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17 views20 pageselectrostatics class 12 unit 1
The document provides an overview of electrostatics, covering topics such as electric charges, Coulomb's law, and the principles of electrostatic fields and potentials. It explains the nature of electric charges, methods of charging, and the quantization of charge, as well as the behavior of charges in various distributions. Additionally, it discusses the relationship between electric fields and potentials, including concepts like electric dipoles and equipotential surfaces.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views20 pageselectrostatics class 12 unit 1
The document provides an overview of electrostatics, covering topics such as electric charges, Coulomb's law, and the principles of electrostatic fields and potentials. It explains the nature of electric charges, methods of charging, and the quantization of charge, as well as the behavior of charges in various distributions. Additionally, it discusses the relationship between electric fields and potentials, including concepts like electric dipoles and equipotential surfaces.
Uploaded by
Atul SinhaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 20
Electrostatics
A. Electrostatic Charges
‘A. ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES
). The Electric Charge and its Nature, 2
4. Coulomb's law, 5. Principle of supe
of a medium.
1. The Electric Charge and its Nature.
Point charge. When separation between
charged bodies is much larger than their linear
sizes, the charged bodies are treated as point
charges.
(a) There are two kinds of electric charges.
The cause of charging is the loss or gain
of electrons. The loss of electrons results
in + ve charge whereas gain of electrons
results in — ve charge.
(B) As.aconvention, charge acquired by a glass
rod is positive when it is rubbed with silk.
In this process an equal amount of negative
charge is acquired by silk. Similarly, an
ebonite rod rubbed with wool acquires
egative charge and an equal amount of
fe charge is acquired by wool.
(© Charges of the same sign, called like
charges, repel each other whereas charges
of opposite sign, called unlike charges,
attract each other. A charged body can
always attract an uncharged body due to
the process of induction. However, @
charged body can never repel an uncharged
positive
IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFT
B. Electrostatic Field C. Electrostatic Potential an
2. Quantization of charge,
srposition, 6. Distribution
Pr
NITIONS
d Flux D. Capacitance
3. Conservation of charge,
of charges, 7. Dielectric constant
body (e., repulsion is a sure test that the
bodies are charged).
(@ The process of charging by conduction is
permanent whereas charging by induction
is temporary. Charges in induction last so
Jong as the charged body is held nearby
(©) Charges always reside on the surface of @
conducting body (Skin Effect).
(p The SI unit of charge is coulomb (©)
The c.g.s. unit of charge is stat coulomb.
(@) We can charge a body by : (i) friction
(ii) conduction (iii) induction.
(i) Charges add up like real numbers i.e., they
are treated like scalars.
Quantization of Charge.
(a) Any charge (Q) in nature is an integral
multiple of the electronic charge | ¢ | or
Q=n|e | where n is an integer.
(b) Because | | is very small and n is generally
very large, charges on objects behave as if
they are continuous.
(€) The cause of quantization of charge is that
the charges can neither be lost nor gained
in fractions.
Electrostatics | a) 3. Consery ation of C
Total charge of
is alws
AS a consequence of conservation of charge,
When two charged conductors of same size and
same al carrying charges Q, and Q,
Tespectively are brought in contact and
Separated, the charge on each conductor will
be 242,
2
solated system of objects
'S conserved,
This condition, however, does
not hold true if the conductors are of different
Sizes or of different material, Tn that case the
charges on the conductors will be Oy and Q/
respectively, where Q, + Q, = CrrOn
4. Coulomb’s Law,
Coulomb's law refers
between two point char
two point charges, 4) and q, separated by a
distance r in a medium is given by
ra 4m |
Ane : P
where e is Permittivity of the medium.
Rex vant: 3° iat agate
electrical permittivity,
& = 8.85 x 1012 C2 NA py?
: = 9 x 10°Nm? C2,
4ne,
Nature of electrostatic force,
1. Itobeys the principle of. Superposition, ie.,
Presence of third charge does not affect
the forces exerted by two point charges on
each other. However, total force on given
charge is a vector sum of all the forces on
the charge due to all other charges
2. It is central force,
3. It is mutual force, ie., two point charges
exert force of same magnitude on each other.
4. It is a conservative force.
5. Coulomb's law does not hold for charges
that cannot be treated as Point charges. The
coulomb forces have a range between
10° m to a few kilometers,
6. We can define one coulomb charge on the
basis of electrostatic force, i.e., one
coulomb is that charge which when placed
10 Fagether weth® Physics (XID)
Bets: a
in vacuum at a distance of one metre
an equal and similar charge would rey
with a force of 9 x 10° newton
1 Coulomb = 3 x 10? stat Cotton,
as 1.6 x 10°C = 4.8 x 10° star ¢
Coulomb's law in vector form.
For like charges
where F,, is the force experienced by the
charge due to 2nd one. Where r = |73|
‘iz is the position vector of Ist charge wr
the 2nd charge
F< * = >
A a »
pate Ws
Similarly f= dre, 2
Where 7 is the position vector of 2nd char
Watt. Ist charge.
ba =
eee Fa
ta
Since 7; = -7,
Fae cha
For unlike charges
2 1 gig
Fy, =-——Lhp
i caeanenace
z 1 aa»
Te eiPy Steam
. Principle of Superposition,
1. Net force experienced by any charge in
Sroup of charges is the vector sum of th
forces acting on it due to ret of the charge
of the group.
2. Individual forces between any two charge
Temain unaffected to the presence of othe
charges, 6. Distribution of Charge:
Dp..0l harges. 1, For continuous linear charge distribution
Charge distribution is of two types net force on a test charge q, is
(a) discrete, (b) continuous
yf dle
(a) Distribution of charges with considerable
space in between is termed as discrete.
According to superposition principle, net
force acting on a given charge due to a
discrete distribution of charges in vacuum is
+. % $4 (i i)
K 2 A-7
Aro mir a
[where o is surface charge density]
volume charge
Ane)
yf
[where 2, is linear charge density]
2. For continuous surface charge
distribution
fy | Sash
Amey?
(b) Distribution of charges with negligible 3, For continuous
space in between is considered continuous. distribution
Continuous charge distribution is of three
4 Po ae
types. rs cancun
1, Linear charge distribution.
2, Surface charge distribution. * [where p is volume charge density]
3. Volume charge distribution. 7. Dielectric Constant of a Medium (€,)
(Relative Permittivity).
Itis defined as the ratio of force of interaction
between two point charges separated by 4
certain distance in vacuum to the force of
interaction between the same two point charges,
held at the same distance in the medium, i.e.
A
Kor £,
te ae
In terms of permittivity
¢
oe
£o
1. Electric field
4. Electric field intensity due to a group of charges. 4. Electric
ipole and dipole moment. 6. Field intensity on axial line of an electric dipole.
and Electric field intensity (E), 2. Blectric field intensity due to a point charge.
ines of force and properties of electric
lines of force. 5. Electric di
7. Field intensity on equatorial
axis of a uniformly charged ring.
10. Potential energy of a dipole in a uniform electric fi
1. Blectric Field and Electric Field Intensity (£) . discrete or continuous distribution of
(@) An electric field is said to exist at a point charges, but the test charge must be
if a force of electric origin is experienced vanishingly small so that it may not affect
by a test charge placed at that point. the electric field of source charge.
Net electric charge ‘g’ whose electric field (b) Electric field intensity of an electric field
is under consideration is called source ‘at a point due to a source charge is defined
charge. A charge ‘g,’ that feels a force of t as the electrostatic force per unit positive
interaction in this field is called test charge, charge acting on a vanishingly small test
A source charge may be a point charge, a charge placed at that point.
line of an electric dipole. 8. Electric field intensity at any point on the
9, Torque experienced by an electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
eld. I. Conductors in an electrostatic field.
Electrostatics [aa] Nae
Mathematically
t
Rae
(Unit of electric fleld is NC“)
2 Bleetele Field Intensity due
Charge
a Point
Amey
ora charge ¢>0, # points away from q, for
@ <0, F points towards g,
Electric Field Intensity due to a Group of
c field intensity at a point due to a group
of point charges is equal to the vector sum of
the clectric field intensities due to individual
charges at the point.
-
Electric Lines of Force
Electric Lines of Force,
Bi
Visu
ind Properties of
tric lines of force. It is convenient to
e an electrostatic field with the help of
electric lines of force, For a given situation,
the electric lines of force are drawn such that :
(@) the tangent to a line of force at any point
ives the direction of the electric field
intensity E at that point,
() the number of electric lines of force
crossing a unit area, when area is held
Perpendicular to field lines, gives the
Magnitude of electric field at that point,
(©) they originate from positive charge(s) and
terminate at negative charge(s).
(@) they do not form closed loops.
(e) they do not cross each other because at the
Point of intersection two tangents can be
drawn so two directions of force is impos-
sible at that point,
(A they are close together where the field is
strong and far apart where the field is weak.
(g) they are parallel and equally spaced if the
field is uniform.
(A) they cut equi-potential surfaces at right
angles.
12 Papether wath? Phy
ies (XID,
. Electric Field Inter
&#
Electriy Dipole and Dipole Moment
(@ Ap
of equal and opposite point charges
rated by a very small distance is known,
as electric dipole, Ideal dipole is just a
point dipole, it has negligible size
(b) Strength of a dipole is called dipole
moment, It is a vector quantity
Il = aaa)
4
° °
q 4
Direction of dipole moment is from
negative charge (— ve) to positive charge
(+ ve),
SL unit is C-m
Example : HCI, H,O ete.
Direction ; Along the axis of dipole in the
direction of dipole moment,
- Field Intensity on Ei
Electric Dipole,
quatorial Line of an
Z =|PI
e|=——FI _
le] are + ay
Direction : Parallel to the axis of dipole in a
R is the distance of the point
from the centre of the sphere.
ical conductor, 3. Parallel plate
Effect of conductors on
9, Dielectrics and
s in capacitors,
4]
(®) Capacitors in parallel.
(® The potential difference across each
capacitor will be the same.
Wi) Q,+0,=0
(i) C=C, +6,
=v +O +o
aro oS
ve +Q
S -O
- Conductors in Electrostatic Field,
When a conductor is i
placed in
electrostatic field E, an equal aod oes
clectric field £, called polarising field is
developed inside the conductor. As a result
net electric field inside the cor
naa nductor reduces 6, Effect of Conductors on Capacitors,
When a parallel plate capacitor is partially
filled with a metallic slab of thickness 1 < d,
its capacitance will be
eA
d-t
C=
Dielectrics in Electrostatic Field.
When a dielectric slab is placed in a uniform
electrostatic field E, an opposing electric field
E, called polarising field is developed inside
the dielectric asa '
result of alignment of
atomic dipoles within
the dielectric. In terms
of E and E, the
dielectric constant K a
of the dielectric is =
+o
defined as,
K
E-E,
In terms of capacitance, dielectric constant or
specific inductive capacitance is defined as
c capacitance with dielectric
, capacitance with air and vacuum
8. Pffect of Dielectrics in Capacitors.
When a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K’
having @ thickness ¢ < d is placed between the
plates of a parallel plate capacitor as shown
here, the capacitance of the capacitor will be,
K=
_ Keg
C= Kaye
{When 1 = d] Bw
ie, when an air-filled
capacitor is completely
filled with dielectric
of dielectric constant,
K, its. capacitance
becomes K umes.
+
a
9,
). Energy Stored
Dielectrics and Polarisation.
Ina dielectric under the effect of an external
field, dipole moment is induced in the
lecular dipole moments
fn the surface of the
molecules. Due to mol
a net charge appears 01
These induced charges produce
e external field. Induced field
xternal field
dielectric
field opposing th
is lesser in magnitude than the ¢
So, field inside the dielectric get reduced
—
oe 24
ey
= she
2 |iivecyit}] =
=e a =*
A 1-4 ae
E=|Es|-|Eq| Polarised dielectric slab)
‘A net dipole moment is developed, by an
external field in either case, whether polar or
non-polar dielectric:
a Capacitor:
Fhergy U stored in a capacitor of capacitance
C charged to a potential difference V is given
as,
eee
= icv? =.0V
2 a
‘The energy density or energy stored per unit
volume of a charged capacitor is
a pe
= 5a,E
ze
t- @=cv)
VAN de GRAAFF generator.
Use. Itis a device which is used for generating
high electric potential of the order of ten
million volts. Such high electric potentials are
needed for accelerating charged particles to
very high speeds,
Principle, lt is based on the phenomenon of
corona discharge and that the charge given to
ahollow conductor get transferred to the outer
surface to be distributed uniformly,
Electrostatics [a7] 2
_.Important
Where n= 1, 2, 3.
e 81,602x10°"°C
2, For two charges in vacuum
1, qs tne
alla!
Fe— ly N
ane,
3. For two charges in medium
_ 1 dallas! y
matt r
4 Relative permittivity or dielectric constant
where, €, or k =
1
_— 0 Nm°C?
a= 9x10? Naw
fy = 8854«10"" CN ‘mn?
6, Eleowic field due to a point charge
4 yet
E> mer
6. Dipole moment.
p = (2) Cm
7, Electric field at a point on the axis of an electric
dipole.
ee p
Ew * 4me,(r -0)
where ‘r’ is the distance of the point from the
centre of the dipole and ‘is half the length of
the dipole
& Flectric field at a point on the equatorial line of
electric dipole
4 P
Bg TT Re:
Aner +0"
9, Torque experienced by an electric dipole kept
in a uniform electric field. i
Vir! or NC
7 = pxE Nm
Formulae
ectric dipole for
in a uniform
10. Potential energy ® 8, 19
tn angular cisplacem™e”
clectric field a
U 2 — BIC © point due 1° * PSM
11, Blectrostatic potential at 1 poi
charge
pe oe volt
V= Grey!
ai enersy U = 40
arectrosuatic potential 1 = a
eae) 12% peti Lat ae j
Blec
age
A NmC
4 oR
>
E.dS
Electric flux, oe $
to Gauss theorem
13. According
Where ‘g' is the net charge enclosed by the
closed surface (Gaussian surface)
14, Electric field intensity at a point due to linear
charge distribution.
2 NC"
E> Gregr
15, Electric field intensity at a point due t0 surface
charge distribution in @ thin plane sheet of
infinite extent.
16, Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor wit
vacuunvair between the plates.
A
C, =~]: Farad
17. i k
(a) Equivalent capacitance for a group
capacitors in series.
sleet
G Wene
(b) Equivalent capaci
‘apacitang
eu nasal ce for a group of
GaCHC+ C+. 18. (a) Capacit
e of a capacitor with a dielectric
slab of thickness ‘s’ between the capacitor
plates
Kea
C= TeKd=1)
(b) With a slab of thickness ‘1’ of a conducting
material.
eA
c=
d-t
19. (a) Energy stored by a capacitor.
era uy
=
[AT 2010)
Cube, Whar ie, Placed at the centre of a
ea the electric flux coming out from
ly : surface ? [Foreign 2010]
os XS the electrostatic potential due to an
Setric dipole at an equatorial point [AI 2009]
22. What isthe work done in moving a test charge
q through a distance of 1 cm along the
‘equatorial axis of an electric dipole?
{AI 2009]
23. Why is it necessary that the field lines from a
point charge placed in the vicinity of a
conductor must be normal to the surface of
the conductor at every point ?[Foreign 2009]
. A metal plate is introduced between the plates
of a charged parallel plate capacitor. What is
its effect on the capacitance of the capacitor ?
[Foreign 2009]
. A 500 WC charge is at the centre of a square
of side 10 cm, Find the work done in moving
a charge of 10 uC between two diagonally
‘opposite points on the square. (Delhi 2008]
26. Which orientation of an electric dipole in a
uniform electric field would correspond to stable
‘equilibrium ? [AI 2008)
27. If the radius of the Gaussian surface enclosing
a charge is halved, how does the electric flux
through the Gaussian surface change ?
{AI 2008}
28. Define the term electric dipole moment of a
dipole. State its SI unit. [AI 2008)
29. In the figure given below, X, Y represent
20
parallel plate capacitors having the same area
of plates and the same distance of separation
between them. What is the relation between
Together with? Physics (XI)
30.
3.
32.
33.
a
6.
37.
the energies stored in the two capacitors ?
Y. —
*
oe
i
The following graph shows the variation of
charge Q, with voltage V, for two capacitors k
and L. In which capacitor is more electrostatic
energy stored ? [Foreign 2008]
Q L
v
Is the force acting between two point electric
charges q, and q, kept at some distance apart
in air, attractive or repulsive when (i) 4,4, >0
(i) NH <0? [Foreign 2007}
The force on an electron kept in an electre
field in a particular direction is F. What vill
be the magnitude and direction of the fore
experienced by a proton kept at the same poi
in the field ? Mass of the proton is about 183
times the mass of the electron. (Foreign 20)
Define the term ‘dielectric constant’ of &
‘medium in terms of capacitance of a capaci —
[Delhi 2006]
. Define the term electric dipole moment. Ist
a scalar or a vector quantity 2 [Al 2006)
Define the term ‘electric flux’. Write its S!
unit. [Foreign 2006]
An electric dipole of dipole _mome
20 x 10-6 Cmis enclosed by a closed surfa
What is the net flux coming out of
surface ? [Delhi 20051
Why does the electric field inside a dielect™
decrease when it is placed in an extem™
electric field ? [Delhi 20051 38. An electrostatic field line cannot be disconti-
nuous. Why ? [AL 2005]
39, How does the coulomb force between two
point charges depend upon the dielectric
41, In the electrostatic field of two point charges
q and —q kept certain distance apart, draw &
closed surface through which electric flux is
zero.
42. If F is the magnitude of force experienced by
a unit charge placed at a distance of 1 em
from an infinitely large charged sheet, then what
will be the force experienced by the same charge
placed at a distance of 2 cm from the same
sheet? [HOTS]
43. The electric field induced in a dielectric when
placed in an external field is 1/10 times the
external field. Calculate relative permittivity
of the dielectric. [HOTS]
44. Why is electrostatic potential energy of a pair
of like point charges positive ?
In which direction does the electric potential
decrease in an uniform electrostatic field ?
[HOTS]
46. For a system of two point charges q and — q
Kept at a distance d apart, draw any two
equipotential surfaces.
47. Work done in taking an electron around a
proton in a circular loop is zero. Should the
proton necessarily be at the centre of the
circular loop ?
45.
57. Describe schematically the equipotential
surfaces corresponding to :
(a) a constant electric field in the z-direction
(b) a field that uniformly increases in
magnitude but remains in a constant
(say, z) direction.
(c) a single positive charge at the origin, and
(d) a uniform grid consisting of long equally
spaced parallel charged wires in a plane.
40.
48.
49.
50.
SL.
52.
53.
55.
56.
NCERT Questions
58.
59.
constant of the intervening medium ?
[AL 2005]
Two electric field lines never cross each other.
Why ? [AT 2005}
___ Additional Questions ————_———___
Figure given below shows three points A, B
and C in a uniform electrostatic field. At which
of the points will the electric potential
be maximum ?
ae.
aoe
Draw graph showing variation of electric field
with distance for a uniformly charged metallic
sphere.
What is the nature of symmetry of a dipole
field?
What are the mathematical equivalent of
Coulomb's law and superposition principle
called ?
‘What is the dielectric constant of a conductor ?
Define dielectric strength of a medium. What
is its value for vacuum ?
Show graphically the variation of charge ‘4’
with time ‘r’ when a condenser is charged
{HOTS}
How is dielectric constant expressed in terms
of capacitance of a capacitor ?
An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve,
that is, a field line cannot have sudden breaks.
Why not ?
Ordinary rubber is an insulator. But special
rubber tyres of aircraft are made slightly
conducting. Why is this necessary ?
A bird perches on a bare high power line, and
nothing happens to the bird. A man standing
on the ground touches the same line and gets
a fatal shock. Why ?
‘A small test charge is released at rest at a point
in an electrostatic field configuration. Will it travel
along the field line passing through that point ?
Electrostatics | 21 ol.
De dimensions of an
Angstrom, Thus, th
ields ety
‘Ween the protons and electrons. Why,
e
me 'S the electrostatic field inside a conductor
82. If the tal [NCERT Exemplar Problem)
2et0, does ee enclosed by a surface is
everywh it imply that the electric field
if the el lere on the surface is zero conversely,
lecttic field everywhere on a surface is
SHORT
atom are of the order of
lere must be large electric
63
YSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(D, [2 Marks]
——___ Previous Years’
1. Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) electric
field (E) and (ii) electric potential (V) with
distance r due to a point charge Q.
[Dethi 2012]
2. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric
field.
(®) Show that the net force acting on it is
zero.
(ii) The dipole is aligned parallel to the
field, Find the work done in rotating it
through the angle of 180°, [AI 2012]
S.A test charge ‘q’ is moved without acceleration
from A to C along the path from A to B and
then from B to C in electric field E as shown
aa figure. (i) Calculate the potential
rence between A and C, (ii) At which point
(oF the two) isthe electric potential more and
why ?
2 ee
Be E
(QA a1)
a A
{AI 2012)
4. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having
charge densities +0 and -o are kept in the X-
Z plane at a distance ‘d’ apart. Sketch an
equipotential surface due to electric field
between the plates. Ifa particle of mass m and
charge “-q' remains stationary between the
22 Together with® Physics (XI)
et charge inside iy
ero does it imply that ni esi:
‘i NCERT Exemplar Problem
zero a Prob
Consider two conducting spheres f radii R,
and R, with Ry > R,, If the two are at the same
arrential, the larger sphere has more charge
t ‘i State whether the
than the smaller sphere: '
charge density ofthe smaller sphere is more or
jess than that of the larger one
{NCERT Exemplar Problem
Questions _—_—
plates, what is the magnitude and direction of
this field ? [Delhi 2011)
. Two small identical electrical dipoles AB
and CD, each of dipole moment ‘p" are kept
at an angle of 120° as shown in the figure
What is the resultant dipole moment of this
combination ? If this system is subjected to
electric field (E) directed along +X direction,
what will be the magnitude and direction of
the torque acting on this? [Delhi 201)
x
-gh tbA
120°
x is
abe +geC
¥
6. Figure shows two identical Capacitors, C, and
Cy, each of 1 JF capacitance connec
battery of 6 V. Initially switch ‘s° Meat
After sometimes ‘Sis left open and dielectric
slabs of dielectric constant K = 3 are inserted
to fill completely the space between the plates
of the two capacitors. How will th
(O charge and (i) potential difference between
the plates of the capacitors be affected after
the slabs are inserted ? [Delhi 2011) oe
A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire
having charge density A is enclosed by a
cylindrical surface of radius r and length I, its
axis coinciding with the length of the wire.
Find the expression for the electric flux through
the surface of the cylinder [AL 2011]
Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb
-
1
force (F) versus ( ) , where ris the distance
between the two charges of each pair of
charges: (IC, 2uC) and (2HC, ~3HC). Interpret
the graphs obtained. {Ar 2011]
‘A parallel plate capacitor is being charged by
‘time varying current. Explain briefly how
‘Ampere’s circuital law is generalized to
incorporate the effect due to the displacement
current, [AT 2011]
10. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors
in series is 1 pF. What will be their net
capacitance if connected in parallel ?
Find the ratio of energy stored in the two
configurations if they are both connected to
the same source. [AI 2011]
11, Calculate the amount of work done in rotating
a dipole, of dipole moment 3 x 10° cm, from
its position of stable equilibrium to the position
of unstable equilibrium, in a uniform electric
field of intensity 10*NIC. [Foreign 2011]
12, Two identical parallel plates (air) capacitors
C, and C, have capacitances C each. The space
between their plates is now filled with
dielectrics as shown. If the two capacitors still
have equal capacitance, obtain the relation
between dielectric constants K, K, and K,,
[Foreign 2011]
c
»
—
13, State the principle of the device that can build
up high voltages of the order of a few million
volts. Draw its labelled diagram. A stage
reaches in this device when the potential at
the,outer sphere cannot be increased further
by piling up more charge on it. Explain why
{Foreign 2011]
14, You are given an air filled parallel plate
capacitor C,. The space between its plates is
now filled with slabs of dielectric constants
K, and K, as shown in C,, Find the capacitance
of the capacitor C; if area of the plates is A
and distance between the plates is d.
[Foreign 2011]
CG GQ K #
a d
15, You are given an air filled parallel plate
capacitor C,. The space between its plates is
now filled with slabs of dielectric constants
K; and K, as shown in C,. Find the capacitance
of the capacitor C, if area of the plates is A
and distance between the plates is d.
[Foreign 2011]
© G
d a
16. (a) Draw equipotential surfaces due to a
point Q > 0.
() Are these surfaces equidistant from each
other ? If not, explain why.
’ [Delhi 2011C}
Calculate the amount of work done in turning
an electric dipole of dipole moment 2x 10°
C m from its position of unstable equilibrium
to the position of stable equilibrium, in a
uniform electric field of intensity 10°NC.
[Delhi 2011C]
18, Deduce the expression for the energy stored
in a parallel plate capacitor C having charges
+Q and -Q on its plates. {Delhi 2011C]
Electrostatics | 23 |
1
3 19. Two point charges 2uC and -2uC are placed
at points A and B, 6 cm apart.
(® Draw the equipotential surfaces of the
system.
(i) Why do the equipotential, surfaces
get closer to each other near the point
charges ? [Al 2011C]
20. Show that the electric field at the surface of a
charged conductor is given by & =, where
&
G is the surface charge density and 7 is a unit
vector normal to the surface in the outward
direction. [AT 2010)
(®) Can two equipotential surfaces intersect
each other ? Give reasons.
(i) Two charges -g and +g are located at
points A(0, 0, ~a) and BQO, 0, +a)
Fespectively. How much work is done in
moving a test charge from point P(7, 0,
0) to 0-3, 0,0)? [Delhi 2009]
22. Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding
toa field that uniformly increases in magnitude
but remains constant along z-direction. How
are these surfaces different from that of a
constant electric field along z-direction ?
[AT 2009}
23. Define electric flux. Write its SI. unit
A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface
of radius R. If the radius is reduced to half,
how would the electric flux through the surface
change ? {AI 2009}
24, Figure shows a sheet of aluminium foil of
negligible thickness placed between the plates
of a capacitor. How will its capacitance be
affected if
(® the foil is electrically insulated 2
(i the foil is connected to the upper plate
with a conducting wire ?
[Foreign 2009]
21.
=
24 | Pagethen with® Physics (XI)
a
Three points A, B and C lie in a uniform
electric field (E) of $ x 10° NC as shown in
the figure. Find the potential difference
between A and C F
26. Figure shows two large metal plates, P, and
tightly held against each other and placed
between two equal and unlike point charges
perpendicular to the line joining them.
(@ What will happen to the plates when they
are released ?
(i) Draw the pattern of the electric field lines
for the system. [Foreign 2009}
27. A 800pF capacitor is charged by a 100V
battery. After sometime the battery is
disconnected. The capacitor is then connected
to another 800pF capacitor. What is the
electrostatic energy stored ? [Foreign 2009)
28. The sum of two point charges is 7 uC. They
repel each other with a force of 1 N when
Kept 30 cm apart in free space. Calculate the
Value of each charge. (Foreign 2009]
. Derive the expression for the electric potential
at any point along the axial line of an electric
dipole ? [Delhi 2008]
. Derive an expression for the potential energy
of an electric dipole of dipole moment ? in
an electric field E. (Delhi 2008} 3h. Twain charges, 4, = 10 x 10% C and
q,=-2% 10% C are separated by a distance
of 60 cm in air,
(i) Find at what distance from the 1" charge,
qj, would the electric potential be zero.
(ii) Also calculate the electrostatic potential
energy of the system. [AI 2008]
32. Two point charges 4Q, Q are separated by 1 m
in air, At what point on the line joining the
charges is the electric field intensity zero ?
‘Also calculate the electrostatic potential energy
of the system of charges, taking the value of
charge, Q= 2x 107C. [AI 2008]
33, Two large parallel thin metallic plates are
placed close to each other. The plates have
surface charge densities of opposite signs and
of magnitude 20 x10"? C/m’, Calculate the
electric field intensity (i) in the outer region of
the plates and (i) in the interior region between
the plates. [Foreign 2008]
34. A point charge causes an electric flux of
— 3x 10° Nm*/C to pass through a spherical
Gaussian surface.
(i) Calculate the value of the point charge.
(ii) If the radius of the Gaussian surface is
doubled, how much flux would pass
through the surface ? [Foreign 2008)
35, The electric field E due to a point charge at
B= lime
point near it is defined as E = lim
any
where q is the test charge and F is the force
acting on it. What is the physical significance
of lim in this expression ? Draw the electric
ra
field lines of a point charge Q when (i) Q> 0
and (fi) Q< 0. (Delhi 2007]
46. Define electric flux. Write its SI units. A
spherical rubber balloon carries a charge that
is uniformly distributed over its surface. As
the balloon is blown up and increases in size,
how does the total electric flux coming out of
the surface change ? Give reason.
(Delhi 2007]
s
s
40.
4i,
42.
, Two point charges 4 HC and
A cubical Gaussian surface encloses a charge
of 8.85 x 10-9 C in vacuum at the centre.
Calculate the electric flux passing through one
of its faces. [Foreign 2007]
=2 wC are
1 min air, Calculate
two charges
{AI 2007]
loses a charge
separated by a distance of
at what point on the line joining the
is the electric potential zero.
A spherical Gaussian surface encl
of 8.85 x 101 C.
(i Calculate the elect
through the surface
(ii) How would the flux change ifthe radius
of the Gaussian surface is doubled and
why ? [Foreign 2007]
The given graph shows that variation of charge
q versus potential difference V for two
capacitors C, and C,, The two capacitors have
same plate separation but the plate area of C,
is double than that of C,. Which of the lines
in the graph correspond to C, and C, and why ?
(Delhi 2006]
ric flux passing
a
re
A point charge ‘g’ is placed at 0 as shown in
the figure.
—
oO ao)
Is Vp— Vg positive or negative when (if) q > 0,
(ii) q <0 ? Justify your answer.
{AI 2006]
Define ‘dielectric constant’ of a medium.
Briefly explain why the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor increases, om
introducing a dielectric medium between the
plates. [AI 2006C]
Draw equipotential surfaces and corres-
ponding electric field lines for the following:
(i Single point charge q < 0
(ii) Uniform electric field. [Foreign 2006]
Electrostatics 25 44. (@) Why does the electric field inside a
dielectric decrease when it is placed in an
external electric field ?
(b) A parallel plate capacitor with ait between
the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF. What
will be the capacitance if the distance
‘between the plates be reduced by half and
the space between them is filled with a
substance of dielectric constant K = 6 ?
[Ans. 96 pF] [Delhi 2005]
4S. Three point charges of +2 uC, -3 nC and
3 UC are kept at the vertices A, B and C
respectively of an equilateral triangle of side
20 cm as shown in the figure. What should
he the sign and magnitude of the charge to be
placed at the mid-point (M) of side BC so
that the charge at A remains in equilibrium ?
[Delhi 2005]
2uC
A
cat Cc
7) are given equal amounts of
charge, In which direction will the charge flow
when these spheres are brought in contact
Give reason for your answer.
58, Why are equipotential surfaces perpendicular
to field lines ?
nm, whereas a Cl atom is
ibe. The Cs atoms
yhile the Cl atom
cube of side 0.40
situated at the centre of the cul
are deficient in one electron w
carries an excess electron.
‘=o40nm—>
() What is the net electric field on the Cl
ftom due to eight Cs atoms ?
(if) Suppose that the Cs atom at the comer
is missing. What is the net force now on
the Cl atom due to seven remaining Cs
atoms? [NCERT Exemplar Problem]
63, Prove that a closed equipotential surface with
no charge within itself must enclose