Differential Amplifier

EE321 Electronic Devices and Application

Dr. Affaq Qamar

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 MOSFET as an Amplifier

MOSFET
Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Field Effect Transistor

Amplifier

Saturation Condition:
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
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 Single-Ended Amplifier
• Single input and single output
𝑽𝑶𝑼𝑻 = 𝑨𝑽 𝑽𝑰𝑵

• If there is any noise (Vnoise) at the input

𝑽𝑶𝑼𝑻 = 𝑨𝑽 (𝑽𝑰𝑵 + 𝑽𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 )

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Differential Amplifier
• Differential amplifiers are used mainly to suppress noise.
Noise consists of typical differential and common-mode
noise, which can easily be suppressed with an op-amp.
There are two main causes of common-mode noise:
– Noise is generated in the wires and cables, due to
electromagnetic induction, etc., and it causes a difference in
potential (i.e., noise) between the signal source ground and the
circuit ground.
– Current flowing into a circuit’s ground from another circuit causes
a ground potential rise (noise).
• In either case, the ground potential, a reference for a
circuit, fluctuates because of noise. It is difficult to
remove common-mode noise with typical filters.
Differential amplifiers are used as a means of
suppressing common-mode noise. © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Differential Amplifier
• The op-amp configures this differential amplifier as the
main circuit. The symbol shown below represents a
differential amplifier. It has two inputs: VIN(+) and VIN(-).
The output voltage is equal to a difference in voltage
between the two inputs multiplied by the amp’s gain (AV):

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑨𝑽 (𝑽𝒊𝒏+ − 𝑽𝒊𝒏− )

AV

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Differential Amplifier
• Suppose that common-mode noise (vnoise) is superimposed
on the differential inputs. Then,
𝑽𝒊𝒏+ ′ = 𝑽𝒊𝒏+ + 𝑽𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝑽𝒊𝒏− ′ = 𝑽𝒊𝒏− + 𝑽𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆
• Hence, the output is expressed as follows. This indicates
that the differential amplifier cancels out common-mode
noise:
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑨𝑽 (𝑽𝒊𝒏+ + 𝑽𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 ) − (𝑽𝒊𝒏− + 𝑽𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 )
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑨𝑽 (𝑽𝒊𝒏+ − 𝑽𝒊𝒏− )
• The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is specified as
one of the electrical characteristics of© 2012
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
anPearson
op-amp.
Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Differential Amplifier

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 The MOS Differential Pair

𝐼 1 ′𝑊 2
𝑖𝐷 = = 𝑘𝑛 𝑉𝐺𝑆 − 𝑉𝑡
2 2 𝐿

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
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 Operation with a Common-
Mode Input Voltage

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Operation with a Common-
Mode Input Voltage

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Finding Input Common-Mode
Range
• This is the range of VCM over which the
differential pair operates properly.
VCM → VCMmin → VCMmax

• Conditions for input common-mode range

VCMmax → Q1 & Q2 remain in saturation
VCMmin → Sufficient voltage difference
across current source “I”
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Finding VCMmax
• Saturation condition of a MOSFET states:
𝑉𝑂𝑉 = 𝑉𝐷𝑆 = 𝑉𝐺𝑆 − 𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝐺 − 𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐺 − 𝑉𝑡
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐺 = 𝑉𝐶𝑀
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶𝑀 − 𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝑡
𝐼
𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑅𝐷
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
2
© 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
 Finding VCMmin
VCMmin → Sufficient voltage difference across current source “I”
VS
𝑉𝐶𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 − (−𝑉𝑆𝑆 )
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶𝑆 − 𝑉𝑆𝑆
VCS
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶𝑀 − 𝑉𝐺𝑆
𝑉𝐶𝑀 − 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶𝑆 − 𝑉𝑆𝑆
-VSS
(𝑉𝐶𝑀 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐺𝑆 + 𝑉𝐶𝑆 − 𝑉𝑆𝑆
From Saturation Condition: 𝑉𝑂𝑉 = 𝑉𝐺𝑆 − 𝑉𝑡
𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 𝑉𝑂𝑉 + 𝑉𝑡

(𝑉𝐶𝑀 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑂𝑉 + 𝑉𝑡 + 𝑉𝐶𝑆 − 𝑉𝑆𝑆

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Tutorial

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
(b) For VCM = 0, find VS, ID1, ID2, VD1, VD2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
(c) For VCM = +1V, find VS, ID1, ID2, VD1, VD2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
(d) For VCM = -0.2V, find VS, ID1, ID2, VD1, VD2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
(d) For VCM = -0.2V, find VS, ID1, ID2, VD1, VD2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
(e) What is the highest permitted value of VCM ?

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
(e) What is the lowest value allowed for VCM ?

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
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 Operation with a Differential Input
Voltage
• The MOS differential pair with a differential input
signal Vid is applied

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Operation with a Differential Input
Voltage
• The MOS differential pair with a differential input
signal Vid is applied
𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑑 → 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
=> 𝑉𝐺𝑆1 > 𝑉𝐺𝑆2
=> 𝑖𝐷1 > 𝑖𝐷2
=> 𝑉𝐷1 < 𝑉𝐷2 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑖𝐷 𝑅𝐷 )
• Thus output of the differential pair i.e.
𝑉𝐷2 − 𝑉𝐷1 → 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Operation with a Differential Input
Voltage
• Conversely,
𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑑 → 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
=> 𝑉𝐺𝑆1 < 𝑉𝐺𝑆2
=> 𝑖𝐷1 < 𝑖𝐷2
=> 𝑉𝐷1 > 𝑉𝐷2 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑖𝐷 𝑅𝐷
• Thus output of the differential pair i.e.
𝑉𝐷2 − 𝑉𝐷1 → 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
• Thus, we can conclude from this analysis that
the differential pair responds to differential input.
© 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Operation with a Differential Input
Voltage
• Finding value of Vid that causes the entire bias
current I to flow in one of the two transistors.
• For Positive output:
𝑄1 → 𝑂𝑁
𝑄2 → 𝑂𝐹𝐹
=> 𝑖𝐷1 = 𝐼 & 𝑖𝐷2 = 0
𝑉𝐺𝑆2 = 𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝐺2 − 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝑠 = −𝑉𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐺2 = 0
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Operation with a Differential Input
Voltage
• For VGS1, we know that the drain current is given
by,
1 𝑊 2
𝑖𝐷1 = 𝐼 = 𝑘𝑛 ′ 𝑉𝐺𝑆1 − 𝑉𝑡
2 𝐿
2
2𝐼
𝑉𝐺𝑆1 − 𝑉𝑡 =
𝑊
𝑘𝑛 ′
𝐿
2𝐼
𝑉𝐺𝑆1 − 𝑉𝑡 =
𝑊
𝑘𝑛 ′
𝐿
𝐼
𝑉𝐺𝑆1 = 𝑉𝑡 + 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑂𝑉 =
𝑊
𝑘𝑛 ′Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education.
All rights reserved.
𝐿
Thomas L. Floyd
 Operation with a Differential Input
Voltage
𝑉𝐺𝑆1 = 𝑉𝑡 + 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉
𝑉𝐺1 − 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑡 + 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉
𝑉𝑖𝑑 − (−𝑉𝑡 ) = 𝑉𝑡 + 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉
𝑉𝑖𝑑 = 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉
• In similar way, we can show that in negative
direction, Q1 turns OFF while Q2 turns ON and
𝑉𝑖𝑑 = − 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉
• Therefore range of Vid is:
− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝒊𝒅 ≤ 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Tutorial
For the MOS differential pair with following specifications:
VSS = VDD =1.5V
Vt =0.5V
I = 0.4mA
RD = 2.5kΩ
𝑊
𝑘𝑛′
= 4 𝑚𝐴ൗ 2
𝐿 𝑉
Find
a) The value of vid that causes Q1 to conduct the entire
current I, and the corresponding values of vD1 and
vD2;
b) The value of vid that causes Q2 to conduct the entire
current I, and the corresponding values of vD1 and
vD2;
c) The corresponding range of the differential output
voltage
Electronic Devices, 9th edition(v
D2 – vD1).
© 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Thomas L. Floyd
 Solution
For the MOS differential pair with following specifications:
VSS = VDD =1.5V Vt =0.5V I = 0.4mA RD = 2.5kΩ

𝑊
𝑘𝑛′ = 4 𝑚𝐴ൗ 2
𝐿 𝑉
a) The value of vid that causes Q1 to conduct the entire
current I, and the corresponding values of vD1 and vD2;
𝑄1 → 𝑂𝑁
𝑄2 → 𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝑉𝑖𝑑 = 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉

𝐼 0.4𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝑂𝑉 = = = 0.316𝑉
𝑊 4 𝑚𝐴ൗ𝑉 2
𝑘𝑛 ′
𝐿
𝑉𝑖𝑑 = 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉 = 2 × 0.316V = 0.45V
𝑉𝐷1 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑖𝐷1 𝑅𝐷 = 1.5 − 0.4𝑚 2.5𝑘 = 0.5𝑉
𝑉𝐷2 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑖𝐷2 𝑅𝐷 = 1.5 − 0 2.5𝑘 = 1.5𝑉
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
For the MOS differential pair with following specifications:
VSS = VDD =1.5V Vt =0.5V I = 0.4mA RD = 2.5kΩ

𝑊
𝑘𝑛′ = 4 𝑚𝐴ൗ 2
𝐿 𝑉
b) The value of vid that causes Q2 to conduct the entire
current I, and the corresponding values of vD1 and vD2;
𝑄1 → 𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝑄2 → 𝑂𝑁
𝑉𝑖𝑑 = − 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉
𝑉𝑖𝑑 = − 2 𝑉𝑂𝑉 = − 2 × 0.316V = −0.45V
𝑉𝐷1 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑖𝐷1 𝑅𝐷 = 1.5 − 0 2.5𝑘 = 1.5𝑉
𝑉𝐷2 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑖𝐷2 𝑅𝐷 = 1.5 − 0.4𝑚 2.5𝑘 = 0.5𝑉

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution
For the MOS differential pair with following specifications:
VSS = VDD =1.5V Vt =0.5V I = 0.4mA RD = 2.5kΩ

𝑊
𝑘𝑛′ = 4 𝑚𝐴ൗ 2
𝐿 𝑉
c) The corresponding range of the differential output
voltage (vD2 – vD1).
1.5𝑉 − 0.5𝑉 = 1𝑉
(𝑉𝐷2 −𝑉𝐷1 )
0.5𝑉 − 1.5𝑉 = −1𝑉

−𝟏𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝑫𝟐 − 𝑽𝑫𝟏 ≤ +𝟏𝑽

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Large Signal Operation
− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝒊𝒅 ≤ 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽

− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 ≤ 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽

𝒊𝑫𝟏 = 𝑰 & 𝒊𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑉𝑂1 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝐼𝑅𝐷
VO1 – + VO2
𝑉𝑂2 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 0 𝑅𝐷 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷
Vin1 + – Vin2
𝑽𝑶𝟐 − 𝑽𝑶𝟏 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − (𝑉𝐷𝐷 −𝐼𝑅𝐷 )
𝑽𝑶𝟐 − 𝑽𝑶𝟏 = 𝐼𝑅𝐷

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Large Signal Operation
Similarly,

− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝒊𝒅 ≤ 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽

− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 ≤ 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽

𝒊𝑫𝟏 = 𝟎 & 𝒊𝑫𝟐 =I VO1 – + VO2

𝑉𝑂1 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − (0)𝑅𝐷 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 Vin1 + – Vin2
𝑉𝑂2 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝐼𝑅𝐷

𝑽𝑶𝟐 − 𝑽𝑶𝟏 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝐼𝑅𝐷 − 𝑉𝐷𝐷

𝑽𝑶𝟐 − 𝑽𝑶𝟏 = −𝐼𝑅𝐷

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Input vs Output Voltage Curve
− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 ≤ 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽
−𝑰𝑹𝑫 ≤ 𝑽𝑶𝟐 − 𝑽𝑶𝟏 ≤ 𝑰𝑹𝑫

𝑽𝑶𝟐 − 𝑽𝑶𝟏
𝑰𝑹𝑫

− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽
𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽

−𝑰𝑹𝑫
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Input Voltage vs Output Current Curve

− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 ≤ 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 ≤ 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽

−𝑰𝑹𝑫 ≤ 𝑽𝑶𝟐 − 𝑽𝑶𝟏 ≤ 𝑰𝑹𝑫

𝒊𝑫

𝒊𝑫𝟐 𝑰 𝒊𝑫𝟏
𝑰
𝟐
− 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽 𝟐 𝑽𝑶𝑽
𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 BJT Differential Pair

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 BJT Differential Pair
Case I: Common-Mode Input Voltage VCM

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 BJT Differential Pair
Case I: Common-Mode Input Voltage VCM

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 BJT Differential Pair
Case II: Positive Differential Signal at the input of Q1

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 BJT Differential Pair
Case III: Negative Differential Signal at the input of Q2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Tutorial
For the circuit below with an input of +1V as indicated, and
with I=1mA, VCC=5V, RC=3kΩ, and β=100, find the voltage
at the emitters and the collector voltages. Assume that the
BJTs have vBE=0.7V and iC=1mA

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Tutorial
For the circuit below with an input of +1V as indicated, and
with I=1mA, VCC=5V, RC=3kΩ, and β=100, find the voltage
at the emitters and the collector voltages. Assume that the
BJTs have vBE=0.7V and iC=1mA

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Tutorial
For an NMOS differential pair, let VDD = VSS = 3 V, kn’W/L= 5 mA/V2, Vtn = 0.3 V, I = 0.5 mA, RD
= 5 kΩ, and neglect channel-length modulation.
Let vG2=0 and vG1=vid. Find the values of vid, vS, vD1, vD2, and vo = (vD2 – vD1) that corresponds
to each of the following situations:
a) iD1 = iD2 = 0.25mA. If the minimum required voltage to be maintained across the current
source is VCS = 0.3V, find VCMmin and VCMmax
b) iD1 = 0.3 mA and iD2 = 0.2 mA
c) iD1 = 0.5 mA and iD2 = 0 mA
d) iD1 = 0.2 mA and iD2 = 0.3 mA
e) iD1 = 0 mA and iD2 = 0.5 mA

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Solution

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 𝐼
𝑉𝑂𝑉 =
𝑊
𝑘𝑛 ′
𝐿
0.5𝑚𝐴
=
5 𝑚𝐴ൗ 2
𝑉
= 0.316𝑉
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.