Class 10th Chapter 5

Sets. Exercise 5.1

10th CLASS
A set is well defined collection objects and it is
denoted by capital letters A,B,C etc.
Recognize operations on sets (∪,∩,\ )
Question No.1 If X  1, 4,7,9 and
Y  2, 4,5,9 then find:

MATH
a) Union of sets
The union of two sets 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
(read as A union B) is the consisting of all the
Solution:
(i) X  Y
X  Y  1, 4, 7,9  2, 4,5,9
elements which are either in A or in B or in both.
Thus  1, 2, 4,5, 7,9
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑜𝑟𝑥 ∈ 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐵 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ} (ii) X  Y

CHAPTER 5
For example:
If A= {1,2,3,4} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {4,5,6,7} 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
X  Y  1, 4, 7,9  2, 4,5,9
 4,9
b) Intersection of sets (iii) Y  X
The intersection of two sets A and B, written as Y  X  2, 4,5,9  1, 4, 7,9
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵(read as A intersection B )is the set
 1, 2, 4,5, 7,9
B. Thus SOLUTION
consisting of all the common elements of A and

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
(iv) Y  X
Y  X  2, 4,5,9  1, 4, 7,9

For example: NOTES

Clearly 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵  4,9
If A= {1,2,3,4} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {3,4,5,6, } 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 k
Question No.2
If X= Set of Prime numbers less than or equal to 17.
s.p
𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = {𝟑, 𝟒}
c) Difference of Sets Y= Set of first 12 natural numbers, then find
If A and B are two sets, then their difference 𝑨 − 𝑩 Solution:
te

Or 𝑨\𝑩 is defined as X  2,3,5,7,11,13,17

𝐴 − 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
no

Similarly, Y  1, 2,3, 4,...,12

𝐵 − 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴} (i). X  Y
sy

For example: X  Y  2,3,5,7,11,13,17  1, 2,3, 4,...,12

If A= {1,2,3,4} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {4,5,6,7} 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
 1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,17
ea

𝐴 − 𝐵 = {1,2,3}
Similarly, (ii) Y  X
𝐵 − 𝐴 = {5,6,7}
Y  X  1, 2,3, 4,...,12  2,3,5, 7,11,13,17
d) Complement of a set
If U is a universal set and A is a subset of U, then the  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,17
complement of A is the set of those element of U, (iii) X  Y
which are not contained in A and is denoted by
𝑨′ 𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒄 X  Y  2,3,5, 7,11,13,17  1, 2,3, 4,...,12
𝑨′ = 𝑼 − 𝑨 = {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑼 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ∉ 𝑨}  2,3,5, 7,11
For example:
If 𝑼 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … 𝟏𝟎} 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖} 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 (iv) Y  X
𝑨′ = 𝑼 − 𝑨 Y  X  1, 2,3, 4,...,12  2,3,5, 7,11,13,17
= {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … , 𝟏𝟎} − {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖}  2,3,5, 7,11
= {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}

Q.3If X   Y  Z T  O  then find

(i) X  Y
X  Y  0,1, 2,3......
X  Y     0,1, 2,3......
X  Y  0,1, 2,3......

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Class 10th Chapter 5
(ii) X  T
X  T  1,3,5.... X '  4,5, 6, 7,..., 25  11,13,17,19, 23
 4,5,,...10,12,14,15,16,18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25
X  T    1,3,5....
Y '  U Y
X  T  1,3,5....
Y '  4,5, 6, 7,..., 25  4,5, 6, 7,...,17
(iii) Y  T
 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Y  0,1, 2,3...... T  1,3,5, 7....
X ' Y '  4,5,6,7,8,9.............17,19, 23  18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Y  T  0,1, 2,3......  1,3,5, 7.... X ' Y '  18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25
Y  T  0,1, 2,3, 4,5......
(iv) X  Y (iii)  X  Y  '
X   Y  0,1, 2,3......  X  Y   11,13,17,19, 23  4,5,6,7,...,17
X  Y     0,1, 2,3......  11,13,17
X Y     X Y  '  U   X Y 
(v) X  T  4,5,6,7,..., 25  11,13,17
X  T  1,3,5, 7....  4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

X  T     1,3,5, 7.... (iv) X ' Y '

X '  U  X  4,5,6,7,..., 25  11,13,17,19, 23
X T    or 
 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25
(vi) Y  T
Y '  U  Y  4,5,6,7,..., 25  4,5,6,7,...,17
Y  T  Z   O k
s.p
 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Y  T  1, 2,3, 4,5,.....  1,3,5, 7....
X ' Y '  4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25
Y  T  1,3,5, 7....
te

18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

Q.4 If U   x | x  N ^ 3  x  25  4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
no

Q.5 If X  2, 4,6,..., 20 and Y  4,8,12,..., 24

X  x | x is Prime ^8< x  25
sy

then find the following

Solution: (i) X  Y
Y  x | x  W ^ 4  x  17
ea

X  Y  2, 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18, 20  4,8,12,16, 20, 24

then find the value of:  2,6,10,14,18

(ii) Y  X
Solution: U  4,5,6,7,..., 25
Y  X  4,8,12,16, 20, 24  2, 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18, 20

X  11,13,17,19, 23  24

Question No.6 If A=N and B=W then find the value of
Y  4,5,6,7,...,17 Solution: (i) A  B
A  B  N  W  1, 2,3,...  0,1, 2,3,...
(i)  X  Y  '
 
X  Y  11,13,17,19, 23  4,5,6,7,...,17 (ii) B  A
B  A  W  N  0,1, 2,3,...  1, 2,3,...
 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,19, 23 = {𝟎}

 X Y  '  U   X Y 
 4,5,6,7,..., 25  4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,19, 23

 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25

(ii) X ' Y '

X ' U  X
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Class 10th Chapter 5
(iv)( X  Y )  Y
Exercise 5.2  1,3,5,7,.......19   (0,2,4,6,8,........20)  (2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23)
Question No.1     2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23
if X= 1,3,5, 7,.......19 Y  0, 2, 4, 6,8,........20  
Z  2,3,5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23 (v) X  (Y  Z)
then find the following  0,2,4,6,8,........20  
= 1,3,5,7,.......19   
(i) X  (Y  Z) (2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23) 
=(Y  Z)  1,3,5,7,.......19  2
Y  Z= 0, 2, 4, 6,8,........20
 1,2,3,5,7,.......19
 2,3,5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23 (vi ) ( X  Y )  ( X  Z )
YZ X  Y  1,3,5, 7,.......19  0, 2, 4, 6,8,.....20
0, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,10,11,12,13,   0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,....20
 
14,16,17,18,19, 20, 23  X  Z  1,3,5,7,.......19  2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19, 23
X  (Y  Z)  1, 2,3,5, 7,9,11,13,15,17,19, 23
 1,3,5, 7,.......19   (X Y )  (X  Z)
 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,....20  1, 2,3,5, 7,9,11,13,15,17,19, 23
0, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,10,11,12,13, 
   1, 2,3,5, 7,9,11,13,15,17,19
14,16,17,18,19, 20, 23  k
(vii) X  (Y  Z )
s.p
 1,3,5, 7,.......19  (0, 2, 4, 6,8,........20)  (2,3,5, 7,11,13,17,19,, 23)
X  (Y  Z)
 1,3,5, 7,.......19  {0, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19, 20, 23}
0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,   {3,5, 7,11,13,17,19}
te

  (Viii) ( X  Y )  ( X  Z )
14,15,16,17,18,19, 20, 23 
no

(ii) ( X  Y )  Z X  Y  1,3,5, 7,.......19  {0, 2, 4, 6,8,........20}

X Y  { }
 1,3,5, 7,.....  0, 2, 4, 6,8,.....20 
sy

 2,3,5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23 X  Z  {1,3,5, 7,.......19}  {2,3,5, 7,11,13,17,19,, 23}

ea

 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,....20  X  Z  {3,5, 7,11,13,17,19}

( X  Y )  ( X  Z )  { } {3,5, 7,11,13,17,19}
2,3,5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23 ( X  Y )  ( X  Z )  {3,5, 7,11,13,17,19}
 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,......20, 23 Question No.3 If U= 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10
(iii) X  (Y  Z) A  1,3,5, 7,9 , B  2,3,5, 7
 1,3,5,7,.......19  (0,2,4,6,8,........20)  (2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23)
then verify the De Morgen's laws i.e,
 1,3,5,7,.......19  2  A  B  '  A ' B 'and  A  B  '  A ' B '
  Solution :
 A  B  '  A ' B '
L.H.S=A  B
 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6  2, 4, 6,8

 2, 4, 6
R.H .S  B  A
 2, 4, 6,8  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6
 2, 4, 6
L.H .S  R.H .S , so
A B  B  A
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Class 10th Chapter 5
(II) A  B=B  A Question No.3 If U= 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10
L.H .S  A  B A  1,3,5, 7,9 , B  2,3,5, 7
 {1,2,3,4,5,6}  {2,4,6,8} then verify the De Morgen's laws i.e,
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
 A  B  '  A ' B 'and  A  B  '  A ' B '
RHS  B  A
Solution :
={2,4,6,8}  {1,2,3,4,5,6}
 A  B  '  A ' B '
 {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
L.H.S   A  B  '
L.H .S  R.H .S
A  B  1,3,5, 7,9  2,3,5, 7
 1, 2,3,5, 7,9
(iii) A  (B  C )=(A  B)  ( A  C )  A  B '  U   A  B
L.H.S=A   B  C   1, 2,3,...,10  1, 2,3,5, 7,9
 A  2, 4, 6,8  1, 4,8   4,6,8,10
R.H.S=A'  B'
 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6  1, 2, 4, 6,8
A'  U  A
 1, 2, 4, 6
 1, 2,3,...,10  1,3,5, 7,9
R.H.S=  A  B    A  C 
 2, 4, 6,8,10
A  B  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6  2, 4, 6,8
B' U  B
 2, 4, 6 k
 1, 2,3,...,10  2,3,5, 7
s.p
A  C  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6  1, 4,8
 1, 4, 6,8,9,10
 1, 4
te

A'  B'  2, 4, 6,8,10  1, 4, 6,8,9,10

 A  B    A  C   2, 4, 6  1, 4
 4, 6,8,10
no

 1, 2, 4, 6
L.H.S=R.H.S
sy

L.H.S=R.H.S
 A  B  '  A'  B'
So, A   B  C    A  B    A  C 
ea

(iv) A  (B  C )=(A  B)  ( A  C )
L.H.S=A  (B  C )
 A  2, 4, 6,8  1, 4,8 
 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6  4,8
 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8
R.H.S=(A  B)  ( A  C )
A  B  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6  2, 4, 6,8
 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8
A  C  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6  1, 4,8
 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8
(A  B)  ( A  C )  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8  1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8
 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8
L.H.S=R.H.S
So, A  (B  C )=(A  B)  ( A  C )

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Class 10th Chapter 5

(ii )  A  B  '  A'  B' (ii) Y - X  Y  X '

L.H.S   A  B  ' Solution:

A  B  1,3,5, 7,9  2,3,5, 7

L.H.S=Y - X
 1,3,5,...,17  1,3, 7,9,15,18, 20
 3,5, 7
 5,11,13,17
 A  B '  U   A  B
R.H.S=Y  X '
 1, 2,3,...,10  3,5, 7
X ' U  X
 1, 2, 4, 6,8,9,10
 1, 2,3,..., 20  1,3, 7,9,15,18, 20
R.H.S=A'  B'
2, 4,5, 6,8,10,11,12,13, 
A'  U  A  
14,16,17,19 
 1, 2,3,...,10  1,3,5, 7,9
2, 4,5, 6,8, 
 2, 4, 6,8,10 Y  X '  1,3,5,...,17   
10,11,12,13,14,16,17,19 
B' U  B
 5,11,13,17
 1, 2,3,...,10  2,3,5, 7
L.H.S=R.H.S
 1, 4, 6,8,9,10
Y - X Y  X '
A'  B'  2, 4, 6,8,10  1, 4, 6,8,9,10 verify the fundamental properties for given sets:
(a) A and B are any two subsets of U, then
 1, 2, 4, 6,8,9,10
𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝑩 ∪ 𝑨(𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒘)
L.H.S=R.H.S
k(b) Commutative property of intersection
s.p
 A  B  '  A'  B' (c) If A, B and C are the subsets of U then
(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 = 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
QusestionNo.4 If U= 1, 2,3,..., 20 , (d) If A, B and C are the subsets of U, then
te

(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪 = 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
X  1,3, 7,9,15,18, 20
Distributive laws
no

Y  1,3,5,...,17 then show that (e) Union is distributive over intersection of sets
(i) X - Y  X  Y ' (f) Intersection is distributive over union of sets
sy

(g) De Morgan’s laws 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅

Solution: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′
ea

L.H.S=X - Y Venn Diagram:

British mathematician John Venn (1834-1923)
 1,3, 7,9,15,18, 20  1,3,5,...,17
Introduce rectangular for a universal set 𝑼 and its
 18, 20 subsets A and B are closed figures inside this
R.H.S=X  Y ' rectangular.

Y ' U Y
 1, 2,3,..., 20  1,3,5,...,17
 2, 4, 6,8,10,..., 20
X  Y '  1,3, 7,9,15,18, 20
 2, 4, 6,8,10,..., 20
 18, 20
L.H.S=R.H.S
X -Y  X Y '

5|Page
Class 10th Chapter 5

Exercise 5.3 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {1,2,3,4, … 10} − {1,7}

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10}
Question No.1
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝑖𝑓 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}, 𝐴 = {1,3,5,7,9} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}
= {1,4,7,10}
− {1,3,5,7,9}
Then verify the following questions.
= {2,4,6,8,10}
i. 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ ′
𝐵 = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 − 𝐵
− {1,4,7,10}
= {1,3,5,7,9} − {1,4,7,10}
= {2,3,5,6,8,9}
= {3,5,9} ′ ′
𝐴 ∪𝐵 = {2,4,6,8,10} ∪ {2,3,5,6,8,9}
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 − 𝐵
So, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
= {1,2,3,4, … ,10} − {1,4,7,10}
v. (𝐴 − 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵
𝐵′ = {2,3,5,6,8,9}
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 − 𝐵)′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ = {1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {2,3,5,6,8,9}
= 𝑈 − (𝐴 − 𝐵)
= {3,5, ,9}
= {1,2,3,4, … ,10} − ({1,3,5,7,9} − {1,4,7,10})
So, L.H.S=R.H.S
𝑈 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {1,2,3,4, … 10} − {3,5,9}
ii. 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,2,4,6,7,8,10}
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐵 − 𝐴
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵
𝐵 − 𝐴 = {1,4,7,10} − {1,3,5,7,9}
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … ,10} −
= {4,10}
{1,3,5,7,9}
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 k = {2,4,6,8,10}
s.p
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8,10} ∪ {1,4,7,10}
= {1,2,3,4, … ,10} − {1,3,5,7,9}
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,2,4,6,7,8,10}
𝐴′ = {2,4,6,8,10}
So, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
te

′
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {1,4,7,10} ∩ {2,4,6,8,10}
vi. (𝐵 − 𝐴)′ = 𝐵 ′ ∪ 𝐴
= {4,10}
no

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐵 − 𝐴)′
So, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
= 𝑈 − (𝐵 − 𝐴)
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′
sy

iii.
= {1,2,3,4, … 10} − ({1,4,7,10} −
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
{1,3,5,7,9})
ea

𝑈 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}
= {1,2,3,4 … 10} − {4,10}
− ({1,3,5,7,9}
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9}
∪ {1,4,7,10})
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐵 ′ ∪ 𝐴 = (𝑈 − 𝐵) ∪ 𝐴
𝑈 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {1,2,3,4, … 10}
= ({1,2,3,4, … ,10} − {1,4,7,10}) ∪ {1,3,5,7,9}
− {1,3,4,5,7,9,10}
= {2,3, ,6,8,9, } ∪ {1,3,5,7,9}
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {2,6,8}
′ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9}
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′
So, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}
Question No.2 if 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}, 𝐴 =
− {1,3,5,7,9}
{1,3,5,7,9}
= {2,4,6,8,10}
′ 𝐵 = {1,4,7,10}, 𝐶 = {1,5,8,10}
𝐵 = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}
Then verify the following questions.
− {1,4,7,10}
i. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
= {2,3,5,6,8,9}
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ = {2,4,6,8,10} ∩ {2,3,5,6,8,9}
= ({1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,4,7,10}) ∪ {1,5,8,10}
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {2,6,8}
= {1,3,4,5,7,9} ∪ {1,5,8,10}
So, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,3,4,5,7,8,9,10}
iv. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∪ ({1,4,7,10} ∪ {1,5,8,10})
𝑈 − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {1,2,3,4, … ,10}
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,4,7,8,10}
− ({1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1,4,7,10})
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,3,4,5,7,8,9,10}
So, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
6|Page
Class 10th Chapter 5
ii. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4, … }
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 So 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
= ({1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1,4,7,10}) ∩ {1,5,8,10} Now
= {1,3,4,5,7,9} ∩ {1,10} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1} 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∩ ({1,4,7,10} ∩ {1,5,8,10}) = {1,2,3, … } − ({ } ∪ {2,3,5,7, … })
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1,10} = {1,2,3, … } − {2,3,5,7, … }
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1} = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,4,6, … }
So, 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′
iii. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) 𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 = {1,2,3, … } − ∅ = {1,2,3, … }
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 𝐵 ′ = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,2,3, … } − {2,3,5,7, . . } =
= ({1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,4,7,10}) ∩ {1,5,8,10} {1,4,6, … }
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,10} 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 ′ = {1,2,3, … } ∩ {1,4,6, … }
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,3,5,7,9,10} 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,4,6 … }
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) So 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
= ({1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,4,7,10}) ∩ ({1,3,5,7,9} ∪ Question No.4
{1,5,8,10}) If 𝑼 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … , 𝟏𝟎}, 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗}
= {1,3,4,5,7,9,10} ∩ {1,3,5,7,8,9,10} 𝑩 = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖} 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆{1,3,5,7,9,10} 𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 by Venn diagram:
So 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 i. 𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩′
k 𝒇𝒊𝒈 (𝒊)
s.p
iv. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) (i)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
= ({1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1,4,7,10}) ∪ {1,5,8,10}
te

= {1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1,4,5,7,8,10}
no

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,5,7}
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
sy

= ({1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1,4,7,10}) ∪ ({1,3,5,7,9} ∩

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 = {1,7,9}
{1,5,8,10})
ea

= {1,5,7} ∩ {1,5}
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆{1,5,7}
So 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(ii) 𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖)
Question No.3 𝒊𝒇 𝑼 = 𝑵 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝑫𝒆 −
𝑴𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒔′ 𝒔𝑳𝒂𝒘𝒔 𝒃𝒚
Using 𝐴 = ∅ 𝐵 = 𝑃.
Solution:
𝑈 = {1,2,3, … } 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′
Now 𝐵 ′ = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,6,7,9,10}
𝐴={ }
𝐵 = {2,3,5,7, … } From fig. (i) and (i)
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ (iii)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′
𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
= 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= {1,2,3, … } − ({ } ∩ {2,3,5,7, … })
= {1,2,3, … } − ∅
= 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {1,2,3, . . . }
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 ′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 = {1,2,3, … } − ∅ = {1,2,3, … }
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ = {1,7,9}
𝐵 ′ = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,2,3, … } − {2,3,5,7, . . } =
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
{1,4,6, … }
ii. 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 ′ = {1,2,3, … } ∪ {1,4,6, … }
7|Page
Class 10th Chapter 5
fig(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴′
𝐹𝑖𝑔(𝑖)

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑣)

𝐵′ = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,6,7,9,10}
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = {2,3,4,4,8} − {1,3,5,7,9}
= {2,4,8} 𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑣)𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐵′
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {6,10}

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑣)

Fig(ii)

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 = {2,4,6,8,10} 𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑣)𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑣)

𝑓𝑖𝑔 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′

k
s.p
iv. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
te

𝑆𝑜, 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3,5}
no

iii. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
sy

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖)
ea

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖) 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵

𝑓𝑖𝑔. (𝑖)
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9}
Fig (i) show that 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖)
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {6,10}

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖)
𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖)𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′
′
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑈 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {6,10}
𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖)𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′
′

𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴 = {2,4,6,8,10}
𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴={2,4,6,8,10}

𝐵′ = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,6,7,9,10}

fig(iii)

8|Page
Class 10th Chapter 5

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖𝑖)

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝐴′ shadow part (𝐴 − 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆

vi. (𝐵 − 𝐴) = 𝐵′ ∪ 𝐴
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐵 − 𝐴) = 𝑈 − (𝐵 − 𝐴)
𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑣)
𝐵 − 𝐴 = {2,4,8}
(𝐵 − 𝐴)′ = 𝑈 − (𝐵 − 𝐴) = {1,3,5,7,9}
𝐵′Shadow part

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖)
𝑓𝑖𝑔. (𝑖𝑣)

𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 (𝐵 − 𝐴)𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡.

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
k
s.p
v. (𝐴 − 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝐴 − 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 − (𝐴 − 𝐵) 𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖)
= {2,3,4,5,6,8,10}
te
no

(𝐵 − 𝐴)′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

sy

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖)
ea

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
(𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡.

𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖) 𝐵′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐵′ ∪ 𝐴
𝐵′ = 𝑈 − 𝐵 = {1,6,7,9,10}
𝐵′ ∪ 𝐴 = {1,3,5,6,7,9,10}
(𝐴 − 𝐵)′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵
𝐴′ = {2,4,6,8,10}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8,10} ∪ {2,3,4,5,8} 𝑓𝑖𝑔 (𝑖𝑣)
={2,3,4,5,6,8,10}

(𝐵′ ∪ 𝐴) 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣)
(𝐵 − 𝐴)′ = 𝐵′ ∪ 𝐴
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝐴′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

9|Page
Class 10th Chapter 5
Ordered pairs: (ii)  2a  5,3   7, b  4 
Any two numbers 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 written in the form (𝒙, 𝒚)
2a  5  7 , 3b4
𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓. 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓
(𝒙, 𝒚), 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 of numbers is important, that is 𝒙 is 2a  7  5 , 3 4  b
the first co-ordinate and y is the second co-ordinate. 2a  2 , 7b
For example , (𝟑, 𝟐)𝒊𝒔 different from (2,3) 2
Note that (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑠, 𝑡), 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑡 a , b7
2
Cartesian Product: a 1
Cartesian product of two non-empty sets A and B (iii)  3  2a, b  1   a  7, 2b  5
denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵 consist of all ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) such
that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 3  2a  a  7 , b  1  2b  5
3  7  a  2a ,  1  5  2b  b
Exercise 5.4
Question No.1 10  3a , 6  b
If A  a, b and B  c, d  , then find A×B 10
a , b  6
3
and B×A
10
Solution: a
A  B  a, b  c, d  3
Q.4 Find the sets X and Y if
  a, c  ,  a, d  ,  b, c  ,  b, d 
X  Y   a, a  ,  b, a  ,  c, a  ,  d , a 
B  A  c, d   a, b Solution:
  c, a  ,  c, b  ,  d , a  ,  b, d  k
X  Y   a, a  ,  b, a  ,  c, a  ,  d , a 
s.p
Question No.2 If A= 0, 2, 4 , B= 1,3 then find X  Y  a, b, c, d   a
A×B, B×A, A  A, B  B . X  a, b, c, d 
te

Solution: (i) A  B Y  a

no

Q.5 If X  a, b, c and Y  d , e , then find the

A  B  0, 2, 4  1,3
sy

number of elements in
  0, 1 ,  0,3 ,  2, 1 ,  2,3 ,  4, 1 ,  4,3 
Solution:
ea

(ii) B  A No. of elements in X = n(X) = 3

No. of elements in Y = n(Y) = 2
B  A  1,3  0, 2, 4 (i) No. of elements in X  Y =n(X  Y) =3  2=6
  1, 0  ,  1, 2  ,  1, 4  ,  3, 0  ,  3, 2  ,  3, 4  (ii) No. of elements in Y  X =n(Y  X) =2  3=6
(iii) No. of elements in X  X =n(X  X)=3  3=9
(iii) A  A

A  A  0, 2, 4  0, 2, 4
 { 0, 0  ,  0, 2  ,  0, 4  ,  2, 0  ,  2, 2 
 2, 4  ,  4, 0  ,  4, 2  ,  4, 4 }
(iv) B  B
B  B  1,3  1,3
  1, 1 ,  1,3 ,  3, 1 ,  3,3
Question No.3 Find a and b if
Solution:
(i)  a  4, b  2    2,1
a4  2 , b  2 1
a  24 , b  1 2
a6 , b3
10 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 5
Binary relation: (d) Bijective Function or one to one
If A and B are any two non-empty sets, then a subset corresponding
𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵 is called binary relation from set A into set a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called bijective function iff
B. because there exist some relationship between first function f is one-one and onto.
and second element of each ordered pair in R. For example
Domain of relation denoted by Dom R is the set 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {2,3,4,5}
consisting of all the first elements of each ordered We defined such that
pair in the relation. 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}
Range of relation denoted by Rang R is the set Then 𝑓 = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
consisting of all the second elements of each ordered
pair in the relation. Evidently this function is one-one because distinct
Function or Mapping elements of A have distinct images in B. this is an
Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets, then onto function also because every element of B is the
relation 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a function image of at least one element of A.
𝑖𝑓 Note:
(i). 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝐴 1) Every function is a relation but convers may
(ii). ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 we can associate some unique image not be true
element 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐵 2) Every function may not be one-one.
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏, 𝒄𝒐 − 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 3) Every function may not be onto.
If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a function, then A is called the domain
of f and B is called the co-domain of 𝑓
Exercise 5.5
Domain 𝑓 is the set consisting of all first elements of Question No.1 if 𝑳 = {𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄}, 𝑴 = {𝟑, 𝟒}, then find
each ordered pair in 𝑓 and range 𝑓 is the set two binary relations of 𝑳 × 𝑴 and 𝑴 × 𝑳
consisting of all second of each ordered pair in 𝑓. Solution:
(a) Into function: k
𝐿 × 𝑀 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} × {3,4}
s.p
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an into function, if at = {(𝑎, 3), (𝑎, 4)(𝑏, 3)(𝑏, 4)(𝑐, 3)(𝑐, 4)}
least one element in B is not an image of some 𝑀 × 𝐿 = {3,4} × {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}
element of set A {(3, 𝑎), (3, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐)(4, 𝑎)(4, 𝑏)(4, 𝑐)}
te

i.e 𝑅1 = {(𝑎, 3), (𝑏, 4)(𝑐, 3}

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 ⊂ 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐵 𝑅2 = {(𝑎, 4)(𝑏, 3)(𝑐, 3)}
no

For example, we define a function 𝑅3 = {(3, 𝑎)(4, 𝑎)}

𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑅4 = {(3, 𝑏), (4, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐), (4, 𝑐)}
sy

𝑓 = {(0,1), (1,1), (2,3), (3,2)} Question No.2 𝒊𝒇 𝒀 = {−𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟐}, then make two
Where 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4}
binary relations 𝒀 × 𝒀. Also Find their domain and
ea

𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
range.
(b) One-One Function
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called one-one function, if all Solution:
distinct elements of A have distinct images in B 𝑌 × 𝑌 = {−2,1,2} × {−2,1,2}
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) (−2, −2), (−2,1), (−2,2), (1, −2), (1,1)(1,2), (2, −2)
{ }
 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐴 (2,1), (2,2)
𝑜𝑟 ∀ 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐴 𝑅1 = {(−2, −2), (−2,1), (1,2), (2,2)}
 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑅1 = {−2,1,2} = 𝐿
For example, if A= {0,1,2,3} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅1 = {−2,1,2}
Then we define a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 such that 𝑅2 = {(−2,1), (1,1), (−2,2)}
𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵} 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑅2 = {−2,1}
= {(0,1). (1,2), (2,3), (3,4)} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅2 = {1,2}
𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. Question No.3 𝒊𝒇 𝑳 = {𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄} 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳 = {𝒅, 𝒆, 𝒇, 𝒈}
(c) An onto or surjective function 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉:
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an onto function , if i. 𝑳×𝑳
every element of set B as an image of at least one 𝐿 × 𝐿 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} × {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}
element of set A (𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑐), (𝑏, 𝑎), (𝑏, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑎)
i.e Range of 𝑓 = 𝐵 ={ }
, (𝑐, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑐)
for example 𝑅1 = {(𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑏)}
if 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {1,2,3} 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅2 = {(𝑏, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑐)}
𝑓 = {(0,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3,2)}
ii. 𝑳×𝑴
Range 𝑓 = {1,2,3} = 𝐵
𝐿 × 𝑀 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} × {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔}
Thus 𝑓 so defined is an onto function.
(𝑎, 𝑑), (𝑎, 𝑒), (𝑎, 𝑓), (𝑎, 𝑔), (𝑏, 𝑑), (𝑏, 𝑒), (𝑏, 𝑓), (𝑏, 𝑔)
={ }
, (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑐, 𝑒), (𝑐, 𝑓), (𝑐, 𝑔)
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Class 10th Chapter 5
𝑅1 = {(𝑎, 𝑑), (𝑏, 𝑔)}
𝑅2 = {(𝑎, 𝑓), (𝑏, 𝑓), (𝑐, 𝑓)} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 = 𝐵.
iii. 𝑀×𝑀 𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
= {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔} × {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔} As. The given relation is one-one as well as onto
(𝑑, 𝑑), (𝑑, 𝑒), (𝑑, 𝑓), (𝑑, 𝑔), (𝑒, 𝑑), (𝑒, 𝑒), (𝑒, 𝑓), (𝑒, 𝑔) functions so, it is bijective functions.
={ }
, (𝑓, 𝑑), (𝑓, 𝑒), (𝑓, 𝑓), (𝑓, 𝑔), (𝑔, 𝑑), (𝑔, 𝑒), (𝑔, 𝑓), (𝑔, 𝑔)
𝑅1 = {(𝑑, 𝑒), (𝑑, 𝑓)}
𝑅2 = {(𝑒, 𝑒), (𝑓, 𝑓), (𝑔, 𝑔)} ii. 𝑅2 = {(1,2), (2,1), (3,4), (3,5)}
Question No.4 if set M has 5 elements, then find the Solution:
number of binary relations in M. D𝑜𝑚𝑅2 = {1,2,3}
Solution: 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑅2 = {1,2,4,5}
No. of elements in M=m=5 As, we know that A relation becomes a function if
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑀 = 2𝑚×𝑚 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Question No.5 if 𝑳 = {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑵 ⋀ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓} , Every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑴 = {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑷 ∧ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎}, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 make the following Pair in 𝑓.As, we can clearly see the 3 is repeated in 3rd
relations from L to M. write the domain and range of and 4th ordered pair so the given relation is not a
each relations. function, its only a relation.
Solution: iii. 𝑅3 = {(𝑏, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑎), (𝑑, 𝑎)}
𝐿 = {1,2,3,4,5} D𝑜𝑚𝑅3 = {𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}
𝑀 = {2,3,5,7} Range𝑅3 = {𝑎}
𝐿 × 𝑀 = {1,2,3,4,5} × {2,3,5,7} As, we know A relation becomes a function if
(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (3,2) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑
= {(3,3), (3,5), (3,7), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,7), (5,2), (5,3)} Every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 appears in one and only one ordered pair
, (5,5), (5,7)
i. 𝑅1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 < 𝑥} k
in 𝑓. So, the given relation is a function.
s.p
As, it doesn’t fulfill any condition of one –one, Onto or
= {(3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (4,3), (5,3)}
into function so the relations is only a function.
Dom𝑅1 = {3,4,5}
iv. 𝑅4 = {(1,1), (2,3), (3,4), (4,3), (5,4)}
te

R𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅1 = {2,3}
ii. 𝑅2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 = 𝑥} 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑅4 = {1,2,3,4,5}
no

= {(2,2), (3,3), (5,5)} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅4 = {1,3,4}

D𝑜𝑚 𝑅2 = {2,3,5} As, we know relation becomes a function if
sy

R𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅2 = {2,3,5} 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓 = 𝐴

iii. 𝑅3 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6} And 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒
ea

= {(1,5), (3,3), (4,2)} 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 pair in 𝑓. So, the given relation is a

D𝑜𝑚𝑅3 = {1,5,4} function.
R𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑅3 = {5,3,2} 𝐴𝑠, 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛, 𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒.
iv. 𝑅4 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2} 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒
= {(1,3), (3,5), (5,7)} 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑅4 = {1,3,5} Of set A. So, the given relation is an onto function.
R𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = {3,5,7} v. 𝑅5 = {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑑, 𝑒)}
Question No.6 indicate relations, into functions, one- D𝑜𝑚𝑅5 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}
one function, into function, and bijective function R𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅5 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑒}
from the following. Also find their domain and range. As, we know a relation becomes a functions if
i. 𝑅1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)} 𝐷omf= 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑
D𝑜𝑚𝑅1 = {1,2,3,4} Every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 in one and only one ordered
R𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅1 = {1,2,3,4} pair in 𝑓. So, the given relation is a functions.
As, we know a relation becomes a function if As, all distinct elements of A have distinct images in B
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓 = 𝐴 so , the given relation is One- One.
And It doesn’t fulfill condition of Onto functions.
Every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 appears in one and only one ordered pair So, the given relation is a One-One functions.
in 𝑓. vi. 𝑅6 = {(1,2), (2,3), (1,3), (3,4)}
So, the given relation is function. As, all distinct 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑅6 = {1,2,3}
elements of A have distinct image of at least one 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅6 = {2,3,4}
element of set A i.e As, we know A relation becomes functions if
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑

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Class 10th Chapter 5
Every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Pair in 𝑓.As, we can clearly see the 1 is repeated in 1st
and 3rd ordered pair so the given relation is not a

function, it’s only a relation.

vii.

𝑅7 = {(1, 𝑟), (3, 𝑝), (5, 𝑠}

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑅7 = {1,3,5}
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅7 = {𝑝, 𝑟, 𝑠}
As, we know a relation becomes a functions if
𝐷omf= 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 in one and only one ordered
pair in 𝑓. So, the given relation is a functions.
As, all distinct elements of A have distinct images in B
so , the given relation is One- One.
It doesn’t fulfill condition of Onto functions.
k
s.p
So, the given relation is a One-One functions.
viii.
te
no

𝑅7 = {(1, 𝑐), (3, 𝑎), (7, 𝑏)}

sy

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑅8 = {1,3,7}
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑅8 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}
ea

As, we know a relation becomes a functions if

𝐷omf= 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 in one and only one ordered
pair in 𝑓.
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓 ≠ 𝐴, 𝑆𝑜, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎
Functions. It’s only a relations.

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