UNIT – V

10
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO
Trigonometry
TRIGONOMETRY AND
TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES

Syllabus
 Introduction to Trigonometry : Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Proof of
their existence (well defined) motivate the ratios, which are defined at 0° and 90°. Values (with proofs) of the
trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° and 60°. Relationships between the ratios.

am
 Trigonometric Identities : Proof and applications of the identity, sin2 A + cos2 A = 1. Only simple
identities to be given. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.

gr
le
Chapter Analysis te
2016 2017 2018
df
List of Topics Delhi Outside Foreign Delhi Outside Foreign Delhi
Delhi Delhi &
sp

Outside Delhi
er

Question based on 1 Q (1 M)
Trigonometric Ratios 1 Q (3 M)
ap

Summative Assessment-I
Question based on 1 Q (4 M)
ep

Trigonometric Identities
pl

TOPIC-1
am

Trigonometric Ratios and Trigonometric Ratios of

Complementary Angles
ls
al
@

Revision Notes
 In fig., a right triangle ABC right angled at B is given and ∠BAC = q
is an acute angle. Here side AB which is adjacent to ∠A is base, side TOPIC - 1
BC opposite to ∠A is perpendicular and the side AC is hypotenuse Trigonometric Ratios and Trigonometric
which is opposite to the right angle B. Ratios of Complementary Angles
C .... P. 223
Perpendicular

us
e TOPIC - 2
ot
en Trigonometric Identities .... P. 236
yp
H
90°
A B
Base
224 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

Know the Formulae

The trigonometric ratios of ∠A in right triangle ABC are defined as
P er p en d i c u l a r BC
sine of ∠A = sin q = =
H y p o t en u s e AC
Base AB
cosine of ∠A = cos q = =
H y p o t en u s e AC
P er p en d i c u l a r BC
tangent of ∠A = tan q = =
Base AB
H y p o t en u s e AC 1
cosecant of ∠A = cosec q = = =
P er p en d i c u l a r BC s i n θ
H y p o t en u s e AC 1
secant of ∠A = sec q = = =
Base AB c o s θ
Base AB 1

am
cotangent of ∠A = cot q = = =
P er p en d i c u l a r BC t a n θ
It is clear from the above ratios that cosecant, secant and cotangent are the reciprocals of sine, cosine and tangent

gr
respectively.
sin θ

le
Also, tan q =
cos θ

and
cos θ
cot q =
te
sin θ
df
 The trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle express the relationship between the angle and
sp

length of its sides.

 The value of trigonometric ratio of an angle does not depend on the size of the triangle but depends on the angle
er

only.
 Complementary Angles :
ap

Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum is 90°. Thus, (in fig.) ∠A and ∠C are complementary angles.
A
ep

90°–
pl
am

C
B
ls

 Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles :

We have, BC = Base, AB = Perpendicular, and AC = Hypotenuse, with respect to q.
al

AB BC AB
∴ sin q = , cos q = , tan q =
@

AC AC BC
AC AC BC
and cosec q = , sec q = , cot q = .
AB BC AB
Again, with respect to the angle (90° – q), BC= Perpendicular, AB = Base and AC = Hypotenuse
BC
∴ sin (90° – q) = = cos q
AC
AB
cos (90° – q) = = sin q
AC
BC
tan (90° – q) = = cot q
AB
AC
cosec (90° – q) = = sec q
BC
AC
sec (90° – q) = = cosec q
AB
AB
cot (90° – q) = = tan q
BC
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 225

∠A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0 1 3 Not defined
3
2
cosec A Not defined 2 2 1
3
2
sec A 1 2 2 Not defined
3

am
1
cot A Not defined 3 1 0
3

gr
le
N B O ARD ?
How it is done on G R E E te
df
sp

Q. If 2 sin q – 1 = 0, then prove that sin 3q = 3 sin q – 4 R.H.S. = 3 sin q – 4 sin3 q

sin3 q. = 3 × sin 30° – 4(sin q)3
er

Sol. Step I : Given 2 sin q – 1 = 0 1 1

or, 2 sin q = 1 =3× –4×
ap

2 8
1
or, sin q = ...(i) 3 1
ep

2 = −
2 2
1
Step II : sin 30° = ...(ii)
pl

2 2
=
2
am

From (i) and (ii), q = 30°

Step III : L.H.S. = sin 3q = 1 = L.H.S.
= sin (3 × 30°)
ls

= sin 90
al

= 1
@

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

[A] Multiple choice Questions : 3

4 sin A 5 3
Q. 1. If cos A = then the value of tan A is : Now, tan A= = =
3 5 3 cos A 4 4
(a) (b) 5
5 4
4 1 1
(c) (d) Q. 2. If sin A = then the value of cot A is :
3 8 2
R [NCERT Exemp.] 1
Sol. Correct option : (b) (a) 3 (b)
4 3
Explanation : Given, c o s A = 3
5 (c) (d) 1
2
⎡∵ s i n 2 A + c o s 2 A = 1 ⎤ R [NCERT Exemp.]
∴ s i n A = 1− c o s 2 A ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣∴ s i n A = 1 − c o s 2 A ⎥⎦ Sol. Correct option : (a)
1
2 Explanation : Given, s i n A =
⎛ 4⎞ 16 9 3 2
s i n A = 1− ⎜ ⎟ = 1− = =
⎝ 5⎠ 25 25 5
226 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

2 Sol. Correct option : (b)

⎛ 1⎞ Explanation : ( t a n 1° t a n 2° t a n 3° . . . t a n 89°)
c o s A= 1− s i n 2 A = 1− ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ = ( t a n 1° t a n 89°) ( t a n 2° t a n 88°) ( t a n 3° t a n 87°)
3 ⎡∵ s i n A + c o s A =1 ⎤
2 2
1 3 . . . ( t a n 45° t a n 45°)
c o s A= 1− = = ⎢ ⎥
4 4 2 ⎢⎣⇒ c o s A = 1 − s i n 2 A ⎥⎦ = [ t a n 1° t a n ( 90° − 1) ] [ t a n 2° t a n ( 90° − 2) ] [ t a n 3°
t a n ( 90° − 3) ] . . . [ t a n 45° t a n ( 90° − 45°) ]
3 = t a n 1° c o t 1° t a n 2° c o t 2° t a n 3° c o t 3° . . . t a n 45°
cos A
Now, cot A= = 2 = 3 c o t 45°
sin A 1
2 1 1 1
= t a n 1° × t a n 2° . t a n 3°.
t a n 1° t a n 2° t a n 3°
Q. 3. The value of the expression [cosec (75° + θ)
t a n 45°
– sec (15° – θ) – tan (55° + θ) + cot (35° – θ)] is : ...
t a n 45°
(a) −1 (b) 0
3 = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1. . . . 1 ⋅ 1
(c) 1 (d)
2 =1
R [NCERT Exemp.] Q. 7. If cos 9α = sin α and 9α < 90°, then the value of

am
Sol. Correct option : (b) tan 5α is :
Explanation :cosec (75° + θ) – sec (15° – θ) – tan (55° 1
(a) (b) 3
+ θ) + cot (35° – θ) 3

gr
= c o s ec [ 90° − ( 15° − θ ) ] − s ec ( 15° − θ ) − t a n ( 55° + θ ) (c) 1 (d) 0

le
+ c o t [ 90° − ( 55° + θ ) ] U [NCERT Exemp.]
Sol. Correct option : (c)
te
= s ec ( 15° − θ ) − s ec ( 15° − θ ) − t a n ( 55° + θ )
Explanation : cos 9α = sin α
+ t a n ( 55° + θ ) cos 9α = cos (90° – α)
df
=0 On comparing both sides, we have
a 9α = 90° – α
sp

Q. 4. Given that sin θ = then cos θ is equal to 10α = 90°

b
α = 9°
er

b b ∴ tan 5α = tan 5 × 9° = tan 45° = 1

(a) (b) Q. 8. If ΔABC is right angled at C, then the value of cos
ap

b −a
2 2
a
(A+B) is :
b2 − a 2 a (a) 0 (b) 1
ep

(c) (d)
b b2 − a 2 1 3
(c) (d)
2 2
pl

R [NCERT Exemp.]
U [NCERT Exemp.]
Sol. Correct option : (c)
am

a Sol. Correct option : (a)

Explanation : Given, s i n θ = Explanation : We know that, in ∆ABC,
b
⎡∵s i n 2 θ + c o s 2 θ = 1 ⇒ c o s θ = 1 − s i n 2 θ ⎤ A
ls

⎣ ⎦
al

2
⎛a⎞ a2 b2 − a2
c o s q = 1− ⎜ ⎟ = 1− 2 =
@

⎝b⎠ b b
Q. 5. If cos (α + β) = 0, then sin (α – β) can be reduced to
B C
(a) cos β (b) cos 2β
sum of three angles = 180°
(c) sin α (d) sin 2α i.e., ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
R [NCERT Exemp.] ∠C = 90° [Given]
Sol. Correct option : (b) ∠A + ∠B + 90° = 180°
Explanation : cos (α + β) = 0 ⇒ A + B = 90°
cos(α + β) = cos 90° ∴ c o s ( A + B) = c o s 90° = 0
α + β = 90°
Q. 9. If sin A + sin2 A = 1, then the value of the
α = 90° – β
expression (cos2 A + cos4 A) is :
sin (α – β) = sin (90° – β – β) 1
(a) 1 (b)
= sin (90° – 2β) 2
= cos 2β (c) 2 (d) 3
R [NCERT Exemp.]
Q. 6. The value of (tan 1° tan 2° tan 3°... tan 89°) is :
Sol. Correct option : (a)
(a) 0 (b) 1
1 Explanation : Given, s i n A + s i n 2 A = 1
(c) 2 (d)
2 ⇒ s i n A = 1− s i n 2 A = c o s 2 A [ ∵ s i n 2 q + c o s 2 q = 1]
U [NCERT Exemp.]
On squaring both sides, we get
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 227

sin2A=cos4A 3 ...(i)
⇒tan θ=
2 4 4
⇒ 1− c o s A = c o s A
sin θ
⇒ c o s 2 A + c o s 4 A =1 4 − 1 ⎡ D i v i d ed b y c o s θ i n ⎤
4s i n θ − c o s θ ⎢ ⎥
1 1 ∴ = os θ
c b o t h n u m er a t o r a n d
Q. 10. Given that sin α = and cos β = , then the value 4s i n θ + c o s θ 4 s i n θ + 1 ⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎢⎣d en o m i n a t o r ⎥⎦
of (α + β) is : cos θ
(a) 4t a n θ −1 ⎡ s i n θ⎤
(c) =
4t a n θ + 1 ⎢∵t a n θ = c o s θ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
R [NCERT Exemp.]
⎛ 3⎞
Sol. Correct option : (d) 4⎜ ⎟ − 1 ⎡ 3 ⎤
⎝ 4⎠ 3−1 2 1 ⎢P u t t a n θ = 4 ⎥
1 = = = =
Explanation : G i v en , s i n a = = s i n 30° ⎛ 3⎞ 3+1 4 2 ⎢ ⎥
2 4⎜ ⎟ + 1 ⎢⎣f r o m eq u a t i o n ( i ) ⎥⎦
⎝ 4⎠
⎡ 1⎤ Q. 13. If sin θ – cos θ = 0, then the value of (sin4θ +
⎢∵s i n 30° = 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ cos4θ) is :
3

am
⇒ α = 30° (a) 1 (b)
4
1 1 1
And, cosβ= = c o s 60° (c) (d)

gr
2 2 4
⇒ β = 60° R [NCERT Exemp.]

le
∴ α + β = 30° + 60° = 90° Sol. Correct option : (c)
⎡ 1⎤
te
Explanation : Given s i n θ − c o s θ = 0
⎢∵c o s 60° = 2 ⎥ sin θ
⎣ ⎦ ⇒ sin θ=cos θ= =1
df
Q. 11. The value of the expression cos θ
sp

⎡ sin 2 22° + sin 2 68° ⎤ ⎡ sin θ ⎤

+ sin 2 63° + cos 63° sin 27° ⎥ is : ⇒ t a n θ =1
⎢ 2 2 ⎢∵t a n θ = c o s θ a n d t a n 45° = 1⎥
⎣ cos 22° + cos 68° ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
er

(a) 3 (b) 2 ⇒ t a n θ = t a n 45°

ap

(c) 1 (d) 0 ∴ θ = 45°

R [NCERT Exemp.] Now, sin4 θ + cos4 θ = sin445° + cos445°
ep

Sol. Correct option : (b) 4 4

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ 1 ⎤
Explanation : Given expression, = ⎜ +⎜ ⎢∵s i n 45° = c o s 45° =
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥
pl

⎣ 2⎦
s i n 2 22° + s i n 2 68°
+ s i n 2 63° + c o s 63° s i n 27°
am

c o s 2 22° + c o s 2 68° 1 1 2 1
= + = =
4 4 4 2
s i n 2 22° + s i n 2 ( 90° − 22°)
= + s i n 2 63° Q. 14. sin (45° + θ) – cos (45° – θ) is equal to :
ls

c o s 2 ( 90° − 68°) + c o s 2 68°

(a) 2 cos θ (b) 0
al

+ c o s 63° s i n ( 90° − 63°) (c) 2 sin θ (d) 1

@

2 2
R [NCERT Exemp.]
s i n 22° + c o s 22°
= + s i n 2 63° + c o s 63° ⋅ c o s 63° Sol. Correct option : (b)
c o s 2 68° + s i n 2 68°
Explanation : sin (45° + θ) – cos (45° – θ)
⎣⎡∵s i n ( 90° − θ) = c o s θ a n d c o s ( 90° − θ) = s i n θ⎤⎦ = sin (45° + θ) – cos [90° – (45° + θ)]
= sin (45° + θ) – sin (45° + θ)
1 =0
= + ( s i n 2 63° + c o s 2 63°)
1 [ ∵ s i n 2 θ + c o s 2 θ = 1]
2 tan 30°
Q. 15. =
= 1+1 = 2 1 + tan 2 30°
⎛ 4 sin θ - cos θ ⎞ (a)
Q. 12. If 4 tan θ = 3, then ⎜ ⎟ is equal to :
⎝ 4 sin θ + cos θ ⎠ (c)
2 1 R [NCERT Exemp.]
(a) (b)
3 3 Sol. Correct option : (a)
1 3 Explanation :
(c) (d)
2 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 2
R [NCERT Exemp.] 2⎜ ⎟
2 t a n 30° ⎝ 3⎠ 3 6 3
Sol. Correct option : (c) = = = 3 = =
1 + t a n 2 30° ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
1 4 4 3 2
1+ ⎜ ⎟ 1+
Explanation : Given, 4 t a n θ= 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 3
228 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

3 2
= s i n 60 Q. 3. If A + B = 90° and sec A = , then find the value
2 3
of cosec B.
1 − tan 2 45° R [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-ORDAWEZ]
Q. 16. =
1 + tan 2 45°
Sol. Given, A + B = 90° and
(a)
2
(c) sec A =
3
R [NCERT Exemp.]
2
Sol. Correct option : (d) or, sec (90° – B) = .
3
2
1 − t a n 2 45° 1 − ( 1) 1−1 0
Explanation : = = = =0 2
1 + t a n 45° 1 + ( 1)
2 2
1+1 2 ∴ cosec B = 1
3
Q. 17. sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A = [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
(a) Q. 4. If tan 2A = cot (A + 60°), find the value of A where
(c) 2A is an acute angle.

am
R [NCERT Exemp.] U [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-LGRKRO]
Sol. Correct option : (a) Sol. Given tan 2A = cot (A + 60°)
Explanation : A s s i n 2 A = s i n 0° = 0

gr
or, cot (90° – 2A) = cot (A + 60°)
2 s i n A = 2 s i n 0° = 2( 0) = 0 or, 90° – 2A = A + 60°

le
2tan30° or, 3A = 30°
Q. 18. = te
1 − tan 2 30° ∴ A = 10° 1
(a) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
df
(c) sin 25° tan 23°
R [NCERT Exemp.] Q. 5. Find the value of +
sp

cos 65° cot 67°

Sol. Correct option : (c)
U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-FHN8MGD]
Explanation :
er

⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 2 s i n 25° t a n 23° s i n 25° t a n 23°

2⎜ ⎟
ap

Sol. + = +
2 t a n 30° ⎝ 3⎠
= = 3 = 3 = 3 c o s 65° c o t 67° s i n ( 90° - 25°) t a n ( 90° - 23°)
1 − t a n 2 30° ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
1 2
1−
ep

1− ⎜ ⎟ =1+1=2 1
⎝ 3⎠ 3 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
Q. 6. If cos 2A = sin (A – 15°), find A.
pl

tan 60 = 3
U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-FHN8MGD]
am

[B] Very Short Answer Type Questions :

⎛B+C⎞ Sol. sin (90° – 2A) = sin (A – 15°)
Q. 1. In a triangle ABC, write cos ⎜ ⎟ in terms of
⎝ 2 ⎠ or, 90° – 2 A = A – 15°
ls

angle A. R [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-O4YP6G7] or, 3 A = 105°

al

Sol. A + B + C = 180° ∴ A = 35° 1

@

or, B + C = 180° – A [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

⎛B+ C⎞ ⎡ 180° − A ⎤ Q. 7. If tan (3x + 30°) = 1, then find the value of x.
∴ cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN]

⎛ A⎞ Sol. tan (3x + 30°) = 1 = tan 45°

= c o s ⎜ 90 − ⎟ or, 3x + 30° = 45° or, x = 5° 1
⎝ 2⎠
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
A
= sin 1 Q. 8. What happens to value of cos q when q increases
2
from 0° to 90° ?
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] A [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN]
Q. 2. If sec q.sin q = 0, then find the value of q.
R [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-O4YP6G7] Sol. cos q decreases from 1 to 0. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
Sol. Given, sec q.sin q = 0
Q. 9. If A and B are acute angles and sin A = cos B, then
sin θ find the value of A + B.
or, =0
cos θ
U [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-MV98HN3]
or, tan q = 0 = tan 0°
Sol. Given, sin A = cos B
∴ q = 0° 1
or, sin A = sin (90º – B)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 229
or, A = 90° – B [C] True / False :
∴ A + B = 90° 1 Q. 1. State whether the following are true or false.
Q. 10. What is the value of (cos267° – sin223°) ? U Justify your answer.
Sol. ∵ cos2 67° = cos2 (90° – 23°) = sin2 23 (a) The value of tan A is always less than 1.
12
\ sin 23 – sin2 23 = 0
2 (b) sec A = for some value of angle A.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1 5
(c) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of
Detailed Answer : angle A.
cos267° – sin223° = cos267° – {sin 23°}2 (d) cot A is the product of cot and A.
= cos267° – {sin(90 – 67)°}2 4
(e) sin θ = for some angle θ.
[ sin(90° – q) = cos q] 3
[NCERT Exemp.]
= cos267° – cos267° Sol. (a) False, the value of tan 90° is greater than 1.
=0 12 5
2 2 (b) True, sec A = = cos A = as 12 is the hypotenuse
\ cos 67° – sin 23° = 0 1 5 12
Q. 11. If sinq = cosq, then find the value of 2tanq + which is the largest side of triangle.

am
cos2q. U [CBSE SQP-2018] (c) False, cos A is the abbreviation used for cosine of ∠A.
(d) False, cot A is not the product of cot and A. It is the
Sol. Given, q = 45°
sinq = cosq

gr
cotangent of ∠A.
21 5
2tanq + cos q = 2 + = (e) False, in a right-angled triangle, hypotenuse is

le
2 2
always greater than the remaining two sides.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] te
Therefore, such value of sin θ is not possible.
Q. 12. A circus artist is climbing from the ground along Q. 2. State whether the following are true or false.
df
a rope stretched from the top of a vertical pole and Justify your answer.
tied at the ground . The height of the pole is 12 m
sp

(a) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B

and the angle made by the rope with ground level
(b) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
is 30°.
er

(c) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.

(i) Calculate the distance covered by the artist in
(d) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.
ap

climbing the top of the pole.

(e) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.
(ii) Which mathematical concept is used in this
ep

[NCERT Exemp.]
problem ? AE
Sol. (a) False, s i n ( A + B) = s i n A + s i n B
pl

Sol.
A
Let, A = 30° and B = 60°
am

LHS s i n ( A + B) = s i n ( 30° + 60°)

= s i n 90° = 1
ls

Rope
R H S s i n A + s i n B = s i n 30° + s i n 60°
12 m
al

1 3 1+ 3
= + =
@

30° 2 2 2
C l ea r l y , s i n ( A + B) ≠ s i n A + s i n B
C B

(i) Clearly, distance covered by the artist is equal to the

(b) True, the value of sin θ increases as θ increases in
length of the rope AC. Let AB be the vertical pole of the interval of 0˚< θ < 90˚.
height 12 m.
(c) False, the value of cos θ decreases as θ increases in
It is given that ∠ACB = 30° the interval of 0˚< θ < 90˚.
Thus, in right-angled triangle ABC, (d) False, it is true when θ=45˚not for all other values
AB of θ.
sin 30° =
AC (e) True, cot A is not defined for A = 0˚
1 12 Q. 3. State whether the following are true or false.
⇒ = Justify your answer.
2 AC
.. t a n 47°
. AC = 24 m. 1 (a) =1
t a n 43°
Hence, the distance covered by the circus artist is
24 m. (b) The value of the expression (sin 80° – cos 80°) is
negative.
(ii) Height and Distance. 1
[NCERT Exemp.]
230 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

Sol. (a) True, t a n 47°

= =1
t a n 47° t a n 47°
=
c o t 43°
(b) False,
t a n 47° 80° is near to 90°, sin 90° = 1 and cos 90° = 0
=
c o t ( 90° − 47°) So, the given expression sin 80° – cos 80° > 0
So, the value of the given expression is positive.

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. Evaluate : Let a triangle ABC with each side equal to 2a. ½

3 tan 2 30° + tan 2 60° + cos ec 30° − tan 45° ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
cot 2 45° Draw AD perpendicular to BC
U [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-MV98HN3] ∆BDA ≅ ∆CDA by RHS ½

am
2 2 BD = CD
Sol. 3 t a n 30° + t a n 60° + c o s ec 30° − t a n 45°
c o t 2 45° ∠BAD = ∠CAD = 30° by CPCT

gr
2 AB 2 a
⎛ 1 ⎞ In ∆BDA, cosec 30° = = =2 ½
3×⎜ + ( 3) 2 + 2 − 1 BD a
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠

le
= 1 BD a 1
( 1) 2 and te cos 60° = = = ½
AB 2 a 2
1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
3× +3+ 2 −1
df
= 3
1 sin 90° 1
Q. 4. Evaluate : +
sp

cos 45° cosec30°

=1+3+2–1=5 1
R [Board Term-1, 2013, Set-FFC]
er

Commonly Made Error

s i n 90° 1 1 1
Sometimes students get confused with the values of + +
ap

 Sol. = 1
trigonometric angles. They substitute wrong values c o s 45° c o s ec 30° 1 2
which leads to the wrong result. 2
ep

1 2 2+ 1
Answering Tip = 2+ = 1
pl

2 2
 Memorize the values of trigonometric angles
am

properly and practice more such problems to not to Q. 5. If sin (36 + q)° = cos (16 + q)°, then find q, where
get confused. (36 + q)° and (16 + q)° are both acute angles.
1
ls

U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–68]

Q. 2. If sin (A + B) = 1 and sin (A – B) = , 0 ≤ A + B =
2 Sol. sin (36 + q)° = cos (16 + q)°
al

90° and A > B, then find A and B. or,cos [90° – (36 + q)°] = cos (16 + q)° 1
@

U [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-O4YP6G7]

Sol. Here, sin (A + B) = 1 = sin 90° or, 90° – 36° – q = 16° + q
or, A + B = 90° ...(i) or, 2q = 90 °– 36° – 16° = 38°
1 38°
sin (A – B) = = sin 30° 1 ∴ q= = 19°. 1
2 2
or, A – B = 30° ...(ii)
Solving eq. (i) and (ii), Q. 6. If 2 sin q = 1, find the value of sec2 q – cosec2 q.
A = 60° and B = 30° 1
R [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–67]
Q. 3. Find cosec 30° and cos 60° geometrically.
U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-FHN8MGD] Sol. Given, 2 sin q = 1
Sol. A
1
or, sin q = = sin 45°
2
∴ q = 45° 1
Now, sec2 q – cosec2 q = sec2 45° – cosec2 45°

( 2) – ( 2)
2 2
=
B C
D
= 0. 1
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 231
Q. 7. If 4 cos q = 11 sin q, find the value of Sol. cos 68° + tan 76° = cos (90° – 22°) + tan (90° – 14°) 1
11 cos θ − 7 sin θ = sin 22° + cot 14°, 1
. U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–50]
11 cos θ + 7 sin θ [ ∵ cos (90° – q) = sin q and tan (90° – q) = cot q ]
Sol. Given : 4 cos q = 11 sin q Q. 11. Find the value of cos 2q, if 2 sin 2q = 3 .
11 U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–25]
or, cos q = sin q
4
Sol. Given, 2 sin 2q = 3
11
11 × s i n θ - 7s i n θ 3
11 c o s θ - 7 s i n θ 4 or, sin 2q = = sin 60° 1
Now, = 11
1 2
11 c o s θ + 7 s i n θ 11 × s i n θ + 7s i n θ
4 or, 2q = 60°
1
⎛ 121 ⎞ Hence, cos 2q = cos 60° = · 1
s i n θ⎜ - 7⎟ 2
⎝ 4 ⎠ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
=
⎛ 121 ⎞
s i n θ⎜ + 7⎟ Q. 12. Find the value of :
⎝ 4 ⎠
sin 30°. cos 60° + cos 30°. sin 60°

am
121 - 28 93 Is it equal to sin 90° or cos 90° ?
= = · 1
121 + 28 149 U [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-ORDAWEZ]

gr
1 Sol. sin 30° cos 60° + cos 30° sin 60°
Q. 8. If tan (A + B) = 3 , tan (A – B) = , 0° < A + B
3 1 1 3 3

le
= × + × 1
< 90°, A > B , then find A and B. 2 2 2 2

A [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–69]

te =
1 3
+
4 4
df
Sol. ∵ tan (A + B) = 3 = tan 60°
Hence, A + B = 60° ...(i) ½ 4
= =1 1
sp

4
1
Again, tan (A – B) = = tan 30° It is equal to sin 90° = 1 but not equal to cos 90° as
er

3
cos 90° = 0.
or, A – B = 30° ...(ii) ½ 6 sin 23° + sec 79° + 3 tan 48°
ap

Adding equations (i) and (ii), Q. 13. Evaluate :

cos ec 11° + 3 cot 42° + 6 cos 67°
2A = 90°
ep

U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–55]

90°
∴ A= = 45° 6 s i n 23° + s ec 79° + 3 t a n 48°
2 Sol.
pl

c o s ec 11° + 3 c o t 42° + 6 c o s 67°

Putting this value of A in equation (i),
am

6 s i n ( 90° - 67° ) + s ec ( 90° - 11° ) + 3 t a n ( 90° - 42° )

B = 60° – A = 60° – 45° = 15° =
c o s ec 11° + 3 c o t 42° + 6 c o s 67°
Hence, A = 45° and B = 15°. 1
ls

1
3 3
Q. 9. If cos (A – B) = and sin (A + B) = , find A 6 c o s 67° + c o s ec 11° + 3 c o t 42°
al

2 2 =
c o s ec 11° + 3 c o t 42° + 6 c o s 67°
@

and B, where (A + B) and (A – B) are acute angles.

= 1. 1
A [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–70]
Q. 14. If 3 sin q – cos q = 0 and 0°< q < 90°, find the
3 value of q. U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–35]
Sol. cos (A – B) = = cos 30°
2
Sol. Here 3 sin q – cos q = 0 and 0° < q < 90°
or, A – B = 30° ...(i) ½
or, 3 sin q = cos q
3 sin θ 1
sin (A + B) = = sin 60° or, = 1
2 cos θ 3
or, A + B = 60° ...(ii) ½ 1
or, tan q =
Adding equations (i) and (ii), 3
2A = 90° ⎡ sin θ⎤
= tan 30° ⎢∵t a n θ = c o s θ ⎥
∴ A = 45° ½ ⎣ ⎦
From eqn. (ii), B = 60° – A = 60° – 45° = 15° ½ ∴ q = 30°. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] cos 45° 1
Q. 15. Evaluate : +
Q. 10. Express cos 68° + tan 76° in terms of the angles sec 30° sec 60°
between 0° and 45°. U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–64] U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–63]
232 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

Sol. In ∆ABC, ∠C = 90° (Angle in a semi-circle)

1
c o s 45° 1 BC 2
1 tan A = = ½
Sol. + = 2 + AC 3
s ec 30° s ec 60° 2 2
3 AC 3
and tan B = = ½
1 3 1
BC 2
6 1
= × + = + 1 2 3
2 2 2 4 2 ∴ × = 1.
tan A.tan B = 1
3 2
6+2
= 1 Q. 17. A, B, C are interior angles of ABC. Prove that cosec
4
⎛ A+ B⎞ C
Q. 16. In the given figure, AOB is a diameter of a circle ⎜ 2 ⎟ = sec
with centre O. Find tan A tan B. ⎝ ⎠ 2
C U [CBSE Comptt. Set I, II, III-2018]

m
Sol. A + B + C = 180°
3c A+B C
2

= 90° – 1
cm

2 2

am
A B
O A+ B⎞ C⎞
cosec ⎛⎜ ⎛
= cosec ⎜ 90° - ⎟ = sec
C
1
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2

gr
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

le
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–52]
te
Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)
df
sp

Q. 1. If in a triangle ABC right angled at B, AB = 6 units In the given ∆PQR, right–angled at Q, QR = 9

and BC = 8 units, then find the value of sin A.cos C cm and PR – PQ = 1 cm. Determine the value of
er

+ cos A.sin C. sin R + cos R.

U [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-O4YP6G7] U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set–FHN8MGD]
ap

Sol. Here, AC2 = (8)2 + (6)2 = 100 P

ep

or, AC = 10 Sol.
C
pl
am

8
41 cm
A
ls

B 40 cm
6
8 6
al

∴ sin A =
, cos A = 1
10 10
@

6 8
and sin C = , cos C = 1 R
10 10
Q 9 cm
PQ2 + QR2 = PR2
∴ sin A cos C + cos A sin C
(By Pythagoras theorem)
8 8 6 6
= × + × or, PQ2 + 92 = PR2
10 10 10 10
or, PQ2 + 81 = (PQ + 1)2
64 36 or, PQ2 + 81 = PQ2 + 1 + 2PQ
= +
100 100 or, PQ = 40
100 PR – PQ = 1 (Given)
= = 1. 1
100 or, PR = 1 + 40
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] or, PR = 41
Q. 2. P 40 9 49
∴ sin R + cos R = + = 3
41 41 41
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

5 cos2 60° + 4 cos 2 30°− tan 2 45°

Q. 3. Evaluate :
sin 2 30° + cos2 60°
R [Board Term-1, 2013, Set–LK–59]
Q R
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 233

5 c o s 2 60° + 4 c o s 2 30° − t a n 2
45° Commonly Made Error
Sol.
s i n 2 30° + c o s 2 60°  Generally conversion from tan to cot is not done and
2 2 the angles are equated and simplified incorrectly.
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
5⎜ ⎟ + 4 ⎜ − ( 1) 2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ Answering Tip
= 2 2
1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞  The candidates should remember to convert the tan
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ to cot before equating the angles.
2 2
4 sin θ − cos θ + 1 ⎞
5
+ 3 -1 Q. 7. If 4 tanq = 3, evaluate ⎛⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 sin θ + cos θ − 1 ⎠
= 4 1
1 1 U [CBSE Delhi/OD Set-2018]
+
4 4
Sol. Given, 4 tanq = 3
5 13 3
+2 13 ⇒ tanq =
= 4 = 4 = 1 4
1 1 2
2 2 3 4
⇒ sinq = and cosq = ½+½

am
Q. 4. If sin 3q = cos (q – 6°), where 3q and q – 6° are both 5 5
acute angles, find the value of q. 3 4
4× - +1

gr
U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–21] ⎛ 4s i n θ − c o s θ + 1⎞ 5 5
∴ ⎜ ⎟ = 1
Sol. According to the question, ⎝ 4s i n θ + c o s θ − 1⎠ 3 4

le
4× + -1
sin 3q = cos (q – 6°) 1 5 5
or, cos (90° – 3q) = cos (q – 6°)
te =
13
1
or, 90° – 3q = q – 6° 1 11
df
or, 4q = 90° + 6° = 96° [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
sp

96°
∴ q= = 24° 1 Commonly Made Error
4
er

 Mostly candidates do not find the values of sine and

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
cosine. Some candidates do the wrong calculation.
ap

Q. 5. Simplify :
sin θ sec (90° − θ ) tan θ tan (90° − θ) Answering Tip
ep

– ·
cos ec (90 ° − θ) cos θ cot (90°− θ) cot θ  Candidates should find the value of sinq and cosq
by using Pythagoras theorem.
pl

U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–66]

Sol.  sec (90° – q) = cosec q, 3
am

Q. 8. If sin (A + 2B) = and cos(A + 4B) = 0, A > B,

tan (90° – q) = cot q, 2
cot (90° – q) = tan q, and A + 4B ≤ 90°, then find A and B.
ls

cosec (90° – q) = sec q 1 C + U [CBSE Compt. Set I, II, III, 2018]

al

Hence,
3
s i n θ s ec ( 90° - θ ) t a n θ t a n ( 90° - θ ) Sol. Given, sin (A + 2B) = ⇒ A + 2B = 60° 1
@

- 2
c o s ec ( 90° - θ) c o s θ c o t ( 90° - θ) cot θ
⇒ cos(A + 4B) = 0, ⇒ A + 4B = 90° 1
s i n θ c o s ec θ t a n θ c o t θ
= - 1 Solving, we get A = 30 and B = 15° ½+½
s ec θ c o s θ t a n θ cot θ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

1 Q. 9. If cos q + sin q = 2 cosθ , show that

s i n θ× ×tan θ
sin θ -1 = 1 – 1 = 0 1 cos q – sin q = 2 sin θ .
= 1
× c o s θt a n θ U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–74]
cos θ
Q. 6. If tan 2A = cot(A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, Sol. Given, cos q + sin q = 2 cos q
find the value of A. or, sin q = cos q( 2 – 1)
C + U [CBSE Delhi/OD Set-2018]
c o s θ ( 2 - 1) ( 2 + 1)
Sol. tan 2A = cot(A – 18°) 1 or, sin q = 1
( 2 + 1)
⇒ 90° – 2A = A – 18° 1
c o s θ ( 2 - 1)
⇒ 3A = 108° 1 or, sin q =
2+ 1
⇒ A = 36°
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] or, ( 2 + 1)sin q = cos q 1
234 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

2 s i n θ + sin q = cos q Sol. A

or,

or, cos q – sin q = 2 s i n θ . Hence proved. 1

cos A sin A x+1
Q. 10. Prove that : + = sin A + cos A. x
1 − tan A 1 − cot A
U [Board Term-1, 2013, FFC ; 2011, Set–74]
cos A sin A
Sol. LHS = + B C
1-t a n A 1-c o t A 5 cm

cos A sin A Let AB = x

= + 1 ∵
⎛sin A⎞ ⎛cos A⎞ AC – AB = 1
1-⎜ ⎟ 1-⎜ s i n A ⎟
⎝cos A⎠ ⎝ ⎠ or, AC = x + 1
2 2 ∵ AC2 = AB2 + BC2
cos A sin A
= + or, (x + 1)2 = x2 + (5)2
cos A−sin A sin A−cos A
or, x2 + 2x + 1 = x2 + 25
cos2 A sin2 A

am
= − 1 or, 2x = 24
c o s A−s in A c o s A−s in A
24
c o s 2 A-s in 2 A or, x= = 12 cm 1

gr
= 2
c o s A-s in A
Hence, AB = 12 cm and AC = 13 cm

le
( c o s A - s i n A) ( c o s A + s i n A)
= te AB 12
( c o s A - s i n A) sin C = =
AC 13
= cos A + sin A
df
BC 5
= sin A + cos A cos C = = 1
AC 13
sp

= RHS Hence proved. 1

Q. 11. In ∆ABC, ∠B = 90°, BC = 5 cm and AC – AB = 1, 12 25
1+
er

Evaluate : 1 + sin C . Now

1+ s i n C
= 13 = 13 = 25 · 1
1 + cos C 1+ c o s C 5 18 18
ap

1+
13 13
U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set-52]
ep

Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)

pl
am

Q. 1. Evaluate : 2 2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2
tan2 30° sin 30° + cos 60° sin2 90° tan2 60° – 2 tan 45° cos2 0° = ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ + 4⎜ + (1)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 2
ls

sin 90° R [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN]

Sol. tan2 30° sin 30° + cos 60° sin2 90° tan2 60° – 2 tan 45° 1
al

– 2 (0)2 + 1
cos2 0° sin 90° 24
@

2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
( 3)
2 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 4 1 1
× + × (1) ×
2
= ⎜ − 2 × 1 × 12 × 1
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 2 2
= ⎜ ⎟+ +
4 ⎝ 2⎠ 3 2
+
24
1

1 1 1 1 4 1 1
= × + × 1 × 3 – 2 × 1 × 1 × 1. = + + +
3 2 2 8 3 2 24
1 3 1 + 9 - 12 3+ 32 + 12 + 1
= + -2 = = 1
6 2 6 24
2 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 4 48
= - =- = = 2. 1
6 3 24
1
Q. 2. Evaluate : sin2 30° cos2 45° + 4 tan2 30° +
2
sin2 90°
(
Q. 3. Evaluate : 4 sin 4 30° + cos 4 60° )
– 2 cos2 90° +
1
R [Board Term-1, 2013, LK–59] (
– 3 cos2 45° − sin 2 90° )
24
1 R [Board Term-1, 2013, Set–FFC]
Sol. sin2 30° cos2 45° + 4 tan2 30° + sin2 90°
2
2 1 (
Sol. 4 s i n 4 30° + c o s 4 60° ) – 3 (c o s 2
45° - s i n 2 90° )
– 2 cos 90° +
24
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 235
cos 65° tan 20°
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 4 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 4 ⎤ ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 ⎤ Q. 6. Evaluate : − – sin 90° + tan 5°
= 4 ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ – 3 ⎢⎜ - (1) ⎥ 1
2 sin 25° cot 70°
⎟
⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ tan 35°tan 60°tan 55°tan 85°.
⎡1 1⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–50]
= 4 ⎢ + ⎥ – 3 ⎢ - 1⎥ 1
⎣ 16 16 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦
c o s 65° c o s 65°
2 1 Sol. =
= 4× −3×− s i n 25° s i n ( 90° - 65°)
16 2
c o s 65°
1 3 = = 1, 1
= + 1 c o s 65°
2 2
4 t a n 20° t a n ( 90° - 70°)
= = 2. 1 =
2 c o t 70° c o t 70°

Q. 4. If 3 cot2 q – 4cot q + 3 = 0, then find the value c o t 70°

= =1 1
2
of cot q + tan q. 2 U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–48] c o t 70°
Sol. Let cot q = x, and sin 90° = 1

am
then 2
3 cot q – 4 cot q + 3 = 0 becomes tan 5°tan 35°tan 60°tan 55°tan 85°
= tan (90° – 85°) tan (90° – 55°)
2

gr
3 x – 4x + 3 = 0 1 tan 55°tan 60°tan 85°. 1
2
or, 3 x – 3x – x + 3 =0

le
= cot 85°tan 85°cot 55°tan 55° . 3
or, (x – 3 )( 3 x – 1) = 0 te = 1×1× 3 = 3
1
∴ x = 3 or 1 ∴ Given expression = 1 – 1 – 1 + 3
df
3
1 = 3 – 1. 1
sp

or, cot q = 3 or cot q = [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

3
Q. 7. Prove that :
er

∴ q = 30° or q = 60°
If q = 30°, then tan θ cot θ
ap

+ = 1 + tan q +cot q.
2 1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ
⎛ 1 ⎞
cot2 30° + tan2 30° = ( 3 ) 2 + ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
ep

U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set-48]

1 10 tan θ cot θ
=3+ = 1
pl

3 3 Sol. LHS = +
1-cot θ 1-tan θ
am

2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
If q = 60°, then cot2 60° + tan2 60° = ⎜ + ( 3) 2
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ tan θ tan θ ⎛ 1 ⎞
ls

= + ⎜∵t a n θ = c o t θ ⎟
1 10 1 1 - t a n θ ⎝ ⎠
= +3= . 1 1-
al

3 3 tan θ
@

Q. 5. Evaluate the following : tan 2θ 1

2 2 2 = + 1½
2 cos 60°+ 3 sec 30° − 2 tan 45° t a n θ − 1 ( 1 − t a n θ) t a n θ
·
2 2
sin 30 °+ cos 45°
ta n 2θ 1
R [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–43] = −
t a n θ − 1 (t a n θ − 1) t a n θ
2 c o s 2 60°+ 3 s ec 2 30° − 2 t a n 2 45°
Sol.
s i n 2 30° + c o s 2 45° tan 3 θ -1
= [ a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + b2 + ab)] 1
2 2 ( t a n θ - 1) t a n θ
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2
2⎜ ⎟ + 3⎜ ⎟ - 2( 1)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ( t a n θ - 1) ( t a n 2 θ + t a n θ + 1) t a n 2 θ + t a n θ + 1
= 2 2
2 = = 1
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ( t a n θ - 1) ( t a n θ) tan θ
⎜2⎟ ⎜+ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ = tan q + 1 + cot q
2
+ 4-2 = RHS. Hence proved. ½
= 4 1
1 1 Commonly Made Error
+
4 2
 Sometimes students don't apply this formula :
10 a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab). They directly simplify
= · 1
3 equation which leads to incorrect result.
236 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

Q. 8. In an acute angled triangle ABC, if sin (A + B – C) Adding eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 2B = 75°
= and cos (B + C – A ) = , find ∠A, ∠B
2 2 or, B = 37.5°
Now subtracting eqn. (ii) from eqn. (i),
and ∠C. A [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–39]
2(A – C) = + 15°
Sol. We have
or, A – C = 7.5° ...(iii)
1
sin (A + B – C ) = = sin 30°  A + B + C = 180° 1
2
or, A + C = 142.5° ...(iv)
or, A + B – C = 30° ...(i) 1 Adding eqns. (iii) and (iv),
1 2A = 150°
and cos ( B + C – A )= = cos 45°
2 or, A = 75°
or, B + C – A = 45° ...(ii) 1 and C = 67.5°
Hence, ∠A = 75°, ∠B = 37.5° and ∠C = 67.5° 1

TOPIC-2

am
Trigonometric Identities

gr
le
Revision Notes te
 An equation is called an identity if it is true for all values of the variable(s) involved. A
 An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a trigonometric
df
identity if it is true for all values of the angle.
sp

In ∆ ABC, right-angled at B, By Pythagoras Theorem,

AB2 + BC2 = AC2
er

...(i)
2
Dividing each term of (i) by AC ,
ap

AB2 BC 2 AC 2
+ =
ep

AC 2 AC 2 AC 2 C B
pl

2 2 2
⎛ AB ⎞ ⎛ BC ⎞ ⎛ AC ⎞
or ⎜⎝ ⎟ + ⎜⎝ ⎟ = ⎜
⎝ AC ⎟⎠
AC ⎠ AC ⎠
am

or (cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1

ls

or cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 ...(ii)

al

This is true for all values of A such that 0° ≤ A ≤ 90°. So, this is a trigonometric identity. Now divide eqn.(1) by AB2.
@

AB2 BC 2 AC 2
2
+ 2
=
AB AB AB2
2 2 2
⎛ AB ⎞ ⎛ BC ⎞ ⎛ AC ⎞
or ⎜⎝ ⎟ + ⎜⎝ ⎟ = ⎜
⎝ AB ⎠⎟
AB ⎠ AB ⎠

or 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A ...(iii)

Is this equation true for A = 0°? Yes, it is. What about A = 90°? Well, tan A and sec A are not defined for A = 90°.
So, eqn. (iii) is true for all values of A such that 0° ≤ A < 90°.
dividing eqn. (i) by BC2.
AB2 BC 2 AC 2
+ =
BC 2 BC 2 BC 2
2 2 2
⎛ AB ⎞ ⎛ BC ⎞ ⎛ AC ⎞
or ⎜⎝ ⎟ + ⎜⎝ ⎟ = ⎜
⎝ BC ⎟⎠
BC ⎠ BC ⎠

or cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A ...(iv)

INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 237
Note that cosec A and cot A are not defined for all A = 0°. Therefore eqn. (iv) is true for all value of A such that
0° < A ≤ 90°.
Using these identities, we can express each trigonometric ratio in terms of other trigonometric ratios, i.e., if any
one of the ratios is known, we can also determine the values of other trigonometric ratios.

Know the Formulae

 (i) sin2A + cos2A = 1 (ii) 1+ tan2A = sec2A
(iii) 1 + cot2A = cosec2A

N B O ARD ?
How it is done on G R E E

am
1 1 + sin θ sec θ + tan θ
[(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]

gr
Q. Prove that. =
sec θ - tan θ‚ = cos θ‚ sec2 θ − tan2 θ

le
1 = sec q + tan q [sec2 q – tan2 q = 1]
Sol. : Step I : L.H.S. =
sec θ − tan θ te
1 sin θ
= +
Multiplying with sec q + tan q cos θ cos θ
df
1 sec θ + tan θ 1 + sin θ
L.H.S. = × = = R.H.S.
sec θ − tan θ sec θ + tan θ cos θ
sp
er

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

ap
ep

[A] Multiple Choice Questions : 1+ 2s i n qc o s q - 1

=
Q. 1. 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A = s i n qc o s q
pl

(a) 1 (b) 9
2s i n θc o s θ
(c) 8 (d) 0 = =2
am

s i n θc o s θ
A [NCERT Exemp.]
Sol. Correct option : (b) Q. 3. (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) =
ls

Explanation : (a) sec A (b) sin A

al

2 2
9 s ec 2 A − 9 t a n 2 A = 9( s ec A − t a n A ) (c) cosec A (d) cos A
= 9 (1) [ sec2 A – tan2A = 1]
@

A [NCERT Exemp.]
=9
Q. 2. (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ – cosec θ) = Sol. Correct option : (d)
Explanation :
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) −1 ⎛ 1 s i n A⎞
( s ec A + t a n A ) ( 1 − s i n A ) = ⎜ + ( 1 − s i n A)
A [NCERT Exemp.] ⎝ c o s A c o s A ⎟⎠
Sol. Correct option : (c) ⎛1+ s i n A⎞
=⎜ ( 1 − s i n A)
Explanation : ( 1 + t a n θ + s ec θ) ( 1 + c o t θ − c o s ec θ) ⎝ c o s A ⎠⎟
⎛ sin θ 1 ⎞⎛ cos θ 1 ⎞ ⎛1− s i n 2 A⎞ c o s 2 A
= ⎜1 + + 1+ − =⎜ =
⎝ c o s θ c o s θ ⎠⎟ ⎝⎜ s i n θ s i n θ ⎠⎟ ⎝ c o s A ⎟⎠ c o s A

⎛ c o s θ+ s i n θ+ 1 ⎞ ⎛ s i n θ+ c o s θ − 1 ⎞ =cos A
=⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
⎝ cosθ sinθ [B] Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1 + tan 2 A
( s i n θ + c o s θ) 2 − ( 1) 2 Q. 1. Evaluate : =
= 1 + cot 2 A
s i n θc o s θ
1+ t a n 2 A 2
s i n 2θ+ c o s 2θ+ 2s i n θc o s θ − 1 Sol. = 1+ t a n A
= 2
1+ c o t A 1
s i n θc o s θ 1+
tan2A
238 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

t a n 2 A( 1 + t a n 2 A ) or, k+1=1 ½
=
( t a n 2 A + 1) or, k=1–1 ½
∴ k = 0. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
= tan2A
1
2
Q. 2. If k + 1 = sec q (1 + sin q) (1 – sin q), then find the Q. 3. Write the value of cot2 q – U [SQP-2018]
sin 2 q
value of k. C + U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-JJOQ]
Sol. k + 1 = sec2q (1 + sin q) (1 – sin q) 1
Sol. cot2q – = cot2q – cosec2q
or, 2
k + 1 = sec q (1 – sin q) 2 sin 2q
or, k + 1 = sec2q.cos2 q [∵ sin2 q + cos2 q = 1] = –1
1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
or, k + 1 = sec2 q ×
s ec 2 θ

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

am
Q. 1. Express the trigonometric ratio of sec A and tan A
s i n A s i n ( 90° - A )

gr
in terms of sin A.
Sol. LHS = –1 +
U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-FHN8MGD] c o t ( 90° - A )

le
1 1 te [∵ sin (90° – q) = cos q]
Sol. sec A = = 1 [∵ cot (90° – q) = tan q]
cos A 1-s i n 2 A
s i n Ac o s A
df
=–1+ ½
sin A sin A tan A
and tan A = = 1
sp

cos A 1-s i n 2 A = – 1 + sin A cos A × cot A ½

cos q
er

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] [∵ cot q = ]

sin q
ap

Q. 2. Prove that :
cos A
(sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ) = – 1 + sin A cos A × ½
=1 sin A
ep

1 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
[∵ sin2 q + cos2 q = 1]
A [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN
pl

= – 1 + cos A = – (1 – cos2 A)
2
½
= – sin2 A = RHS Hence proved.
am

Sol. ( s i n 4 θ + c o s 4 θ) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

LHS =
1 - 2 s i n 2 θc o s 2 θ
1 − cos A
Q. 4. Prove that : = cosec A – cot A
ls

( s i n 2 θ) 2 + ( c o s 2 θ) 2 1 + cos A
=
al

1 - 2 s i n 2 θc o s 2 θ U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–74]

@

2 2 2
( s i n θ + c o s θ) - 2 s i n θ c o s θ 2 2 1-c o s A 1-c o s A 1-c o s A
= Sol. LHS = = × 1
2
1 - 2 s i n θc o s θ 2 1+ c o s A 1+c o s A 1-c o s A

1 - 2 s i n 2 θc o s 2 θ ( 1 - c o s A) 2 ( 1 - c o s A) 2
= = 1 = RHS 2 = 2
=
1 - 2 s i n 2 θc o s 2 θ ( 1 - c o s A) sin2A

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1-c o s A 1 cos A

= = -
sin A sin A sin A
Commonly Made Error
= cosec A – cot A = RHS Hence proved. 1
 Common errors are found in simplification. 1
Q. 5. If sin q – cos q = , then find the value of sin q
2
Answering Tip
+ cos q. U [Board Term-1, 2013, Set-FFC]
 Follow step by step simplification to avoid errors.
1
Sol. ∵ sin q – cos q =
sin A sin (90° - A) 2
Q. 3. Prove that : –1 + = – sin2A
cot (90° - A) On squaring both sides,
2
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–62] ⎛ 1⎞
(sin q – cos q)2 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 239
1 5 1
or, sin2 q + cos2 q – 2sin qcos q = or, sin q = [ ∵ cosec q = ] 1
4 7 sin θ
1 sin q + cos2 q – 1 = sin q – (1 – cos2 q)
or, 1 – 2sin q cos q =
4 = sin q – sin2 q
(∵ sin2 q + cos2 q = 1)
1 3
or, 2sin q cos q = 1 – = 1 5 ⎛ 5⎞ 35 - 25
2
10
4 4 = – ⎜ ⎟ = = 1
7 ⎝ 7⎠ 49 49
Again, (sin q + cos q)2 = sin2 q + cos2 q
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
+ 2sin q cos q
= 1 + 2sin qcos q 3
Q. 7. If sin A = , then find the value of 2cot2 A – 1.
3 7 2
= 1+ =
4 4 U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–21]
7 7 Sol. 2cot2A – 1 = 2(cosec2 A – 1) – 1 1
∴ sin q + cos q = = 1 (∵ cot2 q = – 1 + cosec2 q)
4 2
2

am
Q. 6. If q be an acute angle and 5cosec q = 7, then = –3
sin2A
evaluate sin q + cos2 q – 1.
2
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–43] = –3

gr
2
⎛ 3⎞
Sol. Given, 5 cosec q = 7 ⎜ 2 ⎟

le
7 ⎝ ⎠
or, cosec q =
5 te
∴ 2cot2 A – 1 = 8 - 3 = -1 1
3 3
df

Short Answer Type Questions-II

sp

(3 marks each)
er

Q. 1. Prove that :
b a
ap

cos A sin A cosec q = , cot q =

− = cos A – sin A 2
b -a 2
b - a2
2
1 + tan A 1 + cot A
ep

U [Board Term-1, 2016, Set-MV98HN3] b+a b+a

cosec q + cot q = = 3
Sol. Try yourself, Similar to Q. No. 10 in SATQ-II in 2
b -a 2 b-a
pl

Topic-1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
am

Commonly Made Error 1 − cos θ

 Sometimes students work with both sides together. Q. 3. Prove that : (cot q – cosec q)2 =
1 + cos θ
ls

Answering Tip U [Board Term-1, 2015 Set JTOQ, 2015]

al

 Do simplify only one side at a time. Sol. LHS = (cot q – cosec q)2
@

2
Q. 2. If bcos q = a, then prove that cosec q + cot q ⎛cos θ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ - ⎟
b+a ⎝ s i n θ s i n θ⎠
= . U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN]
b−a 2
⎛ c o s θ-1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
Sol. A ⎝ sin θ ⎠
( 1 - c o s θ) 2
= (∵ sin2 q + cos2 q = 1)
bk
b2 – a2 k
sin 2θ
( 1 - c o s θ) 2
=
B ( 1 - c o s 2 θ)
ak C
a ( 1 - c o s θ) ( 1 - c o s θ)
Given, cos q = =
b ( 1 - c o s θ) ( 1 + c o s θ)
AC2 = AB2 – BC2 1-c o s θ
=
AC = b 2 − a 2 k 1+c o s θ
= RHS Hence proved. 3
240 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

Answering Tip Now, L.H.S.

1 1
 Adequate practice of identities is necessary to avoid = +
errors in simplification. c o s ec A − c o t A c o s ec A + c o t A
Q. 4. Show that : c o s ec A + c o t A + c o s ec A − c o t A
= 1
2 2 2
cosec q – tan (90° – q) = sin q + sin (90° – q) 2 ( c o s ec A − c o t A ) ( c o s ec A + c o t A )
U [Board Term-1, 2013, LK–59] 2c o s ec A
=
Sol. LHS = cosec2 q – tan2 (90° – q) c o s ec 2 A − c o t 2 A
1 s i n 2 ( 90° - θ) 2
= – s i n A = 2 = R.H.S.
sin θ2
c o s 2 ( 90° - θ) = Hence Proved. 1
1 sin A
1 c o s 2θ 1
= – 1 Q. 7. If sec q = x + , prove that sec q + tan q = 2x or
sin θ2
s i n 2θ 4x

1-c o s 2θ
1
. A [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–55]
= 2 2x

am
sin θ
1
sin2 θ Sol. sec q = x +
4x
= 1

gr
sin2 θ 2 1 1
sec2 q = x + + 2· x

le
=1 16 x 2 4x
= sin2 q + cos2 q te 1 1
2
= sin2 q + sin2 (90° – q) 1 + tan2q = x + +
16 x 2 2
= RHS 1
df
2 1 1
Q. 5. Prove that : tan2q = x + + −1
16 x 2
sp

2
cosec 2 θ cosec 2 θ
− = 2 sec 2 θ 2 1 1
cosec θ − 1 cosec θ + 1 tan2q = x + −
er

2
16 x 2
U [Board Term-1, 2013, FFC]
ap

2 1 1
c o s ec 2 θ c o s ec 2 θ tan2q = x + − 2· x·
Sol. – 16 x 2 4x
ep

c o s ec θ - 1 c o s ec θ + 1 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
tan2q = ⎜ x − 1
c o s ec q [ c o s ec q + 1 - c o s ec q + 1] 4 x ⎟⎠
2
⎝
pl

=
c o s ec 2 q - 1
Taking square root of both sides
am

2c o s ec 2 q ⎛ 1⎞
= tan q = ± ⎜ x − ⎟
c o t 2q ⎝ 4x ⎠
ls

1
al

2 s i n 2q If tan q = x −
= × 4x
s i n q c o s 2q
2
@

1
= 2 sec2q = RHS 1 Given, sec q = x +
4x
Q. 6. Prove that :
Now, tan q + sec q = 2x
1 1 1 1
− = − . ⎛ 1⎞ 1
cosec A − cot A sin A sin A cosec A + cot A If tan q = − ⎜ x − ⎟ = − x + 1
⎝ 4x ⎠ 4x
U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–66]
1
1 1 Given, sec q = x +
Sol. – 4x
c o s ec A - c o t A sin A
1 1 1
Now, sec q + tan q = + = 1
1 1 4 x 4 x 2x
= −
s i n A c o s ec A + c o t A Hence Proved.
Re-arranging above equation, sin θ - cos θ sin θ + cos θ
Q. 8. Prove that : +
1 1 sin θ + cos θ sin θ - cos θ
Þ +
c o s ec A − c o t A c o s ec A + c o t A 2
= · U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–39]
2 sin 2 θ − 1
2
= 1 s in θ-c o s θ s in θ+c o s θ
sin A Sol. LHS = +
s in θ+c o s θ s in θ-c o s θ
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 241

( s i n θ - c o s θ) 2 + ( s i n θ + c o s θ) 2 c o s 3θ + s i n 3 θ c o s 3 θ - s i n 3 θ
= 2 2
Sol. LHS = +
s in θ-c o s θ c o s θ+s in θ c o s θ-s in θ
( s i n θ + c o s θ) - 2 s i n θ c o s θ + ( s i n 2 θ + c o s 2 θ) + 2 s i n θ c o s θ
2 2
( c o s θ + s i n θ) ( c o s 2 θ + s i n 2 θ - s i n θ c o s θ)
= =
s i n 2 θ - ( 1 - s i n 2 θ) 1 ( c o s θ + s i n θ)
1+1
= 1 ( c o s θ - s i n θ) ( c o s 2 θ + s i n 2 θ + s i n θ c o s θ)
s i n 2 θ-1+ s i n 2 θ + 1
( c o s θ - s i n θ)
2
= = RHS 1 = (1 – sin q cos q) + (1 + sin q cos q) 1
2s i n 2 θ - 1
= 2 – sin q cos q + sin q cos q 1
Hence proved.
3 3
Q. 9. If x sin q + y cos q = sin q cos q and x sin q = y cos = 2 = RHS Hence proved.
q, prove that x2 + y2 = 1. Q. 11. Evaluate the following :
A [Board Term-1, 2011, Set-44]
sec 2 (90 ° − θ )− cot 2 θ 2 cos2 60° tan 2 28° tan 2 62°
Sol. Given : x sin q = y cos q –
2 2
2(sin 25° + sin 65°) 3(sec 2 43° − cot 2 47°)

am
yc o s θ
or, x = ...(i) 1 U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–60]
sin θ

gr
and x sin3 q + y cos3 q = sin q cos q ...(ii)
s ec 2 ( 90° - θ ) - c o t 2 θ 2c o s 2 60° t a n 2 28° t a n 2 62°
Substituting x from eqn. (i) in eqn. (ii), Sol. 2 2
–
3( s ec 2 43° - c o t 2 47° )

le
2( s i n 25° + s i n 65° )
yc o s θ
sin3 q + y cos3 q = sin q cos q te
sin θ ( c o s ec 2
θ - c o t 2θ)
2 3 =
or, y cos q sin q + y cos q = sin q cos q 2( s i n 25° + c o s 2 25° )
2
df
or, y cos q[sin2 q + cos2 q] = sin q cos q
sp

or, y cos q × 1 = sin q cos q 1 1

2× × t a n 2 28° × c o t 2 28°
or, y = sin q ...(iii) 1 – 2 2 1
er

3[ s ec 2 43° - t a n 2 43° ]
Substituting this value of y in eqn. (i),
ap

x = cos q ...(iv) 1 1
× t a n 2 28° ×
∴ Squaring and adding eqn. (iii) and eqn. (iv), we get 1 2 t a n 2
28°
= – 1
2× ( 1)
ep

x2 + y2 = cos2 q + sin2 q = 1 1 3
Hence proved. 1 1 1
= - = 1
pl

3 3
c o s θ + sin θ cos θ - sin θ 3 3 2 6 3
Q. 10. Prove that + = 2.
am

cos θ + sin θ cos θ - sin θ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]

U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set-40]
ls

2
sec 41° sin 49° + cos 29° cos ec 61° - (tan 20° tan 60° tan 70°)
al

Q. 12. Evaluate : 3 · U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–25]

3(sin 2 31° + sin 2 59°)
@

2
s ec 41° s i n 49° + c o s 29° c o s ec 61° - ( t a n 20° t a n 60° t a n 70°)
Sol. 3
3( s i n 2 31° + s i n 2 59°)
2
s ec ( 90° - 49° ) s i n 49° + c o s 29° c o s ec ( 90° - 29° ) - [ t a n 20° 3 t a n ( 90° - 20° ) ]
= 3 1
3[ s i n 2 31° + s i n 2 ( 90° - 31° ) ]
2
c o s ec 49° s i n 49° + c o s 29° s ec 29° - [ t a n 20° 3 c o t 20°]
= 3 1
2
3( s i n 31° + c o s 2 31°)
1+1-2 2-2
= = =0 1
3 3

cos2 ( 45° + θ) + cos2 ( 45° - θ) c o s 2 ( 45° + θ) + c o s 2 ( 45° - θ)

Q. 13. Evaluate : Sol. + cosec (75° + q)
tan (60° + θ) tan (30° - θ ) t a n ( 60° + θ) t a n ( 30° - θ )
+ cosec (75° + q) – sec (15° – q) – sec (15° – q)
U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–40]
242 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

( 2)
2
c o s 2 ( 45° + θ) + s i n 2 ( 90° - 45° + θ ) (sin q + cos q)2 =
=
t a n ( 60° + θ) c o t ( 90° - 30° + θ )
sin2q + cos2q + 2 sinq cosq = 2
+ cosec (75° + q) – cosec (90° – 15° + q) 1 Þ 1 + 2 sin q cos q = 2
c o s 2 ( 45° + θ) + s i n 2 ( 45° + θ) Þ 2 sin q cos q = 2 – 1 = 1
= + cosec (75° + q)
t a n ( 60° + θ) c o t ( 60° + θ) 1
Þ =2 ...(i) 1
s i n θc o s θ
– cosec (75° + q) 1
1 sin θ cos θ
= +0=1 1 Now, tan q + cot q = +
1 cos θ sin θ
Q. 14. Express : sin A, tan A and cosec A in terms of s in 2θ+c os 2θ 1
= ...(ii) 1
sec A. A [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–25] c o s θs i n θ c o s θs i n θ
Sol. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
From (i) and (ii) we get
(i) sin A = 1-c o s A 2 tan q + cot q = 2 1
2
1 2 cos q - 1

am
Q. 18. Prove that cot q – tan q =
= 1- 2 sin q cos q
s ec A
U [SQP-2018]

gr
s ec 2 A - 1 s ec 2 A - 1
= = 1 Sol. LHS = cot q – tan q 1
s ec 2 A s ec A

le
cos θ sin θ
(ii) tan2 A = sec2 A – 1 = − ½
or, tan A = s ec 2 A - 1 1
te sin θ cos θ
c o s 2q-s in 2q
df
= 1
1 s ec A sin qcos q
(iii) cosec A = = 1
sp

sin A
s ec 2 A - 1 c o s 2 q -1+ c o s 2 q
Q. 15. Find the value of the following without using = ½
sin qcos q
er

trigonometric tables :
2c o s 2 q -1
ap

cos 50° 4(cosec 2 59° - tan 2 31° ) = = RHS

+ sin qcos q
2 sin 40° 3 tan 2 45°
ep

2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

– tan 12° tan 78°. sin 90°. Q. 19. Prove that sinq (1 + tanq) + cosq (1 + cotq) = secq
3
pl

cosecq U [SQP-2018]
U [Board Term-1, 2011, Set–21]
am

Sol. Try yourself, Similar to Q. No. 12 in SATQ-II. Sol. LHS = sinq (1 + tanq) + cosq (1 + cotq) 1
Q. 16. Evaluate : ⎛ sin θ⎞ ⎛ cos θ⎞
= s i n θ ⎜1 + + c o s θ ⎜1 +
c o s θ ⎟⎠ s i n θ ⎟⎠
ls

cosec 2 63° + tan 2 24° ⎝ ⎝

al

cot 2 66° + sec 2 27°

⎛cos θ + sin θ ⎞ ⎛sin θ + cos θ ⎞
= s i n θ⎜ ⎟+ cos θ⎜ ⎟1
@

sin 2 63° + cos 63°·sin 27° + sin 27° sec 63° ⎝ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ sin θ ⎠
+
2(cosec 2 65° − tan 2 25°)
⎛sin 2θ + cos 2θ ⎞
= (cosq + sinq) ⎜
A [Sample Question Paper 2017-18] ⎜ c o s θ s i n θ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
Sol. Try yourself, Similar to Q. No. 12 in SATQ-II.
2 , the evaluate tan q + cot q. cos θ+sin θ
Q. 17. If sin q + cos q = = = cosecq + secq = RHS 1
c o s θs in θ
A [Sample Question Paper 2017-18]
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Sol. Given, sin q + cos q = 2
On squaring both the sides, we get

Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)

Q. 1. Prove that b2x2 – a2y2 = a2b2, if : x2 y2

Sol. (i) 2
= sec2 q, = tan2q
(i) x = a sec q, y = b tan q, or a b2
(ii) x = a cosec q, y = b cot q. x2 y2
or, 2
- = sec2 q – tan2 q = 1.
U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN] a b2
∴ b2x2 – a2y2 = a2b2 2
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 243

x2 y2 s ec θ - 1 s ec θ + 1
(ii) 2
= cosec2 q, = cot2 q Sol. LHS = +
a b2 s ec θ + 1 s ec θ - 1
x2 y2
or, - = cosec2 q – cot2q = 1 ( s ec θ - 1) + ( s ec θ + 1)
a2 b2 = 1
( s ec θ + 1) ( s ec θ - 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
∴ b x –a y =a b 2
2 s ec θ 2 s ec θ 2 s ec θ
Q. 2. If cosec q – cot q = 2 cot q, then prove that cosec = = = 1
s ec 2 θ - 1 tan 2θ tan θ
q + cot q = 2 cosec q.
(∵ tan2 q = sec2 q – 1)
U [Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN]
1 cos θ
=2× ×
Sol. Given, cosec q – cot q = 2 cot q cos θ sin θ
Squaring both the sides,
1
cosec2q + cot2q – 2cosec q cot q = 2cot2q =2× 1
sin θ
2 2
or, cosec q – cot q = 2cosec q cot q 1
= 2 cosec q

am
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
= RHS. 1
or, (cosec q + cot q)(cosec q – cot q) = 2cosec q cot q
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

gr
1
Given : (cosec q – cot q = 2 cot q) tan θ + sin θ sec θ + 1
Q. 5. Prove that : = .

le
tan θ − sin θ sec θ − 1
2c o s ec θ c o t θ
or, cosec q + cot q =
2cot θ
1 te U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–21]

LHS = t a n θ + s i n θ
df
cosec q + cot q = 2 cosec q 1 Sol.
Hence Proved. t a n θ-s in θ
sp

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] sin θ

+sin θ
cos θ
er

Q. 3. Prove that : = 1½
sec θ co sec θ − 1 sin θ
cot 3 θ. sin 3 θ tan 3 θ.cos3 θ -s in θ
ap

+ = cos θ
(cos θ + sin θ) 2
(cos θ + sin θ)2 cosec θ + sec θ
⎛ 1 ⎞
s i n θ⎜ +
ep

U [Set-FHN8MGD, 2015]
1⎟
= ⎝cos θ
⎠ 1½
c o t 3 θs i n 3 θ t a n 3 θc o s 3 θ ⎛ 1 ⎞
pl

Sol. LHS = + sin θ⎜ - 1⎟

( c o s θ + s i n θ) 2 ( c o s θ + s i n θ) 2 ⎝cos θ ⎠
am

c o s 3θ 3 s i n 3θ s ec θ + 1
3
× s i n θ ×c o s 3θ = = RHS. Hence proved. 1
c o s 3θ
ls

= sin θ + s ec θ - 1
1
( c o s θ + s i n θ) 2 ( c o s θ + s i n θ) 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
al

cos 3θ sin 3θ
@

cosec A cosec A
= 2
+ 1 Q. 6. Prove that : + = 2 sec2 A.
( c o s θ + s i n θ) ( c o s θ + s i n θ) 2 cosec A - 1 cosec A + 1
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set-62]
( c o s θ + s i n θ) ( c o s 2 θ + s i n 2 θ - s i n θ c o s θ)
= 2 1 Sol. Try yourself, Similar to Q. No. 5 in SATQ-II.
( c o s θ + s i n θ)
Q. 7. If cosec q + cot q = p, then prove that
1 - s i n θc o s θ
= p2 - 1
c o s θ+s in θ cos q = . U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–39]
p2 + 1
c o s ec θ s ec θ − 1 [Board Term-1, 2016, Set–MV98HN3]
= 1
c o s ec θ + s ec θ
(Divide numerator and denominator by sin q cos q) p2 - 1
Sol. RHS =
= RHS. Hence proved. p2 + 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
( c o s ec θ + c o t θ) 2 - 1
= 1
sec θ - 1 sec θ + 1 = 2cosec q. ( c o s ec θ + c o t θ) 2 + 1
Q. 4. Prove that : +
sec θ + 1 sec θ - 1 c o s ec 2 θ + c o t 2 θ + 2 c o s ec θ c o t θ − 1
= 1
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–39] c o s ec 2 θ + c o t 2 θ + 2 c o s ec θ c o t θ + 1
244 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

Q. 11. If x = r sin A cos C, y = r sin A sin C and z = r cos A,

1 + c o t 2 θ + c o t 2 θ + 2 c o s ec θ c o t θ − 1 then prove that x2 + y2 + z2 = r2.
= 1
c o s ec 2 θ + c o s ec 2 θ − 1 + 2 c o s ec θ c o t θ + 1 A [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–50]
Sol. Since, x2 = r2sin2A cos2C
2 c o t θ ( c o t θ + c o s ec θ) y2 = r2sin2A sin2C
=
2 c o s ec θ ( c o s ec θ + c o t θ) and z2 = r2cos2A 1
cos θ L.H.S. = x2 + y2 + z2
= × sin q = cos q = LHS. 1 = r2sin2Acos2 C + r2sin2 A
sin θ
sin2 C + r2cos2 A 1
Hence proved. = r sin A(cos C + sin2 C) + r2cos2 A
2 2 2

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] = r2sin2 A + r2cos2 A 1

Q. 8. If a cos q + b sin q = m and a sin q – b cos q = n, = r2(sin2 A + cos2 A)
prove that m2 + n2 = a2 + b2 = r2. 1
= R.H.S. Hence proved.
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–58]
Sol. Given, 1 + sin θ 1 - sin θ
Q. 12. Prove that : + = 2sec q.
m2 = a2cos2 q + 2ab sin q cos q + b2sin2 q ...(i) 1 1 - sin θ 1 + sin θ

am
and U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set-40]
n2 = a2sin2 q – 2ab sin q cos q + b2cos2 q ...(ii) 1 1+ s i n θ 1-s i n θ
Sol. L.H.S = +
Adding equations (i) and (ii), 1 1- s i n θ 1+ s i n θ

gr
m2 + n2 = a2(cos2 q + sin2 q) + b2(cos2 q + sin2 q)
( 1 + s i n θ) ( 1 + s i n θ) ( 1 - s i n θ) ( 1 - s i n θ)

le
= a2 (1) + b2 (1) = × + × 1
= a2 + b2 = RHS. Hence proved. 1 ( 1 - s i n θ) ( 1 + s i n θ) ( 1 + s i n θ) ( 1 - s i n θ)
Q. 9. Prove that :
te( 1 + s i n θ) 2 ( 1 - s i n θ) 2
= + 1
1- s i n θ2
1- s i n 2 θ
df
cos2 θ sin 3 θ
+ = 1 + sin q cos q.
1 - tan θ sin θ - cos θ ( 1 + s i n θ) 2 ( 1 - s i n θ) 2
sp

= + 1
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–50] cos θ 2
cos 2θ
er

1+ s i n θ 1-s i n θ
cos 2θ s i n 3θ = +
Sol. L.H.S = + cos θ cos θ
ap

1- t a n θ s i n θ -c o s θ
1+ s i n θ+1−s i n θ
cos 2θ s i n 3θ =
cos θ
ep

= + 1
s in θ s in θ-c o s θ
1- 2
cos θ =
pl

cos θ
c o s 3θ s i n 3θ = 2 sec q = R.H.S. Hence proved. 1
am

= − 1
c o s θ−s i n θ c o s θ− s i n θ Q. 13. Prove that :
c o s 3θ-s i n 3θ (1 – sin q + cos q)2 = 2(1 + cos q) (1 – sin q).
ls

= 1 U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set-62]

c o s θ- s i n θ
Sol. L.H.S = (1 – sin q + cos q)2
al

( c o s θ - s i n θ) ( c o s 2 θ + s i n 2 θ + s i n θ c o s θ) = 1 + sin2 q + cos2 q – 2sin q –2sin q cos q + 2cos q

=
@

( c o s θ - s i n θ) = 1 + 1 – 2sin q – 2sin q cos q + 2cos q 1

= 2 + 2cos q – 2sin q – 2sin q cos q 1
= 1 + sin q cos q = R.H.S. Hence proved. 1
= 2(1 + cos q) – 2sin q(1 + cos q)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
= (1 + cos q)(2 – 2sin q) 1
Q. 10. If cos q + sin q = p and sec q + cosec q = q, prove = 2(1 + cos q)(1 – sin q) = R.H.S. 1
that q(p2 – 1) = 2p. U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–38]
tan θ + sec θ − 1
Sol. Given : cos q + sin q= p and sec q + cosec q = q Q. 14. Prove that : = sec q + tan q.
tan θ − sec θ − 1
L.H.S = q(p2 – 1)
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–43]
= (sec q + cosec q) [(cos q + sin q)2 – 1] 1
= (sec q + cosec q)(cos2q + sin2q + 2 sin q cosq –1 ) t a n θ + s ec θ - 1
Sol. L.H.S =
= (sec q + cosec q) [1 + 2 sin q cos q –1] ½ t a n θ - s ec θ + 1

= ⎛⎜
1 1 ⎞
(2 sin q cos q) 1 ( t a n θ + s ec θ) - ( s ec 2 θ - t a n 2 θ)
+ = ,
⎝ c o s θ s i n θ ⎟⎠ t a n θ - s ec θ + 1
sin θ+cos θ (∵ 1 + tan2 q = sec2 q) 1½
= × 2sin q cos q
cos θsin θ ( t a n θ + s ec θ) - ( s ec θ - t a n θ) ( s ec θ + t a n θ)
= 1
= 2(sin q + cos q) 1 t a n θ - s ec θ + 1
= 2p ( t a n θ + s ec θ) [ 1 - s ec θ + t a n θ]
= 1
= R.H.S. Hence proved. ½ t a n θ - s ec θ + 1
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 245
= tan q + sec q = R.H.S. Proved. ½
c o s ec 2 θ - s ec 2 θ
Q. 15. Prove that : (sin q + cosec q)2 + (cos q + sec q)2 (i) , From figure
= 7 + tan2 q + cot2 q. c o s ec 2 θ + s ec 2 θ
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–52] 2 2

Sol. L.H.S = (sin q + cosec q)2 + (cos q + sec q)2

⎛ 6⎞ ⎛ 6⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟ -⎜ ⎟
= sin2 q + cosec2 q + 2 sin q cosec q + cos2 q ⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
=
+ sec2 q + 2 cos q sec q 1 2 2
⎛ 6⎞ ⎛ 6⎞
1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜+ ⎟
= (sin2 q + cos2 q) + cosec2 q + 2 sin q × ⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
sin θ
1 6
+ sec2 q + 2 cos q × 1 6-
cos θ 5
= 6
= 1 + (1 + cot2 q) + 2 + (1+ tan2 q) + 2 1 6+
5
= 7 + tan2 q + cot2 q
= R.H.S. Hence proved. 1 24
=
c 36
Q. 16. If sin q = and d > 0, find the value of 2
c + d2
2
=

am
3
cos q and tan q. U [Board Term-1, 2013, LK–59]
c (ii) L.H.S = sin2 q + cos2 q
Sol. Given, sin q =

gr
2
c + d2
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
2
⎛ 5⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ 1½

le
Since, cos q = 1 – sin2 q
2
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
2 te
⎛ c ⎞ 1 5 6
=1– ⎜ 1 = + = = 1= R.H.S
⎟ 6 6 6
⎝ c2 + d2 ⎠
df
Hence proved.
c2 cot 40°
=1– cot (90° − θ) sin (90° − θ)
sp

c2 + d2 Q. 18. Evaluate : + tan 50°

sin θ
er

c2 + d2 - c2 d2 – (cos2 20° + cos2 70°).

= 2 2
= 2 2
c +d c +d U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–35]
ap

d Sol. Try yourself, Similar to Q. No. 11 in SATQ-II

∴ cos q = 1 Q. 19. Evaluate :
ep

c2 + d2
sin θ cosec 2 (90° − θ) − tan 2 θ 2 tan 2 30° sec 2 52° sin 2 38°
– ·
Again, tan q = 2 2
3 (cosec 2 70° − tan 2 20°)
pl

cos θ 4 (cos 40° + cos 50°)

U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–52]
am

c
Sol. Try yourself, Similar to Q. No. 11 in SATQ-II
= c + d2
2
1
d Q. 20. If sec q + tan q = p, show that sec q – tan q = p .
ls

c2 + d2
al

Hence, find the values of cos q and sin q.

∴ tan q = c 2
A [Board Term-1, 2015]
@

d
1
Q. 17. If tan q = , 1 1 ( s ec θ - t a n θ)
5 Sol. = × ½
p s ec θ + t a n θ s ec θ - t a n θ
2 2
cosec θ − sec θ
(i) Evaluate : 1 s ec θ - t a n θ
cosec 2 θ + sec 2 θ p = s ec 2 θ - t a n 2 θ = sec q – tan q
½
(ii) Verify the identity : sin2 q + cos2 q = 1.
1
U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–60] Solving sec q + tan q = p and sec q – tan q =
p
Sol. tan q = AB = 1
BC 5 1⎛ 1⎞ p2 + 1
A We get sec q = ⎜p + ⎟ = 1
2⎝ p⎠ 2p

1⎛ 1⎞ p2 - 1
and tan q = ⎜p - ⎟ = 1
6
1 2⎝ p⎠ 2p
2p p2 - 1
∴ cos q = 2 and sin q = 1
B
5
C p +1 p2 + 1
In ∆ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = 1 + 5 = 6 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
or, AC = 6
246 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class – X

cos θ − sin θ + 1 or, (sec A + tan A)(sec B + tan B)(sec C + tan C ) ×

Q. 21. Prove that : = cosec θ + cot θ (sec A – tan A)(sec B – tan B)(sec C – tan C)
cos θ + sin θ − 1
= (sec A – tan A)2(sec B – tan B)2 (sec C –tan C)2 1
[Sample Question Paper 2017-18]
or, (sec2 A – tan2 A)(sec2 B – tan2 B)(sec2 C – tan2 C)
c o s θ−s in θ+1
Sol. LHS = = (sec A – tan A)2 (sec B – tan B)2(sec C – tan C)2
c o s θ+s i n θ−1
or, 1 = [ (sec A – tan A)(sec B – tan B)(sec C – tan C)]2
s i n θ( c o s θ − s i n θ + 1) or, (sec A – tan A)(sec B – tan B)(sec C – tan C) = ± 1
= 1
s i n θ( c o s θ + s i n θ − 1) 1
s i n θc o s θ − s i n 2 θ + s i n θ Similarly, multiply both sides by
= (sec A + tan A)(sec B + tan B)(sec C + tan C),
s i n θ( c o s θ + s i n θ − 1)
∴(sec A + tan A)(sec B +tan B )(sec C + tan C) = ± 1.
s i n θ c o s θ + s i n θ − ( 1 − c o s 2 θ) 1
= 1
s i n θ( c o s θ + s i n θ − 1)
cosec 2 θ − cot 2 θ
Q. 24. If 4 sin q = 3, find the value of x if
s i n θ( c o s θ + 1) − [( 1 − c o s θ) ( 1 + c o s θ) ] sec 2 θ − 1
=
s i n θ( c o s θ + s i n θ − 1) 7

am
+ 2 cot q = + cos q.
( 1 + c o s θ) ( s i n θ − 1 + c o s θ) x
= 1
s i n θ( c o s θ + s i n θ − 1) U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–40]

gr
( 1 + c o s θ) ( c o s θ + s i n θ − 1) 1 + c o s θ 3
Sol. sin q = (Given)
= = 4

le
s i n θ( c o s θ + s i n θ − 1) sin θ
C

=
1
+
cos θ
te
sin θ sin θ
df
= cosec q + cot q = RHS Hence Proved 1
4 3
sp

Q. 22. Prove that : (sin A + sec A)2 + (cos A + cosec A)2 =

(1 + sec A cosec A)2.
er

A
U [Board Term-I, 2012 Set 25] B
Sol. LHS = (sin A + sec A)2 + (cos A + cosec A)2 In ABC, Ð B = 90°
ap

2 2 Apply Pythagorus theorem,

1 ⎞ 1 ⎞
= ⎛⎜ s i n A + ⎛
⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ c o s A + ⎟ 1 AB = 7 1
⎝ s i n A⎠
ep

cos A
1 sin A 7
= sin2 A + +2 + cos2 A cos q = ½
pl

cos2A cos A 4
3
am

1 cos A and tan q = ½

+ 2
+2 7
sin A sin A
1 1
ls

= sin2 A + cos2 A + + c o s ec 2 θ - c o t 2θ 7
sin2A cos2A ∴ + 2 cot q = + cos q
s ec 2θ - 1
al

x
⎛sin A cos A⎞
@

+2 ⎜ + ⎟ 1 1 7 7 7
⎝cos A sin A⎠ or, 2
+2× = + ½
tan θ 3 x 4
sin 2A+cos2A ⎛ s i n 2 A + c o s 2 A⎞ 1 2 7
=1+ + 2⎜ 7 7
2 2
s i n Ac o s A ⎝ s i n A c o s A ⎟⎠ or,
tanθ
+
3
=
x
+
4
1 2
=1+ + 1 7 2 7 7 7
2 2
s i n Ac o s A s i n Ac o s A or, + – = ½
3 3 4 x
2
1
= ⎛⎜ 1 + ⎞
⎟ or,
4 7- 7
=
7
⎝ s i n Ac o s A⎠ 4 x
= (1 + sec A.cosec A)2 Hence Proved 1
3 7 7
Q. 23. If (sec A + tan A)(sec B + tan B) (sec C + tan C) or, =
= (sec A – tan A) (sec B – tan B) (sec C – tan C), 4 x
prove that each of the side is equal to ± 1. .. 4
. x= 1
U [Board Term-I, 2012 Set 12] 3
Sol. Given : (sec A + tan A)(sec B + tan B)(sec C + tan C)
= (sec A – tan A)(sec B – tan B)(sec C – tan C) 1 sin A − 2 sin 3 A
Q. 25. Prove that : = = tan A.
Multiply both the sides by 2 cos3 A − cos A
(sec A – tan A)(sec B –tan B)(sec C – tan C) U [CBSE Delhi/OD Set-2018]
[Board Term-I, 2015, Set WJQ = QBN, FHN8MGD]
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 247

s i n A − 2s i n 3 A 1 + sin2q + 2sinq = p2 – p2 sin2q 1

Sol. LHS = 3 (1 + p2)sin2q + 2sinq + (1 – p2) = 0
2c o s A − c o s A
D = 4 – 4(1 + p2)(1 – p2)
s i n A( 1 − 2 s i n 2 A ) = 4 – 4(1 – p4) = 4p4 1
= 1
c o s A( 2 c o s 2 A - 1) -2 ± 4 p 4
-1 ± p 2
sinq = = ½
2
s i n A( 1 − 2( 1 − c o s A ) ) 2( 1 + p 2 ) ( 1 + p2 )
= 1
c o s A( 2 c o s 2 A - 1)
p2 - 1
2
= ,–1
= t a n A ( 2 c o s A - 1) p2 + 1
1
( 2 c o s 2 A - 1)
p2 + 1
= tanA = RHS 1 ∴ cosecq = ,–1 1
p2 - 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Commonly Made Error Q. 27. If 15 tan2 q + 4 sec2 q = 23, then find the value of
 Many candidates do not able to identify the term sinA (sec q + cosec q)2 – sin2 q.

am
and cosA common to numerator and denominator U [Board Term-1, 2012, Set–38]
respectively. Some do error in simplification. Sol. 15 tan2 q + 4sec2 q = 23
15 tan2 q + 4(tan2 q + 1) = 23

gr
Answering Tip (∴ sec2q = 1 + tan2q) 1

le
2 2
 Ensure adequate practice of sums based on or, 15 tan q + 4tan q + 4 = 23
identities. or,te 19tan2 q = 19
Q. 26. If sec q + tan q = p, then find the value of cosec q. or, tan q = 1 = tan 45° 1
∴ q = 45°
df
U [CBSE SQP-2018]
Now, (sec q + cosec q)2 – sin2 q
sp

= (sec 45° + cosec 45°)2 – sin2 45°

Sol. secq + tanq = p
2
( )
er

1 sin θ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + = 2+ 2 -⎜ 1
cos θ cos θ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
ap

= 1 + sinq = pcosq
( ) 1
2
= 2 2 -
2
ep

2
= p 1− s i n θ 1
2 2 2 1 15
(1 + sinq) = p (1 – sin q) ½ = 8- = 1
pl

2 2
am

OSWAAL LEARNING TOOLS

ls

To learn from Oswaal Concept Videos

al

Visit : https://qrgo.page.link/k7Va
@

Or Scan the Code

To learn from Ncert Prescribed Videos

Visit : https://qrgo.page.link/uSQD Visit : https://qrgo.page.link/FXxq

Or Scan the Code Or Scan the Code

Visit : https://qrgo.page.link/TjiF

Or Scan the Code

qqq