LIFEFORTE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS

TRIGONOMETRY

Learners’ Objectives:
 Sketch and use graphs of the sine, cosine and tangent functions (for angles
of any size, and using either degrees or radians): e.g. 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 −
1 Trig. Ratios of Angle (𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽)
cos 2𝑥, 𝑦 = tan (𝑥 + 𝜋).
4
𝑆𝑖𝑛(90° − 𝜃) 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑦
 Use the exact values of the sine, cosine and tangent of 30°, 45°, 60°, and 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟
1 3 √2 𝐶𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝜃) 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥
related angles: e.g. cos 150° = − √3, sin 𝜋 = .
2 4 2 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟
 Use the notations sin–1 𝑥, cos −1 𝑥, tan−1 𝑥 to denote the principal values of 𝑇𝑎𝑛(90° − 𝜃) 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑦
the inverse trigonometric relations. 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥
sin 𝑥
 Use the identities e.g tan 𝑥 ≡ and sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 ≡ 1 etc in proving
cos 𝑥
Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
identities, simplifying expressions and solving equations. 1 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒓
 Find all the solutions of simple trigonometrical equations lying in a specified Cosec 𝜃 = = =
Sin 𝜃 𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒚
interval (general forms of solution are not included): e.g. solve 3 sin 2𝑥 + 1 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒓
Sec 𝜃 = = =
Cos 𝜃 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒙
1 = 0 for −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, 2 sin2 𝜃 − 5 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0 for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°. 1 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒙
Cot 𝜃 = = =
Tan 𝜃 𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒚
Trigonometry 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙
NB: 𝑪𝒐𝒕 𝜽 = ⟹ [ ÷ ] ⟹
Classical Definition of Trigonometry 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒓 𝒓 𝒚

Basic Trigonometric Ratios [SOH CAH TOA]

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES
Ratios of 𝟒𝟓°
To determine the trigonometric ratios of 45°;
We make a mathematical assumption of a unit isosceles right-angled triangle.

By Pythagoras,
[𝐻𝑦𝑝]2 = [𝑂𝑝𝑝]2 + [𝐴𝑑𝑗]2
Trigonometric Ratios of Angle 𝜽
∴ [𝐻𝑦𝑝]2 = 12 + 12
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑦
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟 ⟹ [𝐻𝑦𝑝]2 = 2
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 ⟹ [𝐻𝑦𝑝]2 = 2
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟
𝑦 ⟹ [𝐻𝑦𝑝] = √2
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 Ratios of 𝟒𝟓°
𝟏 √𝟐
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝟓° = ≡
√𝟐 𝟐
NB: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = ⟹ [ ÷ ] ⟹
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑟 𝑟 𝑥 𝟏 √𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝟓° = ≡
√𝟐 𝟐
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟒𝟓° = 𝟏
Ratios of 𝟑𝟎° & 𝟔𝟎° [Even though this is mathematically impossible, since in this case one side will be
To determine the ratios of 𝟑𝟎° & 𝟔𝟎°; lying on the other side]
We make a mathematical assumption of an equilateral triangle of 2 units.

By Pythagoras,
Ratios of 𝟎°
[𝐻𝑦𝑝]2 = [𝑂𝑝𝑝]2 + [𝐴𝑑𝑗]2
0
∴ 22 = [𝑂𝑝𝑝]2 + 12 𝑆𝑖𝑛 0° = ≡ 0
1
1
⟹ [𝑂𝑝𝑝]2 = 3 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0° = ≡ 1
1
⟹ [𝑂𝑝𝑝] = √3 0
𝑇𝑎𝑛 0° = ≡ 0
1

Ratios of 𝟔𝟎°
√3 Ratios of 𝟑𝟎°
𝑆𝑖𝑛 60° =
2 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛 90° = ≡ 1
1 1
𝐶𝑜𝑠 60° =
2 0
𝐶𝑜𝑠 90° = ≡ 0
√3 1
𝑇𝑎𝑛 60° = 1
1
𝑇𝑎𝑛 90° = ≡ ∞
0

In Summary
𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝜽 = 𝟎° ≡ 𝟎𝒄 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎° ≡ 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓° ≡ 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎° ≡ 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° ≡
≡ 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟎 𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐓𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝟎 √𝟑 𝟏 √𝟑 ∞
𝟑 𝟏

Ratios of 𝟑𝟎° Class Discussion:

𝑆𝑖𝑛 30° =
1  Evaluate,
2 𝜋 𝜋
2 cos sin
4 6
√3 (a) 𝜋 𝜋
𝐶𝑜𝑠 30° = cos +sin2
2
3 3
2
1+ tan 60° tan 30°
1 √3 (b) .
tan 60° + tan 30°
𝑇𝑎𝑛 30° = ≡
√3 3 √3
 Given that sin ∅ = , where 0°≤∅≤90°; find
5
Ratios of 𝟎° & 𝟗𝟎°
(a) cot ∅ − sec ∅.
To determine the ratios of 𝟎° & 𝟗𝟎°; 1−tan2 ∅
We make a hypothetical assumption of a unit isosceles right triangle with a third (b)
sin ∅ +cos ∅
angle of 0°.
COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES Substituting
Two angles are said to be complementary, if their sum is 90° ⇒ cos (90 − 5𝑥) = cos 4𝑥
Equating both sides
⇒ 90 − 5𝑥 = 4𝑥
⇒ 90 = 4𝑥 + 5𝑥
⇒ 90 = 9𝑥
⇒ 10 = 𝑥
In the figure above,
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90° Modern Definition of Trigonometry
∴ 𝛽 = 90° − 𝛼 Trigonometry is simply the study of the relationship between the sides and angles of
triangles.
An angle is a measure of the rotation of a line segment OP about a fixed point O.
In trigonometry, angles are usually measured relative to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
 a positive angle measures a rotation in an anti-clockwise direction, whereas
 a negative angle measures a rotation in a clockwise direction.
𝜽 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽)
𝒙 𝒙
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) =
𝒓 𝒓
𝒚 𝒚
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) =
𝒓 𝒓
𝒙 𝒚
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝑻𝒂𝒏 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) =
𝒚 𝒙

From the above,

 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽)
 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽)
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF GENERAL ANGLES [𝟎° ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°]
Foot Notes:
We make a mathematical assumption of a point, P, moving around a unit circle
 The CO- in CO-sine means “sine of the complementary angle”; hence
sin 25° = cos 65°
FIRST QUADRANT [𝟎° ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟗𝟎°]
 Same principle applies to other CO’s
 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽)
 𝑺𝒆𝒄 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝒚
 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = = = 𝒚
 𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙
 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = = = 𝒙
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
Worked Example 𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝒚
 𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = =
Given that sin 5𝑥 = cos 4𝑥; find the value of 𝑥. 𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙

[A] 15° [B] 10° [C] 9° [D] 30°

Solution
⇒ sin 5𝑥 = cos 4𝑥
From rule of complementarity, sin 5𝑥 = cos (90 − 5𝑥)
SECOND QUADRANT [𝟗𝟎° ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°] TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF NEGATIVE ANGLES [−∞° ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟎°]
Since negative angles are measured in the clockwise sense, they have to be converted
 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽) =
𝑶𝒑𝒑
=
𝒚
= 𝒚
to general angles.
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
They are treated by adding multiples of 𝟑𝟔𝟎°′ 𝑠 until a general angle is arrived at.
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙
 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽) = =− =−𝒙 Then we treat the resulting general angle appropriately.
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝒚
 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽) = =−
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙 Worked Example
Evaluate cos 960°.
1 √3 1 √3
[A] [B] [C] [D]
2 2 2 2
THIRD QUADRANT [𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟐𝟕𝟎°] Solution
⇒ 960° − 360°
⇒ 600° (which is still a greater angle)
𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝒚
⇒ 600° − 360°
 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽) = = − =−𝒚 ⇒ 240° (which is in 𝜃3 )
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙 ∴ cos 240° = cos(180° + 60°).
 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽) = =− =−𝒙
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
Recall that cos is −𝑣𝑒 in 𝜃3
𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝒚 1
 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽) = =+ ⇒ cos 60° = −
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙 2
FOURTH QUADRANT [𝟐𝟕𝟎° ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°]
Worked Example
Find the value of sin(−780°).
1 √3 1 √3
𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝒚 [A] [B] [C] [D]
 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝜽) = = − =−𝒚 2 2 2 2
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
Solution
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙
 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝜽) = = = 𝒙 ⇒ −780° + 360°
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝟏
𝑶𝒑𝒑 𝒚 ⇒ −420° (which is still a lesser angle)
 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝜽) = =−
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝒙 ⇒ −420° + 360°
⇒ 120° (which is in 𝜃2 )
In Summary ∴ sin 120° = sin(180° − 120°).
 In 𝑄1 , All ratios are positive Recall that sine is +𝑣𝑒 in 𝜃2
1
 In 𝑄2 , Only Sine is positive, while other ratios are ⇒ sin 30° =
2
negative
 In 𝑄3 , Only Tan is positive, while other ratios are GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
negative
 In 𝑄2 , Only Cosine is positive, while other ratios are The trigonometric functions are periodic functions because they repeat themselves
negative over and over every regular intervals.
Period: the length of one complete cycle
Amplitude: maximum (or minimum) displacement from the central position of the
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF GREATER ANGLES [𝟑𝟔𝟎° ≤ ∅ ≤ ∞°] principal axis.
They are treated by subtracting multiples of 𝟑𝟔𝟎°′ 𝑠 until a general angle is arrived
at. Then we treat the resulting general angle appropriately.
Graph of 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙

 Amplitude=𝑎

360°
 Period=
𝑏

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃𝒙

180°
 Period= 𝑏

PROPERTIES 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

Amplitude 1 1 ∞

Period 360° 360° 180°

Maximum Points (90°, 1) (0°, 1) In general,

PROPERTIES 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
Minimum Points (270°, −1) (180°, −1)
Amplitude 𝒂 𝒂 ∞

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 Period 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

𝒃 𝒃 𝒃

Maximum Points 𝟗𝟎° 𝟎°

[ , (𝒄 + 𝒂)] [ , (𝒄 + 𝒂)]
 Amplitude=𝑎 𝒃 𝒃

360° Minimum Points 𝟐𝟕𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

 Period= [ , [ ,
𝑏 𝒃 𝒃
(𝒄 − 𝒂)] (𝒄 − 𝒂)]
TRANSFORMATION Dividing (1) by sin2 𝜃
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is a transformation of the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 effected ∴ 1 + Cot 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜sec 2 𝜃 …………………………………… (3)
by:
 a stretch parallel to the y-axis, scale factor 𝑎
1 Footnote
 a stretch parallel to the x-axis, scale factor  All six ratios are represented by these three identities
𝑏
 a translation parallel to the y-axis of 𝑐 units.  Each of these three identities relates two different ratios
The same rules can be applied to the graphs of all trigonometric functions  We can make each ratio the subject of each identity
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ………… (1a)
SKETCHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ………… (1b)
∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ………… (2a)
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 can be built up in steps. ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 ………… (2b)
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 ………… (3a)
 Start with the sketch of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 [i.e the parent function]
∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 ………… (3b)
 Sketch the transformation involving the period 𝑦 = sin 𝑏𝑥
 Sketch the transformation involving the amplitude with the transformation  We can also relate one or more identities by making 1 the subject of each
involving the period 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 identity
 Sketch the transformation of the displacement from mean position 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ⤇ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ⤇ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 ⤇ 1
𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
 When working with trigonometric identities it is necessary to start with the
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES left-hand side (LHS) and attempt to make it equal to the right-hand side
A trigonometric identities are trigonometric relationship which are true for all (RHS) or vice-versa.
values of the unknown variable.  It is also often useful to convert all of the trigonometric ratios in the LHS into
Recall from basic trigonometry, the trigonometric relations in the RHS where possible.
Basic Ratios
𝑦
sin 𝜃 = = 𝑦
1
𝑥
Example
cos 𝜃 = =𝑥 Prove the identity sin2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = Solution
𝑥
sin 𝜃
∴ tan 𝜃 ⇒
cos 𝜃 LHS ⤇ sin2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1
⤇ sin2 𝜃 ( )( )
Reciprocal Ratios 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cosec 𝜃 =
1
⇒
1
Cancelling out
sin 𝜃 𝑦

sec 𝜃 =
1
⇒
1 ⤇ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [RHS]
cos 𝜃 𝑥
1 𝑥 cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 = ⇒ =
tan 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
Example
∴ cot 𝜃 ⇒
sin 𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
From Pythagoras, Prove that √ = cosec 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 Solution
(sin 𝜃)2 + (cos 𝜃)2 = 12 1+cos 𝜃
∴ sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 …………………………………… (1) Given √ = cosec 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃
√1+cos 𝜃
L.H.S ⇒
Dividing (1) by cos 2 𝜃 √1−cos 𝜃

∴ 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 ……………………………………… (2)

By rationalization ⇒
√1+cos 𝜃
×
√1+cos 𝜃 From the Trig. Id: ⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
√1−cos 𝜃 √1+cos 𝜃
1+cos 𝜃
Also, ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏
⇒
√1−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 1−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
Substituting ⇒ √ ⇒ √
From the Trig. Id: ⇒ 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽
1+cos 𝜃 1+cos 𝜃 sin 𝜽
∴ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
√1−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 √𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 tan 𝜽
sin 𝜃
⇒
1+cos 𝜃 From the Basic Trig. Ratio: 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 =
cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜽 sin 𝜃
Resolving into partial fractions ∴ ⇒ sin 𝜽 ÷
tan 𝜽 cos 𝜃
1 cos 𝜃
⇒ + ⇒ cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
⇒ cosec 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 ⇒ R.H.S
Worked Example
Example
1+sin 𝜃 1−sin 𝜃 If 𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, and 𝑦 = 2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; prove that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦.
Show that √ + √ = 2sec 𝜃
1−sin 𝜃 1+sin 𝜃

Solution Solution:
1+sin 𝜃 1−sin 𝜃
Given √ + √ = 2sec 𝜃 [L.H.S] Given that: 𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1−sin 𝜃 1+sin 𝜃
To prove 2sec 𝜃 [R.H.S]
& 𝑦 = 2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
By rationalization L.H.S
√1+sin 𝜃 √1−sin 𝜃
⇒ + To prove that: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦
√1−sin 𝜃 √1+sin 𝜃
(1+sin 𝜃)+(1−sin 𝜃)
⇒ Squaring each term:
(√1−sin 𝜃)(√1+sin 𝜃)
(1+sin 𝜃)+(1−sin 𝜃)
⇒ ⤇ 𝑥 2 = (1 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
√1−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
From the Trig. Id: ⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
(1+sin 𝜃)+(1−sin 𝜃) ⤇ 𝑥 2 = 1 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 9 cos 2 𝜃 ……… (i)
∴⇒
√1−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
(1+sin 𝜃)+(1−sin 𝜃) And
⇒
√𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽
2
⇒ ⤇ 𝑦 2 = (2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
cos 𝜃
Resolving into partial fractions
1
⤇ 𝑦 2 = 4 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 9 sin2 𝜃 …… (ii)
⇒ 2×
cos 𝜃
⇒ 2sec 𝜃 ⇒ R.H.S Adding (i) & (ii):

Example ⤇ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 9 cos 2 𝜃 + 4 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 9 sin2 𝜃

1−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 ⤇ 1 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 4 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 9(cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)

Simplify √
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏
Solution From: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
1−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
Given √ ⤇ 1 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 4 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 9
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏
⤇ [2 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] + [8 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃] 𝒂− 𝒃 𝒂− 𝒃 𝒂− 𝒃 2 𝒂+ 𝒃
[A] [B] √ [C] ( ) [D]
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂−𝒃
⤇ [1 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] + 4[2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
Solution:
Recall that: 𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎− 𝑏
Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = ,
𝑎+𝑏
& 𝑦 = 2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 To find √1 − cos 2 𝜃
From Trig Id. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
Substituting:
∴ √1 − cos 2 𝜃 ⇒ √sin2 𝜃
𝒂− 𝒃
⤇ 4 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 ⤇ [QED] ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
𝒂+𝒃

TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONS
Example:
𝒄 − 𝒂 Trigonometric Relations may yield (result in) any of the following:
If 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐; show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 =
𝒃 −𝒄  Simple Linear Relations
Solution  Quadratic Relations
Given that 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐  Simultaneous Relations
Substituting 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 into 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐
⇒ 𝑎(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐 Worked Example
⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐 If sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃, find the value of θ, where 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
⇒ 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐 − 𝑎 Solution:
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 (𝑏 − 𝑎) = 𝑐 − 𝑎 Given sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝑐 −𝑎
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = …………………………. (i) Dividing each term by cos 𝜃
𝑏− 𝑎
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Substituting 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 into 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐 ⇒ =
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑏(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 𝑐
⇒ tan 𝜃 = 1
⇒ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑐
NOTE: tan 𝜃 is positive in the 𝑄1 and 𝑄3
⇒ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑐 − 𝑏
⇒ 𝜃 = tan−1 (1)
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 (𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑐 − 𝑏
𝑐 −𝑏 ⇒ 𝜃 = 45°
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = …………………………. (ii) In the 𝑄1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 45°
𝑎− 𝑏
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
From trig id. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = In the 𝑄3 ⇒ 𝜃 = 180 + 45°
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
⇒ 𝜃 = 225°
Hence, dividing (i) by (ii):
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐 −𝑎 𝑐 −𝑏
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = ⇒ ÷ Worked Example
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑏− 𝑎 𝑎− 𝑏
𝑐 −𝑎 𝑎− 𝑏
⇒ × Determine the values of 𝑥, where 0° ≤ 𝑥° ≤ 360° for which 4cos 2 𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑏− 𝑎 𝑐 −𝑏
𝑐 −𝑎 𝑎− 𝑏 Solution:
⇒ ×
−(𝑎 − 𝑏) −(𝑏 − 𝑐) Given 4 cos 2 𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑐 −𝑎
⇒ [QED] Subtracting 3 from both sides
𝑏−𝑐
⇒ 4 cos 2 𝑥 = −3
Example: Dividing each term by 4
𝒂− 𝒃 3
Given that 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = , what is √1 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 ⇒ cos 2 𝑥 = −
𝒂+𝒃 4
 4𝑡 2
Square root of both sides ⇒ =−
1 − 𝑡2 √3
√3
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = − ⇒ (4√3) 𝑡 = −2(1 − 𝑡 2 )
2
NOTE: cos 𝑥 is negative in the 𝑄2 and 𝑄3 ⇒ 𝑡 2 − (2√3) 𝑡 − 1 = 0
√3
⇒ 𝑥= cos −1 ( ) Solving the quadratic equation:
2
2√3 ± √16
⇒ 𝑥 = 30° ⇒ 𝑡=
2
In the 𝑄2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 180 − 30°
⇒ 𝑡 = √3 ± 2
⇒ 𝑥 = 150°
Recall that 𝑡𝑎𝑛 75° = 𝑡
In the 𝑄3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 180 + 30°
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 75° = −2 + √3 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛 75° = 2 + √3
⇒ 𝑥 = 210°
Since tan 75° is in the first quadrant, it cannot be negative.
Worked Example ∴ tan 75° = 2 + √3
1 1
Given that sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = , and cos 2𝑥 = , where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are acute; find the values
√2 2 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
of 𝑥 and 𝑦. A trigonometric equation is an equation containing trigonometric ratios. Since
Solution: trigonometric functions are periodic functions, there are infinite numbers of
1
From (i): sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = solutions for trigonometric equations. It is therefore the tradition to find some
√2
−1 1 solutions within a given range.
⟹ 𝑥+𝑦 = sin ( )
√2 Example:
⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 45° Solve the equation: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
1
From (ii): cos 2𝑥 = Solution
2
−1 1 From double angle formula: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥,
⟹ 2𝑥 = cos ( )
2 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ (1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0
⟹ 2𝑥 = 60° ⇒ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 1 = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 30° Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑚
Substituting in (i): ⇒ 2𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 1 = 0
⟹ 30° + 𝑦 = 45° Solving the quadratic equation:
∴ 𝑦 = 15° ⇒ 𝑚=1 or 𝑚 = −0.5
Thus, 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) or 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (−0.5)
Worked Example 𝑥 = 90° or 𝑥 = 30° (negative value)
4 tan 75° 1 Sine is negative in 3rd and 4th quadrants
Given that = , find the value of tan 75°, 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
1 − tan2 75° cos 150°
𝑥 = (30 + 180)° 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = (360 − 30)°
Solutions:
4 tan 75° 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 90° 𝑜𝑟 210° 𝑜𝑟 330°
Given that = ,
1 − tan2 75° cos 150°
⇒ cos 150° = − cos(180° − 150°)
√3
⇒ −
2
Let tan 75° = 𝑡
4𝑡 1
⇒ =
1 − 𝑡2 −(
√3
)
2