GOVERNING

EQUATIONS OF FLUID
DYNAMICS

Dr. Sana Zulfiqar

DERIVATION OF PDE OF CONTINUITY
EQUATION
• Consider a fluid is flowing between
two parallel plates.
• An infinitesimal small control volume
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧 fixed in space is analyzed,
where the mass conservation
statement applies to the (u, v, w) flow
field.
• The conservation law requires that,
for unsteady flow, the rate of
increase of mass within the control
volume equals the net rate at which
the mass enters the control volume
(inlet-outlet)

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DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE CONTINUITY
EQUATION

• Four different forms of the same Equation (Continuity Eqn.)

• Each Eqn. derived from consideration of a particular model of the flow.

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PROBLEM # 1
• A compressible fluid flows through a three-dimensional channel
where the density and velocity components vary with both position
and time. Given the following data:
𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 = 1.5 + 0.2𝑡 + 0.1𝑥 − 0.05𝑦

𝑢 = 2 + 0.3𝑥 − 0.2𝑡
𝑣 = 1 − 0.1𝑦 + 0.05𝑡
𝑤 = 3 + 0.2𝑧 − 0.1𝑡
• Find whether the continuity equation is satisfied at the point
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = (2,1,3,4).

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PROBLEM # 2
• A steady, incompressible fluid flow has velocity components
given by:
𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦
𝑣 = −2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧
𝑤 = −2𝑧 − 𝑦

• Verify whether the continuity equation holds at any arbitrary

point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

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PROBLEM # 3
• Consider a fluid flow given in cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) with
velocity components: 2
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑟 +z
𝑉𝜃 = r cos 𝜃
𝑉𝑧 = sin 𝑧

• Check whether this velocity field satisfies the continuity

equation in cylindrical coordinates:
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑉𝜃 𝜕𝑉𝑧
𝑟𝑉𝑟 + + =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

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PROBLEM # 4
• Water flows through a horizontal pipe with varying diameters.
The pipe has two sections:
• Section 1: Radius 𝑟1 = 0.2 m and velocity 𝑉𝑟1 = 2 𝑚/𝑠.
• Section 2: Radius 𝑟2 = 0.1 m.
• Assuming incompressible flow (constant density), determine
the velocity 𝑉𝑟2 at Section 2 using the continuity equation in
cylindrical coordinates.
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑉𝜃 𝜕𝑉𝑧
𝑟𝑉𝑟 + + =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
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RATE OF CHANGE FOLLOWING A FLUID
PARTICLE AND A FLUID ELEMENT
• The momentum and energy conservation laws make statements
regarding changes of properties of a fluid particle. This is termed
the Lagrangian approach.
• Each property of such a particle is a function of the position (x, y, z)
of the particle and time t.
• Let the value of a property per unit mass be denoted by φ.
• The total or substantive derivative of φ with respect to time
following a fluid particle, written as Dφ/Dt, is

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RATE OF CHANGE FOLLOWING A FLUID PARTICLE AND A
FLUID ELEMENT

• Dφ/Dt defines rate of change of property φ per unit mass.

• It is possible to develop numerical methods for fluid flow
calculations based on the Lagrangian approach, i.e. by tracking the
motion and computing the rates of change of conserved properties
φ for collections of fluid particles.
• However, it is far more common to develop equations for collections
of fluid elements making up a region fixed in space, for example a
region defined by a duct, a pump, a furnace or similar piece of
engineering equipment. This is termed the Eulerian approach.
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RATE OF CHANGE FOLLOWING A FLUID
PARTICLE AND A FLUID ELEMENT
• For the mass conservation equation, we are interested in
developing equations for rates of change per unit volume.
• The rate of change of property φ per unit volume for a fluid
particle is given by the product of Dφ/Dt and density ρ, hence

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RATE OF CHANGE FOLLOWING A FLUID
PARTICLE AND A FLUID ELEMENT
• The mass conservation equation contains the mass per unit volume
(i.e. the density ρ) as the conserved quantity.
• The sum of the rate of change of density in time and the convective
term in the mass conservation equation

• The generalization of these terms for an arbitrary conserved

property is

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RATE OF CHANGE FOLLOWING A FLUID
PARTICLE AND A FLUID ELEMENT
• Expresses the rate of change in time of φ per unit volume plus
the net flow of φ out of the fluid element per unit volume.

• It is now rewritten to illustrate its relationship with the

substantive derivative of φ:

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RATE OF CHANGE FOLLOWING A FLUID
PARTICLE AND A FLUID ELEMENT

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RATE OF CHANGE FOLLOWING A FLUID PARTICLE AND A
FLUID ELEMENT

To construct the three components of the momentum equation and the energy equation the
relevant entries for φ and their rates of change per unit volume as defined in above equations
are given below:

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MOMENTUM
EQUATION
Three Dimensions

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MOMENTUM EQUATION

• Newton’s second law states that the rate of change of momentum of

a fluid particle equals the sum of the forces on the particle:

• The rates of increase of x-, y- and z-momentum per unit volume of a

fluid particle are given by

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MOMENTUM EQUATION
The sum of all forces applied
Integral Form
on the control volume is equal
to the sum of the rate of
change of momentum inside
the control volume and the net
flux of momentum through the
Differential Form control surface.

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MOMENTUM EQUATION

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MOMENTUM EQUATION
• Body Forces: Act directly on the volumetric mass of the fluid
element.
• These forces act at a distance.
• Examples: Gravitational, Electric, and magnetic forces.
• Surface Forces: Act directly on the surface of the fluid element.
• They are due to (a) the pressure distribution acting on the
surface, imposed by the outside fluid surrounding the fluid
element, (b) the shear and normal stress distributions acting on
the surface, also imposed by the outside fluid “tugging” or
“pushing” on the surface by means of friction.
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MOMENTUM EQUATION

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MOMENTUM EQUATION

Total net force in x-direction

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MOMENTUM EQUATION

Non-conservative form of
Navier-Stokes (NS) Equations

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MOMENTUM EQUATION

Non-conservative Form Conservative Form

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MOMENTUM EQUATION
Newtonian Fluids: Shear stress in a fluid is directly proportional to the time rate of strain i.e.,
velocity gradient. Practically, the fluid can be assumed as Newtonian fluid.
Non-Newtonian Fluids: Fluids in which shear stress is not proportional to the velocity gradients are
known as non-Newtonian fluids, e.g., blood flow.

Stokes in 1845 obtained:

Dynamic viscosity µ

Second viscosity λ=-2/3 µ 24

MOMENTUM EQUATION

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