Engineering Year 1

SECTION

1 ENGINEERING
PRACTICE IN
SOCIETY

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ENGINEERING PRACTICE
Engineering in Society

Introduction
Welcome to the section which talks about engineering in society. This section
introduces the role and responsibilities of engineers in society by using examples of
engineering works in the community. You will understand the role of the various
engineering disciplines in accomplishing a given engineering project. Here, emphasis
is put on the fact that real-world problems cannot be solved using expertise in only
one knowledge domain. Problems in society are always solved by professionals from
different engineering domains working together, thus necessitating the acquisition of
collaborative and problem-solving skills. In addition, you will be able to describe the
role of various engineers as well as the contributions of various engineering occupations
in solving societal problems. Furthermore, you will begin to identify with various
engineering professions based on their interests and needs and begin to assess their
career choices in the field of engineering. Engineering skills are highly transferable
across different disciplines. The core principles of problem-solving, critical thinking,
communication, collaboration, and innovation are applicable in various engineering
domains. An engineer who excels in one area can adapt their skills to address challenges
in other fields, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and accelerating innovation.

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• Classify the various engineering occupational disciplines.

• Outline the contributions of each engineering discipline in solving societal problems.
• Establish the interdependencies across the engineering disciplines.
• Outline the common skill set required by the respective engineering disciplines.
• Explain the unique knowledge requirements of the disciplines and the associated
engineering careers.

Key Ideas
• Engineering is a broad field that has many disciplines, and these disciplines collaborate
to solve complex problems, develop innovative technologies and products, and create
efficient systems.
• Engineers apply their areas of expertise in meeting societal needs and solving complex
problems to help the harmonious existence of humans and their environment.
• The various engineering disciplines are interdependent, and each discipline relies on
the expertise of the others to accomplish its goals.
• Individual engineering disciplines require some fundamental knowledge and skills
unique to those disciplines and knowledge and skills common to all engineers.

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ENGINEERING
Engineering is a broad discipline and profession that involves the application of
scientific, mathematical, and practical knowledge to design, create, improve, and
maintain systems, structures, machines, devices, processes, and materials. There
are many engineering disciplines, and some of the major engineering disciplines
are civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical
engineering, aerospace engineering, computer engineering, biomedical engineering,
and environmental engineering.

1. Civil Engineering
Civil engineering deals with the design and construction of infrastructure, structures,
and facilities essential for modern society and the maintenance of the physical and
naturally built environment. Civil engineers design and build roads, bridges, harbours,
airports, and energy facilities. They also supervise the construction and maintenance
of these infrastructural projects.

Fig. 1.1: A picture of a civil engineer in road construction.

2. Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering involves the design, development, build, and test of devices
and systems that can move or have moving parts. Mechanical engineering is one of
the broadest engineering disciplines—offering opportunities to specialise in areas such
as robotics, aerospace, automotive engineering, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning), biomechanics, plant engineering, manufacturing engineering, welding
and fabrication, material science, renewable energy systems, and more.

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Fig. 1.2: A picture of a mechanical engineer working on a machine.

3. Electrical Engineering
Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design,
and application of equipment, devices, and systems that use electricity, electronics,
and electromagnetism. The major branches of electrical engineering include power
engineering, control engineering, telecommunication engineering, and electronics
engineering.
Electrical engineering is split into a variety of different fields such as computer
engineering, electronics, instrumentation, optics, photonics, photovoltaics, power
engineering, radio-frequency engineering, signal processing, systems engineering, and
telecommunications. The different disciplines associated with electrical engineering
may also overlap with other areas of engineering.
Electrical engineers use components such as batteries, capacitors, conductors, coils,
diodes, inductors, magnets, resistors, switches, and transistors in their designs. Their
work requires a thorough understanding of electronic and electrical theory, materials,
and mathematics to design circuits that perform specific functions, while adhering to
safety, reliability, and energy efficiency standards.

Fig. 1.3: A picture of an electrical engineer working inside a control panel.

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4. Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies principles of chemistry,
physics, mathematics, and economics to design, develop, and operate processes for
converting raw materials into useful products. Its primary objectives include optimising
the production of chemicals, fuels, pharmaceuticals, materials, and energy while
minimising environmental impact and ensuring safety and sustainability.
Chemical engineering focuses on the design, development, and operation of large-scale
processes for transforming raw materials into valuable products. It emphasises the
application of engineering principles to optimise efficiency, safety, and sustainability
in chemical production.
Chemistry, on the other hand, is a scientific discipline that focuses on understanding
the properties, composition, and behaviour of substances at the molecular and atomic
levels. While chemistry provides fundamental knowledge about chemical reactions
and materials, chemical engineering applies this knowledge to practical applications
and industrial processes.

Fig. 1.4: A picture of chemical engineers at work

5. Aerospace Engineering
Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the design,
development, testing, and production of aircraft, spacecraft, and related systems and
equipment. The field has traditionally focused on problems related to atmospheric and
space flight, with two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering
and astronautical engineering.
a. Aeronautical engineering focuses on the theory, technology, and practice of
flight within the earth’s atmosphere.
b. Astronautical engineering focuses on the science and technology of spacecraft
and launch vehicles.

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Fig. 1.5: Picture of an Aerospace Engineer on an Aircraft Engine

6. Computer Science and Engineering

Computer science and engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines elements
of computer science and electrical engineering. It involves designing, developing, and
optimising computer systems, software, and networks to solve complex problems and
meet user needs.
Some key areas of focus in computer science and engineering include:
a. Software development and programming
b. System design and architecture
c. Computer networks and communications
d. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
e. Cybersecurity
f. Database management
g. Embedded systems development
h. Software testing and quality assurance

Fig. 1.6: A computer engineer at work

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7. Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical engineering involves applying engineering principles to solve problems in
biology and medicine, to improve healthcare. Examples include:
a. Prosthetics and orthotics: This includes the design of artificial body parts. .
b. Medical imaging: This involves developing imaging modalities such as MRI, CT,
and ultrasound for diagnosis and treatment planning.
c. Biomaterials and tissue engineering: This involves creating synthetic materials
and scaffolds for regenerative medicine and tissue repair.
d. Biomechanics: This is about studying the mechanical properties of biological
systems and designing medical devices such as joint implants and rehabilitation
equipment.

Fig. 1.7: A picture of a biomedical engineer testing a prosthetic arm.

8. Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineers work to find solutions to environmental challenges that
affect the health and well-being of both society and the environment. The technical
skills they acquire are applied to develop strategies and technologies to protect and
improve the quality of air, water, and land. They also address emerging global issues,
such as the impact of climate change on communities and ecosystems.

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Fig. 1.8: A picture of an environmental engineer at work

9. Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural engineering is a branch of engineering that applies engineering principles
and technology to agricultural production and processing. It involves the design,
development, and improvement of machinery, equipment, structures, and systems
used in farming and agriculture.

Fig. 1.9: A picture of agricultural engineers at work

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Contributions of the Engineering Disciplines in

Solving Societal Problems
The various fields of engineering are instrumental in addressing important societal
issues, including but not limited to clean energy, water resource management,
infrastructure, transportation, and so forth. The following are some fields of engineering:
1. Civil Engineering: Civil engineers are involved in the design and construction
of public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems,
pipelines, tunnels, structural components of buildings, and railways.
2. Mechanical Engineering: Mechanical engineers work on a wide range of
projects, from designing engines, power plants, and robots to developing heating
and cooling systems, manufacturing processes, welding, and fabrication, and even
nanotechnology.
3. Electrical Engineering: Electrical engineers work on the generation of power, such
as electricity, and the manufacturing of electrical equipment, like electric motors,
radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation
equipment. Electrical engineers also provide skilled labour in telecommunications,
power generation and distribution, computing systems, instrumentation, and
control systems.
4. Chemical Engineering: Chemical engineers play a vital role in diverse industries
such as pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food and beverage, energy, environmental
engineering, and advanced materials, contributing to technological advancements
and societal progress.
5. Aerospace Engineering: Aerospace engineers develop leading-edge technologies
and integrate them into aerospace vehicle systems used for transportation,
communications, exploration, and defence applications. This involves the design
and manufacturing of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems, satellites, and
missiles, as well as the design and testing of aircraft and aerospace products,
components, and subassemblies.
6. Computer Science and Engineering: Computer engineers drive technological
innovation by developing new algorithms, architectures, and systems that enable
advancements in various domains such as communication, education, research,
healthcare, finance, transportation, entertainment, and other sectors. This includes
innovations in areas such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, data analytics, and
software engineering.
7. Biomedical Engineering: Biomedical engineers are responsible for technologies
like medical X-ray imaging, MRI & PET scans, artificial hearts, advanced prosthetic
limbs, artificial hip implants, prenatal ultrasound, and arthroscopic surgery, among
others.
8. Environmental Engineering: Environmental engineers apply their broad
understanding of engineering and the sciences, such as chemistry, biology, soil
science, and more, to improve human and ecological health through impactful

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engineering applications. They are involved in ensuring good air quality, controlling
water pollution, and fixing and improving waste at contaminated sites. They
also develop the means to protect the environment and ensure environmental
sustainability. Environmental engineers recognise the global impact that local
actions can have on people and their environments. They work in areas such as
transportation, remediation and waste management, water and sewage, oil, gas,
and coal industries, construction, and architectural and engineering services.
9. Agricultural Engineering: Agricultural engineers work on various aspects
of agriculture, including crop production, irrigation systems, soil management,
livestock housing and facilities, food processing, and environmental conservation.
They often collaborate with farmers, agronomists, biologists, and other professionals
to develop innovative solutions that improve efficiency, sustainability, and
productivity in agriculture.

Activity 1.1

1. Your community needs a community centre. As an engineer, you have been

called to be a part of the project. Pick a role as an engineer from one of the
engineering disciplines listed below. Discuss your roles and how you will
collaborate with your colleague engineers who are also part of the design
and construction of the community centre.
a. Civil Engineering
b. Mechanical Engineering
c. Environmental Engineering
d. Electrical Engineering
Research further on the roles of the engineering disciplines listed. Write your
answers to the question above in the form of a report and present it to your class
for review.
2. Research an emerging engineering topic and present your findings to the
class to show how engineering helps solve societal problems. Follow the
instructions below.
Instructions:
a. Select a Topic:
Choose one of the emerging engineering themes from the list below or
suggest your own:
i. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
ii. 6G Wireless Technology
iii. Cloud Computing
iv. Internet of Things (IoT)
v. Renewable Energy Technologies

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vi. Biomedical Engineering Innovations

vii. Sustainable Infrastructure Development
viii.3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)
ix. Autonomous Vehicles
x. Smart Cities and Urban Planning
b. Research Your Topic:
i. Definition and Overview: Describe the topic, what it involves, and
why it is important in engineering.
ii. Trends and Developments: Find out what’s new in this area, including
any current research or applications.
iii. Impact on Society: Explain how this engineering concept helps solve
problems in society and improve people’s lives.
c. Prepare Your Presentation:
i. Introduction: Briefly introduce the topic and why it’s relevant in
engineering.
ii. Key Findings: Summarise what you’ve learnt about trends,
developments, and how they can impact society.
iii. Examples or Case Studies: Provide real-world examples to show how
the concept is being used to benefit society.
iv. Discussion: Encourage your classmates to ask questions and discuss
the topic with you.
d. Presentation Guidelines:
i. Your presentation should last 10 minutes.
ii. Use visuals such as slides, diagrams, or photos to make your
presentation clearer.
iii. Practise your delivery to ensure your presentation is easy to follow.
e. References:
List the sources you used for your research at the end of your presentation.
Note: If you need help with your research or presentation, feel free to ask your
teacher or classmates for assistance.

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Activity 1.2

1. In groups of three, explore how civil engineering helps solve societal

challenges caused by urbanisation and population growth. Follow the steps
below to complete the task.
Steps:
a. Research Civil Engineering Projects:
i. Observe your community or environment, and use books, online
resources, or videos to find examples of civil engineering projects,
such as roads, bridges, dams, and buildings.
ii. Focus on how these projects have improved life for people in specific
communities.
b. Identify Key Benefits:
i. List the ways these projects address issues like transportation,
housing, or water management.
ii. Think about how these solutions help people and solve everyday
problems in growing cities or towns.
c. Create a Short Report:
i. Write a simple report summarising what civil engineering is and
why it’s important.
ii. Include examples of projects you researched and explain how
they’ve made a difference to society.
d. Present Your Findings:
i. Share your report and sketch with your classmates.
ii. Explain the impact of the project you researched and designed, and
how civil engineering contributes to solving societal challenges.
2. Read the case study below and answer the questions that follow:

Case Study 1: Flood Management in Accra

Accra, the capital city of Ghana, has faced frequent floods during the rainy season.
In 2015, a devastating flood caused significant damage to properties and loss of
lives. The government responded by commissioning civil and environmental
engineers to design and implement flood control systems. These engineers
developed drainage systems, improved the city’s infrastructure, and created early
warning systems to alert residents of impending floods. Despite these efforts, the
city still experiences occasional flooding, largely due to poor waste management
practices, which clog drainage systems.

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Questions:
a. What were the key engineering solutions implemented to address
flooding in Accra?
b. Why is poor waste management still a challenge in reducing flooding?
c. How could civil and environmental engineers work together to improve
flood management in Accra?

d. Suggest solutions that could help improve the effectiveness of drainage

systems in flood-prone areas.
e. How could community members and the government collaborate to
ensure that engineering solutions to flooding are sustainable?

Activity 1.3

1. Create a disaster management plan for the Greater Accra Region, which
frequently experiences flooding during the rainy season in Ghana. Your plan
should cover all key stages, from preparation to recovery. Below are the steps
to guide you:
Steps:
a. Risk Assessment:
i. Identify areas most prone to flooding in the Greater Accra Region.
ii. Assess the vulnerability of communities, homes, and infrastructure
in these areas.
b. Preparedness:
i. Educate the local population on flood safety measures.
ii. Develop evacuation routes and emergency shelters for flood-
affected areas.
iii. Ensure emergency services are well-equipped and trained to handle
flood situations.
c. Response:
i. Set up an emergency operations centre to coordinate rescue efforts
during flooding.
ii. Activate early warning systems to inform communities about
impending floods.
iii. Mobilise emergency teams for rescue operations and medical
assistance.
d. Recovery:
i. Assess the damage caused by the flooding and restore essential
services, such as electricity and clean water.

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ii. Provide temporary shelters and distribute relief items to affected

individuals.
iii. Begin economic recovery efforts, including supporting local
businesses and restoring livelihoods.
e. Mitigation:
i. Improve drainage systems in flood-prone areas to reduce future
risks.
ii. Implement environmental management practices to prevent
waterlogging and soil erosion.
iii. Work with policymakers to strengthen building codes and
regulations for flood-resilient infrastructure.
f. Continuous Improvement:
i. Review the effectiveness of the disaster management plan after the
floods subside.
ii. Update the plan to address any gaps and improve the response for
future floods.
2. Watch the video on engineering using the following link:

Afterwards, narrate the content of the video to a friend.

Activity 1.4

In pairs, explore how different engineering disciplines contribute to:

a. building a community library,
b. constructing a road linking your school to a nearby town.
Steps:
a. List the engineering disciplines involved in both projects (e.g., civil
engineers, electrical engineers, etc.).
b. Research what each discipline does at different stages of the projects
(planning, building, and after completion) and how they do it.
c. Draw a timeline showing when each engineering discipline works
during the project.
d. Write a short summary explaining how the engineers work together.

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Activity 1.5

Complete this activity in pairs or groups of three

Identify an ongoing engineering project or infrastructure issue in your community
and either (a) outline the engineering skills required to address it, or (b) suggest
your own solutions to the problem.
Instructions:
a. Research Local Projects or Challenges:
i. Look for ongoing engineering projects or infrastructure problems in
your community. These could be construction sites, transportation
issues, environmental concerns, or utility work.
ii. Use local news, government websites, or community forums to find
details.
b. Choose a Project or Problem:
i. Pick one project or challenge that interests you or is important to
your community.
ii. Think about why it matters and its impact on your area.
c. Identify Engineering Skills (Option 1):
i. List the engineering skills needed to solve the problem or complete
the project (e.g., civil, mechanical, or electrical engineering).
ii. Include soft skills like communication, teamwork, and problem-
solving.
iii. Briefly explain why each skill is important for addressing the issue.
d. Propose Your Solutions (Option 2):
i. Analyse the problem or challenge and come up with solutions.
ii. Write an action plan including:
• A description of the problem
• What’s causing it and its possible effects
• Your proposed solutions
• Reasons for your solutions
• Any extra recommendations?
e. Presentation (for Option 2 only):
i. Make sure your outline is clear, with headings for each section.
ii. Clearly explain your ideas and support them with evidence.
iii. Think about the effect your solutions might have on the community.

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INTERDEPENDENCIES ACROSS THE

ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES
Interdependencies across engineering disciplines are natural in the design,
development, and implementation of complex systems and projects. Each engineering
discipline brings its own specialised knowledge and perspectives, making collaboration
essential to achieving successful outcomes. Here’s how different engineering fields are
interconnected:

1. Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering

Mechanical engineers design systems involving moving parts, thermal management,
and fluid dynamics. Electrical engineers design systems involving power generation,
distribution, and control, including wiring, circuits, and motors.
Interdependencies: Mechanical systems often require electrical components for
automation, control, and power supply. Conversely, electrical systems often require
mechanical components for housing, support, and integration.

Fig. 1.10: A picture of a mechanical and electrical engineer at work

2. Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering

Civil engineers design infrastructure such as bridges, roads, and buildings, considering
factors like structural integrity, materials, and construction techniques. Civil engineers
design infrastructure while considering environmental impacts and sustainability.
Environmental engineers focus on mitigating environmental impact, managing
resources, and ensuring sustainability in engineering projects.
Interdependencies: Civil engineering projects must consider environmental
factors such as pollution, habitat preservation, and resource utilisation. Conversely,
environmental engineering solutions often involve designing and implementing civil
engineering infrastructure to address environmental challenges.

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Fig. 1.11: A picture of civil and environmental engineers

3. Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering

Chemical engineers design processes for synthesising and refining materials,
considering factors like reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport phenomena.
Materials engineers focus on understanding the structure, properties, and performance
of materials and developing new materials with specific characteristics.
Interdependencies: Chemical engineers rely on material engineers to select or
develop materials suitable for their processes, considering factors such as corrosion
resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. Conversely, materials engineers
benefit from the insights provided by chemical engineers in understanding the chemical
interactions and transformations that occur within materials during processing and
use.

Fig. 1.12: A picture of a chemical and material science Engineer

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4. Aerospace Engineering and Computer Engineering

Aerospace engineers design and develop aircraft, spacecraft, and related systems,
addressing challenges in aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, and control systems.
Computer engineers contribute to aerospace engineering by designing embedded
systems, flight control algorithms, avionics, and simulation software.
Interdependencies: Aerospace engineering heavily relies on computer engineering
for the design, integration, and operation of onboard computer systems, navigation
systems, and communication systems. Computer engineers work closely with
aerospace engineers to develop real-time control systems, flight simulation models,
and data processing algorithms essential for safe and efficient aerospace operations.

Fig. 1.13: A picture of aerospace and computer engineers at work

5. Biomedical Engineering and Software Engineering

Biomedical engineers apply engineering principles to healthcare and medical
applications, designing medical devices, imaging systems, prosthetics, and biomedical
instrumentation. Software engineers develop software solutions for medical devices,
healthcare information systems, electronic health records, and medical imaging
analysis.
Interdependencies: Biomedical engineers collaborate with software engineers
to develop software for controlling medical devices, processing medical data, and
analysing biomedical images. Software engineering expertise is critical in ensuring
the reliability, security, and regulatory compliance of software used in medical
applications. Conversely, software engineers rely on biomedical engineering knowledge
to understand the clinical context and requirements for developing effective and user-
friendly healthcare software solutions.

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Fig. 1.14: A picture of a biomedical and software engineer

6. Industrial Engineering and Business Management

Industrial engineers optimise complex systems and processes, focusing on efficiency,
productivity, quality control, and resource allocation. Business management
professionals oversee organisational strategy, operations, finance, marketing, and
human resources management.
Interdependencies: Industrial engineers collaborate with business management
professionals to align engineering solutions with organisational goals and objectives.
Industrial engineering techniques, such as operations research, supply chain
management, and lean manufacturing, contribute to improving business performance,
reducing costs, and enhancing customer satisfaction. Business management principles
guide industrial engineers in understanding market dynamics, customer needs, and
strategic priorities when designing and implementing engineering solutions.

Fig. 1.15: A picture of a business management and industrial engineer

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7. Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering

Electrical engineers design and develop electrical systems, circuits, and devices,
including power generation, transmission, distribution, and electronic components.
Computer engineers specialise in computer hardware, software, and systems, including
digital logic design, computer architecture, and embedded systems.
Interdependencies: Electrical engineering and computer engineering interconnect in
areas such as digital electronics, microprocessors, and hardware-software integration.
Electrical engineers provide expertise in designing circuits, sensors, and interfaces,
while computer engineers focus on programming, algorithm development, and system
integration. Collaboration between electrical engineers and computer engineers is
essential for developing complex systems such as smartphones, computer networks,
and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

Fig. 1.16: A picture of an electrical and computer engineer

8. Aerospace Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Aerospace engineers design aircraft, spacecraft, and propulsion systems, considering
aerodynamics, structural integrity, and thermal management. Mechanical engineers
contribute expertise in structural analysis, dynamics, and materials to aerospace
engineering projects.
Interdependencies: Aerospace engineering relies heavily on mechanical engineering
principles for designing propulsion systems, airframes, and control mechanisms.
Mechanical engineering benefits from advancements in aerospace technology, such as
lightweight materials and advanced manufacturing techniques.

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Fig. 1.17: A picture of an aerospace and mechanical engineer at work

9. Electrical Engineering and Renewable Energy Engineering

Electrical engineers design electrical systems, while renewable energy engineers
develop renewable energy generation technologies.
Interdependencies: Electrical engineers work with renewable energy engineers to
design and integrate electrical systems within renewable energy facilities. They ensure
efficient grid integration, power management, and control of renewable energy sources,
such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.

Fig. 1.18: A picture of an electrical and renewable energy engineer

10. Computer Engineering and Software Engineering

Computer engineers design hardware components such as processors, memory
systems, and input/output devices. Software engineers develop software applications,
operating systems, and firmware that control and interface with computer hardware.

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Interdependencies: Computer engineering and software engineering collaborate

closely to develop integrated systems, ensuring compatibility, optimisation, and
functionality. Hardware design influences software performance, while software
requirements drive hardware specifications.

Fig. 1.19: A picture of computer and software engineers at work

11. Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Engineering

Chemical engineers design processes for chemical reactions, production of materials,
and optimisation of industrial processes. Materials science engineers study the
properties, behaviour, and applications of materials, including metals, polymers,
ceramics, and composites.
Interdependencies: Chemical engineering processes often involve the use of specific
materials optimised for chemical compatibility, strength, corrosion resistance, and other
properties. Conversely, materials science engineering benefits from understanding
chemical processes to tailor material properties and develop new materials with desired
characteristics.

Fig. 1.20: A picture of chemical and material science engineers at work

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12. Agricultural Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Agricultural engineering focuses on designing equipment and machinery tailored to
the needs of farmers. Mechanical engineering provides expertise in designing, testing
and improving the efficiency and functionality of these machines.
Interdependencies: Agricultural engineering and mechanical engineers collaborate
closely in the design of modern tractors, harvesters, irrigation systems, and crop
processing equipment.

Fig. 1.21: A picture of an agricultural engineer

In practice, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for addressing complex

challenges and achieving innovative solutions in various fields, including robotics,
renewable energy, healthcare, and telecommunications.

Skill Set Required by the Respective Engineering

Disciplines
Engineering is a vast and diverse field that encompasses various specialised disciplines.
Each engineering discipline focuses on specific areas of technology, science, and
problem-solving. While each engineering discipline has its unique requirements,
several core skills are universally valuable across most engineering disciplines. The
importance of engineering skills cannot be overstated, as they form the foundation
upon which engineers build their careers and contribute to advancements in various
industries.
1. Mathematics and Science Foundation: A strong foundation in mathematics
and science is the bedrock of engineering education. Mathematics provides the
language of engineering, enabling engineers to model, analyse, and solve complex
problems. Science, on the other hand, offers the fundamental understanding of
natural phenomena necessary for designing and optimizing engineering solutions.
A thorough grounding in these subjects equips engineers with the tools to tackle
real-world challenges effectively.

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2. Technical Competence: Technical competence is the cornerstone of engineering

expertise. Engineers must master the fundamental principles, theories, and concepts
relevant to their chosen field. This competence empowers them to design, create,
and implement innovative solutions that address specific challenges. In today’s
rapidly evolving technological landscape, continuous learning is paramount to
staying abreast of emerging technologies and maintaining technical relevance.
3. Problem Solving and Critical Thinking: Engineering is, at its core, about
solving problems. Problem-solving and critical thinking skills enable engineers to
dissect complex challenges, identify viable solutions, and make informed decisions.
Learning various problem-solving methodologies and gaining hands-on experiences
through projects give one the ability to approach problems systematically and
creatively.
4. Analytical and Quantitative Skills: Analytical and quantitative skills are integral
to engineering decision-making. Engineers must be adept at collecting, analysing,
and interpreting data to make informed choices. Statistical analysis equips
engineers to evaluate risks, optimise designs, and make evidence-based decisions
that contribute to successful project outcomes.
5. Communication Skills: Effective communication is vital for engineers to convey
ideas, collaborate with colleagues, and present technical information to various
audiences. Clear and concise communication, both written and oral, ensures that
engineering concepts are understood and implemented accurately.
6. Collaboration and Teamwork: Engineering projects are rarely solitary
endeavours; they often require collaboration among interdisciplinary teams. When
engineers work effectively in teams, it fosters diverse perspectives, encourages the
exchange of ideas, and enhances problem-solving capabilities.
7. Creativity and Innovation: Innovation drives engineering advancements, and
cultivating creativity is essential. Engineers must think beyond conventional
solutions and explore new possibilities. To become a successful engineer, one must
learn to embrace unconventional ideas, experiment with different approaches, and
employ design thinking methodologies which will empower him/her to develop
novel solutions that push the boundaries of traditional engineering.
8. Ethical and Professional Responsibilities: Engineers have a crucial responsibility
to society, safety, and the environment. Understanding ethical considerations,
sustainability, and social impact provides engineers with a comprehensive view
of their work. This focus on integrity, ethics, and professionalism ensures that
engineers contribute responsibly and ethically to the improvement of society.
9. Project Management and Organisation: Engineering projects demand effective
project management skills. An engineer must understand project management
concepts, such as planning, organising, and time management, which help them
lead projects successfully. Meeting deadlines, managing resources, and ensuring
project success become achievable goals.

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10. Adaptability and Lifelong Learning: The engineering field evolves quickly due
to technological advancements. Engineers must embrace adaptability and commit
to lifelong learning to stay relevant. Adopting a growth mindset and pursuing
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) enable engineers to remain up-to-
date, adapt to changes, and drive innovation throughout their careers.
Here is a summarised outline of the common skill sets for engineering:
1. Mathematics and Science Foundation:
a. Strong understanding of mathematics, including calculus, algebra, and
differential equations.
b. Proficiency in relevant scientific principles such as physics, chemistry, and
biology.
c. Ability to apply mathematical and scientific concepts to engineering problems.

2. Technical Competence:
a. Proficiency in relevant engineering tools, software, and technologies.
b. Ability to use engineering instruments and equipment effectively.
c. Understanding of engineering principles and methodologies specific to the
discipline.

3. Problem Solving and Critical Thinking:

a. Analytical mindset to identify and define engineering problems.
b. Ability to analyse data, evaluate options, and develop solutions.
c. Critical thinking skills to assess the feasibility and implications of proposed
solutions.

4. Analytical and Quantitative Skills:

a. Strong analytical skills to interpret data and draw meaningful conclusions.
b. Ability to apply quantitative methods and statistical analysis to engineering
problems.
c. Proficiency in numerical analysis and computational techniques.

5. Communication Skills:
a. Effective written and verbal communication skills to convey technical
information.
b. Ability to prepare clear and concise reports, presentations, and documentation.
c. Capability to communicate complex concepts to both technical and non-
technical audiences.

6. Collaboration and Teamwork:

a. Capacity to work effectively in multidisciplinary teams.
b. Strong interpersonal skills to collaborate with colleagues and stakeholders.
c. Ability to contribute positively to team dynamics and achieve common goals.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

7. Creativity and Innovation:

a. Creative thinking to generate novel engineering solutions.
b. Ability to think creatively and explore unconventional approaches.
c. Capacity to innovate and adapt to changing technological landscapes.

8. Ethical and professional responsibilities:

a. Understanding of ethical considerations in engineering practice.
b. Adherence to professional codes of conduct and standards.
c. Commitment to integrity, honesty, and accountability in engineering work.

9. Project Management and Organisation:

a. Proficiency in project management methodologies and tools.
b. Ability to plan, organise, and prioritise tasks effectively.
c. Capacity to manage resources, budgets, and timelines for engineering projects.

10. Adaptability and Lifelong Learning:

a. One’s willingness to adapt to modern technologies, methodologies, and industry
trends.
b. Commitment to continuous learning and professional development.
c. Ability to quickly learn and apply new concepts and skills as needed.
These skills are essential across various engineering disciplines and are crucial for
success in the field.

Knowledge Requirements of Engineering Disciplines and

the Associated Engineering Careers
Below are some unique knowledge requirements and their associated engineering
careers for engineering disciplines:
1. Civil Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Structural analysis and design, construction
materials and methods, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering,
water resources engineering, and environmental engineering.
b. Associated Careers: Structural engineer, transportation engineer, geotechnical
engineer, environmental engineer, construction manager, etc.
2. Mechanical Engineering:
a. Knowledge requirements: Thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, computer-
aided design (CAD), solid mechanics, heat transfer, materials science,
manufacturing processes, and control systems.
b. Associated Careers: Mechanical design engineer, HVAC engineer, automotive
engineer, aerospace engineer, robotics engineer, manufacturing engineer, etc.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

3. Electrical Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Circuit theory, electronics, electromagnetics,
power systems, control systems, signal processing, programming languages,
and telecommunications.
b. Associated Careers: Electrical design engineer, power systems engineer,
electronics engineer, telecommunications engineer, control systems engineer,
renewable energy engineer, etc.
4. Chemical Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Chemical reaction engineering, thermodynamics,
transport phenomena, process control, materials science, and environmental
engineering.
b. Associated Careers: Process engineer, chemical plant engineer, pharmaceutical
engineer, bioprocess engineer, environmental engineer, etc.
5. Computer Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Digital logic design, computer architecture,
programming languages, operating systems, embedded systems, computer
networks, and cybersecurity.
b. Associated Careers: Software engineer, hardware engineer, embedded systems
engineer, network engineer, cybersecurity analyst, etc.
6. Biomedical Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Biology, physiology, biomechanics, medical
imaging, biomaterials, medical device design, and tissue engineering.
b. Associated Careers: Biomedical engineer, medical device engineer, biome-
chanical engineer, clinical engineer, tissue engineer, pharmaceutical engineer,
etc.
7. Aerospace Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Aerodynamics, flight mechanics, aerospace
structures, propulsion systems, avionics, spacecraft design, orbital mechanics,
and structural analysis.
b. Associated Careers: Aerospace engineer, aeronautical engineer, spacecraft
engineer, propulsion engineer, avionics engineer, etc.
8. Environmental Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Environmental chemistry, water and wastewater
treatment, air pollution control, solid waste management, environmental law
and regulations.
b. Associated Careers: Environmental engineer, water resources engineer, air
quality engineer, waste management engineer, environmental consultant, etc.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

9. Industrial Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Operations research, supply chain management,
quality control, manufacturing systems, ergonomics, and project management.
b. Associated Careers: Industrial engineer, operations manager, supply chain
analyst, quality engineer, process improvement engineer, etc.
10. Materials Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements: Material science, metallurgy, ceramics, polymers,
nanotechnology, composite materials, and corrosion engineering.
b. Associated Careers: Materials engineer, metallurgical engineer, polymer
engineer, ceramic engineer, corrosion engineer, etc.
11. Agricultural Engineering:
a. Knowledge Requirements:
i. Crop and Soil Science: Understanding of plant biology, crop physiology, soil
properties, and agronomy practices to optimise crop production.
ii. Agricultural Machinery and Equipment: Knowledge of design, operation, and
maintenance of farm machinery, including tractors, harvesters, irrigation
systems, and drones used for precision agriculture.
iii. Irrigation and Drainage Systems: Understanding water management
techniques, irrigation methods, drainage systems, and water conservation
practices to optimise water use efficiency.
b. Associated Careers:
i. Agricultural Engineer: Designs and develops machinery, equipment, and
systems to optimise agricultural production, improve efficiency, and reduce
environmental impact.
ii. Precision Agriculture Specialist: Implements technologies such as GPS,
remote sensing, and data analytics to optimise crop management practices,
monitor field conditions, and increase productivity.
iii. Food Processing Engineer: Develops and optimises food processing
techniques, equipment, and packaging to ensure the quality, safety, and
shelf-life of agricultural products.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

Activity 1.6

1. You are tasked with designing a new estate that aims to be both efficient
and environmentally friendly. The project involves creating residential
and commercial spaces with well-planned infrastructure. Describe
the collaborative efforts required among civil, telecommunication,
environmental, and architectural engineers to ensure the estate’s
infrastructure is efficient and environmentally friendly. Provide examples of
interdependent decisions they might make.
2.
a. Investigate common ethical issues faced by engineers, such as safety
and environmental impact.
b. Imagine a situation where ethical decisions must be made, such as
designing a safe bridge.
c. Write a brief essay on how engineers can address these ethical issues in
their work.
3. In groups of three, examine the creation of a large-scale infrastructure
project, such as a suspension bridge. Discuss how structural, geotechnical,
geomatic, architectural, and transportation engineers coordinate their efforts
to ensure the bridge’s stability, safety, and functionality.

Activity 1.7

1. In pairs, discuss how computer engineers, software developers, and data

scientists collaborate to design and implement a smart home automation
system. Highlight how the integration of hardware and software components
enhances the overall user experience.
2. Imagine designing a new amusement park ride involving both mechanical
and electrical components. In small groups, discuss how the collaboration
between engineers from these disciplines results in a greater combined effect
than working separately, focusing on aspects such as safety, motion control,
and sensory experiences.
3. Working in pairs, explore the development of a cutting-edge medical
prosthetic. Describe how mechanical engineers, bioengineers, and medical
professionals collaborate, and how their combined expertise leads to
innovative solutions that improve patient outcomes.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

Activity 1.8

Work with a partner to explore problem-solving skills, teamwork, and adaptability

in engineering.
Instructions:
1. Choose a partner for the activity.
2. Read the questions below carefully and discuss your answers with your
partner.
3. Write your answers in the space provided.
4. After answering all the questions, compare your responses with your
partner.
5. Discuss any differences in your answers and agree on the best solutions.

Questions:
a. What is a problem-solving skill that engineers use?
i. Give an example of a skill engineers often use to tackle complex
problems.
ii. Explain how this skill is used in real engineering projects.
iii. Write your answers in your notebooks.

b. What is teamwork in engineering?

i. Define teamwork in the context of engineering tasks or projects.
ii. Explain why collaboration and communication are important in
engineering teams.
iii. Write your answers in your notebooks.

c. Why is adaptability important for engineers?

i. Explain why engineers need to be adaptable.
ii. Give examples of situations where engineers must adapt to new
circumstances or requirements.
iii. Write your answer in your notebooks.
• After completing all the questions, discuss your answers with
your partner.
• Reflect on how problem-solving, teamwork, and adaptability
are essential in engineering.
• Compile all your answers into a presentation and share any
additional thoughts or examples you may have. Present
everything to your class for review.

30
 SECTION 1

Industrial Biomedical Agricultural Computer Aerospace Chemical Electrical Mechanical Civil Engineering
Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Discipline
Activity 1.9

Mathematics and

High
High
High
Science

Technical

High
High
High
Competence
ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

Problem Solving

High
High
High
and Critical
Thinking

Analytical and

High
High
High
Quantitative Skills

Communication

High
High
High
Skills

Collaboration and

High
High
High
Teamwork

High
High
Creativity and
Innovation

Ethical and

High
High
Moderate High

Professional
Responsibilities

Project
High
High
High

Management and
more disciplines, and enter High, Moderate or Low as appropriate:

Organisation
High
High

Adaptability and
Lifelong Learning
Moderate
engineering disciplines, the table has been started to give an example, please add
Complete a table to compare the core skills engineers require between different

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

Activity 1.10

In groups of five, explain why critical thinking, technology, and ethics are
important for engineers’ professional growth and the impact they have on their
work. Follow the
Discussion Topics:
a. Critical Thinking in Engineering:
i. Define critical thinking and its importance in engineering.
ii. Discuss how it helps engineers analyse problems, evaluate solutions,
and make informed decisions.
iii. Share examples of how critical thinking supports innovation and
problem-solving in projects.
b. Technological Advancements and Engineering Skills:
i. Talk about the fast pace of technological change and its effect on
the skills engineers need.
ii. Identify new technologies like artificial intelligence and automation
and discuss their impact on engineering.
iii. Consider both the opportunities and challenges that technology
brings to the engineering field.
c. Ethical Considerations in Engineering:
i. Explore the ethical responsibilities of engineers in ensuring public
safety, sustainability, and fairness.
ii. Discuss ethical dilemmas, such as conflicts of interest and
confidentiality, that engineers might face.
iii. Reflect on how integrity, accountability, and ethical reasoning affect
engineering outcomes and society.
Questions:
1. How does critical thinking improve engineering projects?
2. How have new technologies changed what engineers do?
3. What ethical factors should engineers consider in their work?
4. How can engineers balance their technical skills with ethical
responsibilities?
After your group discussion, share your thoughts and conclusions with others in
the class.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

Activity 1.11

1.
a. Look into common ethical issues faced by engineers, such as safety and
environmental impact.
b. Imagine a situation where ethical decisions must be made, such as
designing a safe bridge.
c. Write a brief essay on how engineers can address these ethical issues in
their work.
2.
a. Find out what Continuous Professional Development (CPD) involves
for engineers.
b. Look for resources that engineers use to stay updated, such as online
courses or professional workshops.
c. Make a list of CPD resources and describe how they help engineers stay
current.

Activity 1.12

In pairs, read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow:
Scenario
Seida is a civil engineer who has been working in the field for ten years. Recently,
she noticed that many engineering projects are now incorporating advanced
technology, such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) and drones for site
surveys. Seida realises that while she is proficient in traditional methods, her
skills need to be updated to stay competitive in the evolving industry. She decides
to enrol in a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) course that covers
these emerging technologies.
During the course, Seida learns how to use BIM software to enhance project
design accuracy and how drones can improve safety and efficiency during site
inspections. These new skills allow her to offer innovative solutions to her clients
and take on more complex projects. Through this learning experience, Seida
recognises the importance of continuous learning in adapting to new tools and
trends in her profession. As a result, her career flourishes, and she becomes a key
figure in her firm for modern engineering solutions.
Questions:
Reflect on Seida’s situation and answer the following questions:
1. Why is continuous learning important for engineers like Seida?
2. What are the benefits of adopting new technologies and skills in engineering
careers?

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

3. How does continuous learning contribute to innovation and problem-solving

in engineering projects?
4. In your opinion, how can engineers balance their workload while still
pursuing further education and skill development?
Provide examples of emerging technologies or trends in engineering that require
continuous learning.

Activity 1.13

In pairs, read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow:
Scenario
Benedict is a mechanical engineer working for a major construction company.
His team is tasked with designing a new high-speed train that will connect
two major cities. During the project, Benedict discovers that the materials his
company plans to use for building the train tracks are not the most durable and
may require frequent repairs after a few years. However, the materials are much
cheaper than higher-quality alternatives, which would help the company meet its
tight budget and deadline.
Benedict raises his concerns with his manager, explaining that using cheaper
materials could lead to safety issues in the long term, potentially endangering
passengers. His manager acknowledges Benedict’s concerns but insists on
sticking to the original plan to save costs. Benedict now faces an ethical dilemma:
should he stay silent and follow the company’s orders, or should he advocate for
safer, more durable materials, even if it means delaying the project and increasing
costs?
Benedict knows that as an engineer, his primary responsibility is to ensure public
safety and well-being. He must decide whether to challenge his company’s
decision or comply with the instructions despite his concerns.
Questions
Reflect on Benedict’s situation and answer the following questions:
1. What ethical principles should guide Benedict’s decision in this scenario?
2. How should Benedict balance his responsibility to his employer with his
duty to public safety?
3. What are the potential consequences of using substandard materials for the
project in the long term?
4. If you were in Benedict’s position, what would you do, and why?
5. How can engineers ensure that their decisions uphold ethical standards,
even when faced with pressure to cut corners?

34
Review Questions

1. How would you explain engineering occupational disciplines? Provide

examples of any five (5) engineering disciplines that you know.
2. Differentiate between civil engineering and mechanical engineering by
highlighting their respective areas of focus and typical applications.
3. Explain the interdisciplinary nature of biomedical engineering and provide
examples of its applications in healthcare.
4. Discuss the role of environmental engineers in addressing Ghana’s sustain-
ability challenges such as flooding, air pollution, renewable energy, deforesta-
tion by illegal mining, and waste management.
5. Explain how the unique knowledge requirements of engineering careers relate
to the diverse fields within engineering, such as civil engineering, mechanical
engineering, and electrical engineering.
6. Create a poster presentation of the critical skills required by engineers of
various fields.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

Extended Reading
• Kemper, J.D. & Sanders, B.R. (2001), “Engineers and Their Profession,” Oxford University
Press.

References
1. Isaacson, W. (2014). The innovators: How a group of inventors, hackers, geniuses, and geeks
created the digital revolution. Simon and Schuster.
2. Clancy, R., & Zhu, Q. (2022). Global Engineering Ethics: What? Why? How? and when?
Journal of international engineering education, 4(1).
3. Petroski, H. (2016). To engineer is human: The role of failure in successful design. Defence
AR Journal, 23(1), 106-109.
4. Kuhn, T. S. (1997). The structure of scientific revolutions (Vol. 962). Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.

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SECTION 1 ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN SOCIETY

Acknowledgements

List of Contributors
Name Institution

Ing. Timothy Alhassan Kumasi Technical University

Ing. Dr. Daniel Opoku Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

Daniel K. Agbogbo Kwabeng Anglican SHTS

39