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Introduction To Electrical Circuits Lab 1

The lab report focuses on familiarizing students with basic DC circuit terms and laboratory equipment, including the use of multimeters, ammeters, and voltmeters for measuring resistance, voltage, and current. The experiment involved theoretical calculations and practical measurements, confirming the applicability of Ohm's Law and highlighting minor discrepancies due to manufacturing tolerances. Overall, the hands-on experience provided valuable insights into circuit construction and measurement accuracy.

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37 views12 pages

Introduction To Electrical Circuits Lab 1

The lab report focuses on familiarizing students with basic DC circuit terms and laboratory equipment, including the use of multimeters, ammeters, and voltmeters for measuring resistance, voltage, and current. The experiment involved theoretical calculations and practical measurements, confirming the applicability of Ohm's Law and highlighting minor discrepancies due to manufacturing tolerances. Overall, the hands-on experience provided valuable insights into circuit construction and measurement accuracy.

Uploaded by

abhasan7710
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

LAB REPORT ON
Familiarizing with the basic DC circuit terms
& concepts: Introduction to laboratory
Equipment
Title of the Experiment: Familiarizing with the basic DC circuit terms
& concepts: Introduction to laboratory equipment.

Table of contents :

Abstract :
In this experiment, we are going to familiarized with the basic
equipment of DC circuits . We will measure the resistance, voltage of
the different equipment. For,
this experiment. The objective of the experiment
is to know the process for measuring the resistance. All the DC terms
in this experiment are being
measured by the verified theory.

Theory and Methodology:

Ohm's Law: Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage
and current in an ideal conductor. This relationship states that:
At fixed temperature in an electrical circuit, the current passing
through a conductor between two points is proportional to the
potential difference across the two points, and inversely proportional
to the resistance between them. In mathematical terms, this is
written as:

V = IR

Where I is the current in amperes (A), V is the potential difference in


volts (V), and R is the resistance measured in ohms (Ω) which is
constant here.

Current: The amount of electric current (measured in amperes)


passes through a surface, e.g., a section through a copper conductor,
is defined as the amount of electric charge (measured in coulombs)
flowing through that surface over time. If Q is the amount of charge
that passed through the surface in the time T, then the average
current I is:
I = Q/T

Voltage: Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two


points of an electrical conductor, expressed in volts. It measures the
potential energy of an electric field that causes the flow of electric
current through a conductor. Depending on the difference of
electrical potential it is called extra-low voltage, low voltage, high
voltage or extra-high voltage.

Voltmeter: Voltmeter is a device that is used to measure the voltage


difference between two points of an electronic component. The
potential difference can be measured by simply connecting the leads
across the two points of a load.

Figure 1: Voltage measurement across the


two points/ends of a resistor

Ammeter: Ammeter is a device that is used to measure the current


level of the circuit.

Figure 2: Demonstration of measuring


current using an Ammeter

Wattmeter: The wattmeter measures the power delivered by a


source and to a dissipative element.

Circuit Breaker: An electrical circuit breaker is a switching device


which can be operated manually and automatically for controlling
and protecting electrical power system.
Multimeter: A multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more
electrical values principally voltage, current and resistance.

Resistance Color Coding: The chart shows how to determine the


resistance and tolerance for resistance. The table can also be used to
specify the color of the bands when the values are known.

Breadboard: A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with tiny


holes. These holes let us easily insert the electronic components to
prototype an electronic circuit.

Electrical power supply: Power supply is a device or system that


supplies electrical or other types of energy.

Apparatus:

1. Trainer Board
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. AVO meter or Multi meter
5. DC source
6. Resistors

Precautions :
1.To measure voltage with a multimeter, connect the probes to two s
pecific points in the circuit. Avoid touching the bare probe tips togeth
er during this process, as it could create a short circuit.

2.When measuring resistance or conducting a continuity test, make s


ure the circuit is not powered; these tests should only be done with t
he circuit de-energized.

3.For current measurement, the multimeter must be connected in su


ch a way that the current flows directly through it.

4.Multimeters are designed with minimal resistance between their le


ads. This low resistance allows current to pass through the meter wit
hout introducing extra resistance, which helps ensure an accurate cur
rent reading.

Experimental data and procedure :

1. Calculate the values of the supplied resistors using the color


code chart theoretically. Then measure the values using a
multimeter and complete the following table:
Table 1

Resistor Value using color code Value using


chart multimeter
R1 1.5 kΩ 1.458 kΩ
R2 4.7 kΩ 4.66 kΩ
R3 2.2 kΩ 2.147 kΩ
R4 1.0 kΩ 0.975 kΩ
R5 3.3 kΩ 3.251 kz

2. Construct the following circuit (Figure 6). Theoretically calculate


RT (total resistance), I (total current), Vab, Vcd, Va and Vb.
Again, calculate the same quantities using the multimeter and
complete Table 2 provided below.
Figure 6: Circuit schematic to perform the 2nd step
of the experimental procedure

Table 2

Theoretical Calculation Multimeter readings


E RT I Vab Vcd Va Vb I Vab Vcd Va Vb
5V 6.2 1.24 3.87 1.20 5 1.20 0.806 3.87 1.20 5 1.20
10 V 6.2 0.62 7.63 2.38 10 2.38 1.612 7.63 2.38 10 2.38

Figure-01
Figure-02

Discussion :

1. Comparison of Measurements: We noticed minor differences


between resistor values calculated from color codes and those
obtained with the multimeter. These discrepancies are likely
due to manufacturing tolerances that allow slight deviations
from the labeled resistance values. In our constructed circuit,
similar small differences in total resistance (RT), current (I), and
voltage (V) were observed between calculated values and
actual multimeter readings.
2. Familiarity with Equipment: This experiment enhanced our
familiarity with key laboratory equipment, such as the
multimeter, ammeter, and voltmeter. Accurate voltage
measurements across components and proper ammeter
placement in the circuit required careful handling to avoid
measurement errors or accidental short circuits.
3. Hands-On Circuit Construction: Building the DC circuit on the
trainer board highlighted practical aspects of circuit
construction, such as ensuring secure connections and checking
for loose wires, both of which can impact circuit performance
and measurement accuracy.
4. Ohm’s Law Application: Ohm’s Law provided the theoretical
basis for predicting circuit behavior by relating voltage, current,
and resistance. Our findings confirmed the applicability of
Ohm's Law within the components' tolerance limits, allowing us
to validate theoretical concepts through practical application.

Conclusion :

The experiment effectively introduced us to basic DC circuit


components and key lab equipment. We accurately measured
resistance, voltage, and current using both theoretical calculations
and hands-on practice, emphasizing the need to understand
equipment use and make careful measurements. While there were
small differences between theoretical and measured values, these
were within expected limits and aligned well with Ohm's Law. This
hands-on experience gave us useful insights into how basic circuit
components work, building a solid foundation for more complex
circuit analysis in future experiments.

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