CRADLES OF SCIENCE- Refers to the cities or regions where ASIA- It is the biggest continent in the world and the

rld and the home of

the earliest scientific advancements occurred. many ancient civilizations.

MESOAMERICA India
>It includes the entire area of central America from southern - Huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and
Mexico up to the border of South America. fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders.
>Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to - They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical
the arrival of its European colonizers.
works.
>Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations
- They are also famous in medicine. (Ayurveda)
Maya civilizations
Ayurveda is one of the oldest traditional medical systems in
>One of the famous civilizations that lasted for 2000 years.
the world, originating in India.
>These people are known for their works in Astronomy.
Ayurveda” is a Sanskrit term stemming from “ayur,” meaning
>They use their temples for astronomical observation. Example
“life,” and “veda,” meaning “science” or “knowledge.”
(Chichen Itza)
Therefore, Ayurveda translates to “the science of life.
>Scientifically advanced societies.
>They are skilled in mathematics which created a number - They are also notable in the field of Astronomy and developed
based on the numeral 20. they also developed the concept of theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-
zero and positional value. supporting earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts
of 30 days each.
- Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun
- India also known for their mathematics which tried to
during the spring and fall equinoxes.
standardize measurement of length to a high degree of
- The Mayans are also known for measuring time for using two accuracy and designed a ruler. The Mohenjodaro ruler.
complicated calendar systems. (Haab and Tzolkin)
Aryabhatiya- Introduced a number of trigonometric functions,
▫ The haab- It is a 365-day solar calendar which is divided
tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.
into 18 months of 20 days each and one month which is
only 5 days long (Uayeb). China
▫ The Tzolkin, meaning “the distribution of the days,” is - Contributions
also called the Divine Calendar and the Sacred Round. It is ▫ Medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts,
a 260-day calendar with 20 periods of 13 days, and it is philosophy, and music.
used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial ▫ They developed design of different models of bridges.
events. The days in each period are numbered from 1 to ▫ Invented the first seismological detector
13. Each day is also given a name (glyph) from a sequence ▫ They made significant records on supernovas, lunar and
of 20 day names. solar eclipses, and comets to understand better the
- This calendar use for planning their activities and in observing heavenly bodies.
their religious rituals and cultural celebrations.
Middle East Countries
- Dominantly occupied by Muslims. (Golden age of Islam)
- They made significant improvements by using experiments to
distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a
generally empirical orientation.
- Theory of light – Father of Optics (Ibn al-Haytham)

Arabic Numeral System- Originally came from India, but

Muslim did refinements to the number system, such as the
introduction of decimal point notation.

AFRICA
- They are blessed with natural and mineral resources.
>They also developed Hydraulics System which waterways to - Advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and
supply water to different communities. medicine. Example: the development of geometry. Preserving
the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living
Inca civilizations along the Nile River.
>famous civilizations in Mesoamerica. - Early dams built to divert water from Nile River
>They made scientific ideas considering their limitations as an - Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as
old civilization. medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human
anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components
- The following were scientific ideas and tools that they
such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for
developed.
the treatment of diseases.
▫ Roads paved with stones
- Africans use three types of calendars: Lunar, solar, and stellar,
▫ Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
or a combination of a three.
disaster
▫ Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their Science, Technology, and Nation-Building
crops to grow in all types of land
▫ Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals Development of Science and Technology in the
and prepare them for planting season Philippines
▫ The first suspension bridge >Internal influences
▫ Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only ▫ Survival
experts can interpret ▫ Culture
▫ Inca textiles since cloth was one of the especially prized ▫ Economic Activities
artistic achievements. >External Influences
Aztec civilizations ▫ Foreign Colonizers
- Contributions ▫ Trade with Foreign Countries
▫ Mandatory education ▫ International Economic Demands
▫ Chocolates
▫ Antispasmodic medication Government Policies on Science and Technology- The goal
▫ Chinampa is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the
▫ Aztec calendar demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the
▫ Invention of the canoe people to live in a world driven by science.

NCRP (National Research Council of the Philippines

Clustered four policies:
- Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies
and Governance
- Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, earth and space
Sciences, and Mathematics
- Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical sciences
- Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

K to 12 Program- STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering,

and Mathematics

Famous Filipinos in the field of Science

1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – outstanding research on tissue
culture in Philippine mangoes
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso - works in observing the
characteristics of Antartica by using satellite images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.- known internationally in the field of
electrical engineering; elected as officer of the famous Institute
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research on sea snail
venom
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal medicine
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – research on tilapia culture
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – inventing the meconium drugs
testing
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – research on biotechnology
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – outstanding educator and graph
theorist
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – research in the field of
communications technology
Other outstanding Filipino scientist who are recognized abroad:
11. Caesar A. Saloma – internationally renowned physicist
12. Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science
13. William Padolina – chemistry and president of National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) – Phillippines
14. Angel Alcala – marine science