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FM Lab Report 1

The lab report details an experiment conducted to measure the density of water and oil using the Pycnometer method. The results showed that the measured density of water ranged from 0.9355 g/cm³ to 0.987 g/cm³, with percentage errors between 0.3% and 6.06%, while the density of oil was measured at 0.758 g/cm³ with an error of 6.41%. The experiment confirmed that oil is less dense than water, consistent with theoretical expectations, and demonstrated the reliability of the Pycnometer method for density measurement.

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Zoraiz Abbas
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15 views5 pages

FM Lab Report 1

The lab report details an experiment conducted to measure the density of water and oil using the Pycnometer method. The results showed that the measured density of water ranged from 0.9355 g/cm³ to 0.987 g/cm³, with percentage errors between 0.3% and 6.06%, while the density of oil was measured at 0.758 g/cm³ with an error of 6.41%. The experiment confirmed that oil is less dense than water, consistent with theoretical expectations, and demonstrated the reliability of the Pycnometer method for density measurement.

Uploaded by

Zoraiz Abbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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National University of Science and Technology

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering


Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics – II Lab


Lab Report 1
Density Measurement by Pycnometer Method for Water and
Oil

Course Instructor:
Dr. Emad Uddin

Lab Instructor:
Zeeshan Ahsan

Introduction:

Name:
Zoraiz Abbas

CMS ID:
454752

Section:
ME-15B
Date: 03-02-2025
Table of Contents
Density Measurement by Pycnometer Method for Water and Oil ..................................................1
Objectives.....................................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................3
Theory ...........................................................................................................................................................................3
Apparatus.....................................................................................................................................................................3
Procedure.....................................................................................................................................................................4
Calculations .................................................................................................................................................................4
Results and Discussion ...........................................................................................................................................4
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................................5
Density Measurement by Pycnometer Method for Water and
Oil

Objectives
The objectives of this experiment are as follows:

1. To determine the density of water and oil using the Pycnometer method.

2. To compare the experimental density values with theoretical values and


calculate the percentage error.

Introduction
Density is a fundamental physical property of fluids, defined as the mass per unit volume.
It plays a significant role in fluid mechanics, affecting buoyancy, pressure, and flow
behavior. The Pycnometer method provides an accurate way to measure the density of
liquids by using a container of known volume and measuring the mass difference
between an empty and filled Pycnometer. This experiment aims to determine the density
of water and oil using a Pycnometer and a triple beam balance, comparing the results to
theoretical values.

Theory
The density (ρ) of a substance is given by the formula:

ρ = Mass (m) / Volume (V)

For liquids, density is typically measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³). The
Pycnometer is a small flask with a precisely known volume, allowing for accurate
determination of liquid density. By weighing the Pycnometer empty and then filled with
the test liquid, the density is calculated as:
𝐦
𝛒 =
𝐕
The percentage error in the measurement is calculated as:

Error (%) = [(Theoretical Density - Experimental Density) / Theoretical Density] × 100

Apparatus
1. Pycnometer (of known volume)
2. Triple Beam Balance

3. Distilled Water

4. Oil Sample

Procedure
1. Clean and dry the Pycnometer to ensure accurate measurement.

2. Weigh the empty Pycnometer using the triple beam balance and record its
mass.

3. Fill the Pycnometer completely with distilled water, ensuring no air bubbles
are present.

4. Weigh the filled Pycnometer and record the mass.

5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 using oil instead of water.

6. Calculate the density of both liquids using the mass difference and known
volume of the Pycnometer.

7. Compare experimental density values with theoretical values and compute the
percentage error.

Calculations
Experimental Data:

Sr. No. Mass (grams) Volume (cm³) Density Error (%)


(g/cm³)
1 48.8 49.435 0.987 0.3
2 93.55 100 0.9355 6.06

Oil Measurements:

Sr. No. Mass (grams) Volume (cm³) Density Error (%)


(g/cm³)
1 37.5 49.435 0.758 6.41

Results and Discussion


The measured density of water was found to be between 0.9355 g/cm³ and 0.987 g/cm³.
The theoretical density of water at room temperature (25°C) is approximately 0.997
g/cm³. The percentage errors in the measurements ranged from 0.3% to 6.06%, with
possible sources of error including incomplete filling of the Pycnometer, temperature
variations, and minor weighing inaccuracies.

For oil, the measured density was 0.758 g/cm³. The theoretical density of the oil sample
was not provided, but assuming an expected value around 0.81 g/cm³, the error was
calculated as 6.41%. The lower density of oil compared to water demonstrates its lower
mass per unit volume, leading to buoyancy effects when mixed with water.

Conclusion
In this experiment, the density of water and oil was determined using the Pycnometer
method. The results obtained were compared with theoretical values, showing small
deviations attributed to experimental inaccuracies. The results confirmed that oil is less
dense than water, which aligns with theoretical expectations. The Pycnometer method
proved to be a reliable technique for precise density measurement, provided careful
handling and accurate weighing procedures are followed.

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