1.

Electric Charges

2. Fundamental Charges

3. Law of Conservation of Charges

4. Charged Bodies

5. Coulomb’s Law
 6. Electric Field

7. Electric Field Lines

8. Motion in Uniform Electric

Field

9. Electric Flux
 10. Electric Potential

11. Potential Difference

12. Equipotential Surface

13. Energy due to Point Charges

14. Energy due to Distribution of

Charges
ELECTRICAL
QUANTITIES
The important electrical quantities, their definitions, and their SI units are
summarized below :

Quantity Symbol Definition Unit Abbreviation (Alternate)

Force ƒ Push or pull Newton N (kg · m/s²)

Energy w Ability to do work Joule J (N · m)
Power p Energy/unit Watt W (J / s)
charge
Charge q Quantity of Coulomb C (A · s)
electricity
Current i Rate of flow of Ampere A (C / s)
charge
Voltage υ Power/unit Volt V (W / A)
current
Electrical ε Force/unit charge Volt/meter V/m (N / C)
field
strength
Magnetic B Force/unit charge Tesla T (Wb / m²)
flux density momentum
Magnetic  Integral of Weber Wb (T · m²)
flux magnetic flux
density
Discussion : (2-3 in one group)
What happen with the
baby girl’s hair ?

Bits of paper is
attracted to the comb
!!! Isn’t it magic ?
- Science that deals with the phenomena
arising from stationary or slowly moving
electric charges.
- Static Electricity

- The study of electric charges at rest

and their associated phenomena.
Initially, the amber rod and
piece of fur are electrically
neutral whereby they each
contain equal quantities of
positive and negative charge.

As they are rubbed together,

charge is transferred from one
to the other.

In the end, the fur and the rod

have charges of equal
magnitude but opposite sign.
❖ Charge Separation
▪ Charge is transferred from one object to
another object due to the movement of the
electrons.
▪ This will happen when
▪ An object rubbed against with another
▪ Phenomena of balloon and the hair
▪ An object collide against with another
▪ Phenomena of lightning
 Electro Statics

charges stationary state

The study of the properties of stationary charges

 If an atom contains equal numbers of
protons and electrons, the atom is
described as being electrically
neutral.
 if an atom has an unequal number of
protons and electrons, then the atom is
electrically charged
 contains less electrons (Donator) than
protons is said to be positively charged
 contains more electrons (Acceptor) than
protons is said to be negatively charged.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
• An atom is the smallest amount of an element that retains all the
properties of the element.
• An atom may be broken down into smaller pieces whose relationships
have been conceived of as a miniature solar system.

Characteristics of an atom:
a) The center of the atom consists of protons, which carry a positive
electrical charge, and neutrons, which no charge.
b) Electrons, which carry a negative electrical charge, orbit around the
center of the atom.
c) When an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, it is said to
be electrically neutral.
 Repel Attract

❖ Charges-force Law
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
❖ Law of Conservation Of Charges
 The total charge of the universal is
constant.
 Net charge of an isolated system remain
constant.
 No physical process can result in an
increase or decrease charge in the total
amount of electric charge in the universal.
 The term conservation of electric charges means that charges
can neither be created nor destroyed in separation. In simple
words, charges can be created or destroyed only in same and
opposite pairs.
+ +
Repel each other

- -
Repel each other

+ -

Attract each other

 Properties and units
 Electric charge
 A property to determine the electrical behavior
 Positive (+)
 The charge is associated with proton
 Negative (-)
 The charge is associated with electron

 Unit of each Electric Charge

 e = 1.602 x 10-19 C
 SI Unit for Charge is Coulomb, C
 Mathematic : Charge of an object

q = Ne
where:
▪ N = number of charge
▪ e = charge of electron (1.602  10−19 C)
Repel Attract

Force Is Available !!!

 We are looking on how much force is caused to
repel or attract
 According to Coulomb’s Law
 the magnitude of force if the
electrostatics force between these
charges is proportional to the product
of the magnitude of the charges,
|q1||q2|, and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance, r2,
between them.
q1 r q2
 q1 r q2

| q 1 || q 2 |
F 
r2
| q 1 || q 2 |
F = k
r2
 q1 r q2

| q 1 || q 2 |
F 
r2
| q 1 || q 2 |
F = k
r2

Note : 1) The sign of charge can be ignored when substituting into

the Coulomb’s law equation
2) The sign of charges is important in distinguishing the
direction of the electrostatic force. If the value of
electrostatic force is:
positive Force is repulsive
negative Force is attractive
❑ The force between two
charges gets stronger
as the charges move
closer together

❑ The force also gets

stronger if the amount
of charge becomes
larger

positive Force is repulsive

negative Force is attractive
Example 1:
How many electrons represent a charge of -100uC?
−100𝜇𝐶 1𝑥10−6 1𝑒
x 𝑥
1 1𝜇𝐶 −1.602𝑥10−19

= 6.242 x 1014 e-
Example 2:
A +30uC point charge is 15cm away from a -40uC point charge.
Calculate the magnitude of the electric force between them.
q1 q2 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹=𝑘
15cm
𝑟2
F12 F21
9 × 109 30 × 10−6 40𝑥10−6
𝐹=
15 × 10−2 𝑚 2

F = 480N
 Example 3
 A charge q1 = −5.4 C is at the origin,
and a charge q2 = −2.2 C is on the x axis
at x = 1.00 m. Find the net force acting
on a charge q3 = +1.6 C located at
x = 0.75 m.
(0,0) (0.75,0) (1.00,0)

q1 q3 q2
 Solution

(0,0) (0.75,0) (1.00,0)

q1 q3 q2

-ve movement +ve movement

 | q || q |   | q || q | 
F31 = −  k 3 2 1  F32 =  k 3 2 2 
 r   r 
  −5.4 10−6 1.6 10−6    −2.2 10−6 1.610−6 
= − 9 109   = 9 109  
   
   
0.752 0.252
   
= −0.138N = 0.507N

FT= F31 + F32

= −0.138 + 0.507
= 0.369N
 F31
 Example 4 (Vector) F32
 Three charges, each equal to
+2.90 C, are placed at three
corners of a square 0.500 m on a
side, as shown in the diagram. Find
the magnitude and direction of the
net force on charge q3.

1. Analysis direction of the

movement (Vector)
o Solution

2. Calculate the magnitude

| q1 || q2 | without consider the direction
F32 =k
r2
(2.9  10 )(2.9  10 ) = 0.302 N
−6 −6

(
= 9.00 109 )
(0.5)2

| q1 ||q2 |
F31 =k
r2
(2.9  10 )(2.9  10 ) = 0.151 N
−6 −6

(
= 9.00 109 ) 2
 2 (0.5)
 
 F3y

F3
F3 = F32 + F32
x y

F3x

Component Value

F3 x = F31 x + F32x
3. According to analytical force
direction, applying in the Jimmy’s F3 = F31 + F32
Law y y y
4. Continue with combine magnitude
calculation and its direction too

F3x = F31x + F32x F3 = Fx2 + Fy2

= 0.302 cos 0o + 0.151 cos 45o = (0.409 )2 + (0.107 )2

= 0.409N = 0.423 N

F3 = F31 + F32 F 
 = tan−1  y 
 Fx 
y y y

= 0.302 sin 0o + 0.151 sin 45o  0.107

= tan−1  
= 0.107N  0.409 
= 14.7
 QUIZ

1. Two balloons with charges of +3.37 µC and -8.21 µC

attract each other with a force of -0.0626 Newton.
Determine the separation distance between the two
balloons.

2. Suppose that two point charges, each with a charge

of +1.00 Coulomb are separated by a distance of 1.00
meter. Determine the magnitude of the electrical
force of repulsion between them.
3. Three point charges X,Y and Z are fixed along a straight
line as shown. Find, in terms of q, r and εo the force on
the charge (a) X and (b) Y.

+2q +5q -3q

X r Y r Z
 There is a force on each charge between two
charges placed at a distance apart

 This phenomenon could explain that there is an

influence of one charge on another and there is
an area of influence around the charge

 The influence is greater as the distance apart is

smaller

 The area of influence of a charge is called

electric field, E

 Electric field, E is a region where force acts

on a charged body
 In mathematic E = electric field strength (N/C)
F = electric force (N)
q = charge (C)
F r = distance between charge (m)
E = k = electrostatic constant
qo
qq0
=k F = k qq20
r 2q0 r

q
E =k 2 Electric field due to point charge, q

r
 E
q o
If q is positive charge,
q the electric field is
+ r directed radially
outward from it.

qo

E
If q is negative the q
electric field is -
directed toward it. r
 Example 1
Two point charges lie on the x axis. A
charge of +6.2 C is at the origin,
and a charge of −9.5 C is at x =
10.0 cm. What is the electric field at
x = −4.0 cm?
+6.2 C
+6.2 C - 9.5 C

-4 cm 0 cm 10 cm

- 9.5 C
 Solution

E T= E −9.5 C +E +6.2 C

q q
E +6.2 C = −K E −9.5 C = k
r2 r2

(
6.2 10 −6  ) = (9  10 )
(9.5  10 )
−6

(
= −  9 109 )  9

(14 10 )
2

 ( 2
)
4  10−2 

−2

= −3.49  107 NC
−1 = 4.36  106 NC−1

E = E −9.5 C + E +6.2 C
= 4.36106 − 3.49 107
= −30.54 NC −1
 ? How would you
weigh a jet plane
without using scales?
o The field lines indicate the direction
of the electric field

o Electric field lines start on positive

charges and end on negative
charges

o The strength of electric field is

proportional to the number of
field lines passing through a unit
area
 Imaginary lined formed by connecting
electric field vectors.
 Principle of electric field lines
 The electric lines of force originate from positive
charges (or infinity if there is no positive charge) and
terminate at negative charges (or infinity if there is
no negative charge).

 The number of lines leaving or entering a charge is

proportional to the magnitude of that charge.

 The closeness of lines indicates the magnitude of the

electric field at any point. Thus, the closer together
the lines of force, the stronger the electric field.

 The direction of the electric field is tangent to the

lines of force.

 No two field lines can cross or touch each other.

Electric field patterns around the charge
+
F Single positive charge – lines point radially
outward from the
E charge

+
F

Single negative charge – lines point radially

E inward from the charge
Electric field patterns around the charge
-
F
Single positive charge – lines point radially
inward from the
E charge

-
Single positive charge – lines point radially
F outward from the
charge
E
Two equal point charges of opposite sign, +q and –q
Two equal positive charges of same sign, +q and +q
 A particle of charge, q and mass, m is
placed in a electric field, E, the electric
force on the charge is
F = qE
 By applying Newton’s Second Law:
F = qE
= ma r F
qE = ma E =
a=
qE qo
m
 If q is positive, the acceleration in the
direction of the E.
If q is negative, the acceleration in the
opposite direction of the E.
Electric Field Strength (Intensity)
The electric field strength is the force on
a small charge, divided by the charge:

F
E =
q
q
E = k 2
r
1 q
E =
4  o r 2
Vector quantity
Unit : N/C or V/m
❖ Figure shows the electric field between two plates
❖ The electric field may be assumed to be uniform
❖ If the surface charge density, that is charge per unit
area of each plate is , then the electric field strength in
between the plates:

E =

o

 = surface charge density

 o= permittivity of free space
 Electric flux is the number of electric
field lines penetrating a surface or
passing through a surface
 Imagine a “flow” of electric field
through the area.
 The electric field can be uniform or
non-uniform
E = EA cos 
Where,
E = Electric field
A = area
 = angle between E and
normal to surface
Unit: Nm2C-1

Flux is
 positive for lines that
leave the surface
 negative for lines that
enter the surface
If the electric field is perpendicular with area, then, electric flux is
equal to EA.

If the electric field is parallel with area, then, electric flux is equal to 0.

Ф = EA cos θ Ф = EA cos θ
= EA cos 0o = EA cos 90o
= EA =0
 Example 1

A uniform electric field of magnitude 6.00  103 N/C

points upward. An empty, closed shoe box has a top
and bottom that are 35.0 cm by 25.0 cm, vertical
ends that are 25.0 cm by 20.0 cm, and vertical sides
that are 20.0 cm by 35.0 cm.
a) Which side of the box has the greatest positive
electric flux?
b) Which side has the greatest negative electric
flux?
c) Which sides have zero electric flux?
Solution

25.0 cm

20.0 cm

35.0 cm

a) The top of the box has the greatest positive electric flux.
b) The bottom has the greatest negative electric flux.
c) The vertical sides and ends have zero electric flux.
U =Fd U =Fd
= q0 Ed = mgd
 Work = Force x Displacement
 In an electric field, E, the force
experience by a charge, q, is F = qE
 Thus,the work (Electric potential
energy) done by the electric field to
move a charge, qo,with a distance, d,
is given by
U = Fd
= q0 Ed
 We define the potential , V at any point in
an electric field as the potential energy ,
per unit charge associated with a test
charge at that point:
U
V =
qo
electric potential at any point in an electric
field
 Unit: J/C or Volt.
 Scalar quantity
❖ Figure shows two point A and B in an
electric field E. The electric potential at A
and B are VA and VB respectively
VAB
A -------+ ---B

❖ The potential difference between two

points A and B,

VAB = VA + VB
❖ The potential difference VAB is defined as
the work done per unit charge to bring
a positive charge from B to A

potential difference, VAB = work done

charge

unit : J C-1 or volt (V)

❑ The equipotential surface is defined as the
locus of points that have the same
electric potential, V

Equipotential lines

A point charge
❑ No work is done when a charge moves
from one point on an equipotential
surface to another point on the same
surface
❑ The electric potential energy U of a point
charge q which is at a distance of r from the
point charge Q is :

Unit : Joule (J)

U = qV
Qq
U = k
r
Qq
U =
4o r

* Sign of charge, positive (+) and negative (-) must be

considered in calculation
❑ The electric potential energy U of a system
of charges q is the work done to bring all the
charges from infinity to the points where the
charges are placed :

Unit : Joule (J)

U = U1 + U 2 + U3
U = k
q1q2 +k q1q3
+ k
q2 q3
r1 2 r13 r23

* Sign of charge, positive (+) and negative (-) must be

considered in calculation
 Example 1

A 5.0 nC charge is at (0,0) and a −2.0 nC charge is at

(3.0 m, 0 m). If the potential is taken to be zero at
infinity, find
(a) the electric potential at point P (0, 4.0) m.
(b) the potential energy of a 1.0 nC charge at
point P.
(c) the work required to bring a 1.0 nC charge
from infinity to point P.
(d) the total potential energy of the three
charge system.
o Solution
q3

q1 = 5.0 nC q2 = -2.0 nC

r23 = (3.0 m)2 + (4.0 m )2

= 5.0m
a.) Vq = Vq +Vq
3 1 2

 5.0 10−9  9  −2.0 10 

−9
= (9.010 ) 9
 + (9.010 ) 
 4.0   5.0 
= 7.65V

b.) U
V=
qo
U = Vq0
= (1.010−9 C )(7.65V )
= 7.6510−9 J
c.) From conservation of energy, the
work required to bring the 1.0 nC
charge from infinity is equal to its
potential energy,
W = U
= 7.65  10−9 J
 d.)

UTotal = U12 +U23 + U13

 (510 −9 )(−2 10 −9 ) (−2 10 −9 )(110 −9 ) (510 −9 )(110 −9 )
= (9109 ) + + 
 3.0 5.0 4.0 
 Upon turning a lamp, Fishy Isya
wonders, “About how fast do the
electrons in house wiring move as
they provide electrical energy to
the lamps and other electronic
devices?”