɸ= + + + … +
Ɛ𝒐 𝒒1 𝒒2 𝒒3 𝒒n
Similarly Ɛ𝒐 Ɛ𝒐 Ɛ𝒐 Ɛ𝒐

ɸ2 =
𝒒2

ɸ= {𝒒1 + 𝒒2 + 𝒒3+… + 𝒒n }
Ɛ𝒐 𝟏
Ɛ𝒐
ɸ3 =
𝒒3
Ɛ𝒐

ɸ =
𝟏
{𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅}
Ɛ𝒐

ɸn =
𝒒n
Ɛ𝒐
 Electric potential:
Work done per unit test(positive) charge against the
electric field from one point to another in electrostatic
equilibrium. 𝑾
ΔV = B A
𝒒𝒐
𝜟𝑼
ΔV = q qo
𝒒𝒐
𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝟐 F =q0E
𝟐
ΔV =
𝒒𝒐
Work done can be transformed into electrostatic
potential energy and Kinetic energy of the charge.
Units: JC-1 or Volt
 Electron Volt:
The kinetic energy gained by the electron is said to be one
electron volt if it falls across the potential difference of
one volt.
1 2
𝑚𝑣 𝐾.𝐸 -
ΔV = 2 ΔV =
𝑞𝑜 𝑒

𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑒ΔV
electron

𝐾. 𝐸 = 1𝑒V (1)
 J
𝑲. 𝑬 = 1.6 x 10-19C x1
C

𝑲. 𝑬 = 1.6 x 10-19 J (2) -

Compare equation (1) and equation (2)

1𝒆V = 1.6 x 10-19 J

Relation between field intensity (E) and electric potential (ΔV)
𝑾 B A
ΔV = qo
𝒒𝒐 q
Δr
F =q0E
𝑭𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
ΔV =
𝒒𝒐

𝟎
𝒒𝒐𝑬𝜟𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟖𝟎
ΔV =
𝒒𝒐
 ΔV = - 𝑬Δ𝒓

ΔV
𝑬=-
Δr
Electric field intensity is equal to negative of potential
gradient.

Negative sign shows that potential is decreasing in the

direction of field intensity.
𝜟r = 0.015m 𝜟V = 5 + 5 = 10V

𝚫V 10 2 −1
E= E= E =6.7x10 Vm
𝚫r 0.015