Grade 12 Maths Essentials

Trigonometry Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

BASIC DEFINITIONS BASIC CAST DIAGRAM FUNDAMENTAL TRIG REDUCTION FORMULAE

Shows the quadrants where each trig ratio is + IDENTITIES Reducing all angles to acute angles.
Memorise: 180° – θ 360° + θ
90⁰ S A θ
sin θ =
o
soh sin A
Opposite

Hy
h
S A = tan A 180° + θ
T C
360° – θ
cos A
po
a
cos θ = cah sin + all +
t

h
en

o EXAMPLES
us

tan θ = toa II I 0⁰
180⁰
e

a Reduce to an acute angle and simplify if possible (without

III IV 360⁰
sin2 B + cos2 B = 1 a calculator):
T C can be written as 1. sin 125o 2. cos 260 o
θ cos + = sin(180 o − 55o) = cos(180 o + 80 o)
Adjacent
tan + sin2 B = 1 − cos2 B
= sin 55o = − cos 80 o
cos2 B = 1 − sin2 B (QII so sin is +) (QIII so cos is -)
These are our basic trig ratios. 270⁰

EXAMPLE tan 660 o

3. = tan(360 o + 300 o)
On the Cartesian Plane Special Angles
1. In which quadrant does θ lie if tanθ < 0 and
cosθ > 0?
= tan 300 o (QI so tan is +)
Remember:
y = tan(360 o − 60 o)
r = 2 (x; y) 60 o is a
= − tan 60 o (QIV so tan is -) special angle
tanθ - cosθ +
y 3
sin θ = cosθ + = −
r
r (0; 2) 1
y x tanθ -
cos θ = r (1; 3) = − 3
y Quadrant IV
tan θ = ( 2; 2) tan(180 o − β)cos(180 o + β)cos2 (360 o − β)
θ
x
x 90o 4. + sin2(180 o + β )
x 60o sin(360 + β)
2. In which quadrant does θ lie if sinθ < 0 and ( 3; 1) (−tan β)(−cos β)(cos β) 2
cosθ < 0? 45o = sin β
+ (−sin β )2

30o cos3 β
Remember: cosθ - = tan β . sin β
+ sin2 β
sinθ - sinθ - cos3 β
• x2 + y2 = r2 (Pythagoras) cosθ - =
sin β
. + sin2 β
o
(2; 0) cos β sin β
• Angles are measured upwards from the posi- 0 Remember:
tive (+) x-axis (anti-clockwise) up to the hy- = cos2 β + sin2 β
Identities
potenuse (r). Quadrant III = 1

EXAMPLE 1
Pythagoras Problems 2 cos θ + tan θ
1
Steps: If 3sinθ – 2 = 0 and tanθ < 0, determine 2 cos θ + without using a calculator and using a diagram. − 5 1
tan θ = 2( )+ Remember:
1. Isolate the trig ratio 2 2 2 3 2 x
x + y = r ( ) cos θ = r
2. Determine the quadrant 1. 3 sin θ − 2 = 0 2. 3. 4. − 5
3. Draw a sketch and use Pythagoras 2 y tanθ - r=3 x 2 + (2)2 = (3)2 and
4. Answer the question sin θ = 3 r sinθ + sinθ + =
−2 5
−
5
y
y=2 x2 = 5 3 2 tan θ =
tanθ - x
θ x = ± 5 −4 5 − 3 5
= 6
∴ Q u a dr a nt I I ∴x = − 5 −7 5
= 6
50
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Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Trigonometry Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

NEGATIVE ANGLES CO-FUNCTIONS FULL CAST DIAGRAM

Angles measured downwards (clockwise) from the B If A + B = 90∘ then sinA and cosB are Memorise the following diagram:
positive x-axis, which can be seen as Quadrant IV. known as co-functions.
90°
90° + θ 90° – θ
sinA = sin(90⁰ – B)
y A = cosB θ
180° – θ
360° + θ
EXAMPLES
S II I A 0°
1. sin 30 o 2. cos 25o 180°
T III IV C 360°
x = sin(90 o − 60 o) = cos(90 o − 65o) 180° + θ 360° – θ
–A = cos 60 o = sin 65o θ – 180° –θ
NOTE: θ – 90°
Look at the quadrant first, THEN use
* Reductions Co-functions 270°
the reduction/co-function formulae

Method 1: Q IV Method 2: Get rid of negative PROVING IDENTITIES

3. sin(90 o − α) Q I, so sin +
sin(–A) = –sinA Add 360° to the angle to make
= cos α 90 o ∴ sin ↔ cos Steps:
cos(–A) = cosA it positive. 1. Separate LHS and RHS
tan(–A) = –tanA 2. Start on the more complex side
4. cos(90 o + β ) Q II, so cos − 3. Prove that the sides are equal.
EXAMPLES = − sin β 90 o ∴ sin ↔ cos
EXAMPLES
Simplify without the use of a calculator: sin(–330°) cos x 1
1. cos2 x . tan2 x = sin2 x 3. tan x + =
o 1 + sin x cos x
NB: Negative Angle 5. sin(θ − 90 ) Q I V, so sin −
= − cos θ 90 o ∴ sin ↔ cos LHS = cos2 x . tan2 x cos x
1) Q I V 2) + 360 o LHS = tan x +
sin(−330 ) o
= sin(−330 )o 2 1 + sin x
6. Simplify to a ratio of 10⁰: sin x sin x cos x
= − sin 330 o = sin(360 o − 330 o) = cos2 x . = +
a) cos 100 o Q II, so cos − cos2 x cos x 1 + sin x
= − sin(360 o − 30 o) = sin 30 o
1 = cos(90 o + 10 o) 90 o ∴ sin ↔ cos
= − (−sin 30 ) o
= = sin2 x = RHS sin x (1 + sin x) + cos x (cos x)
2 = − sin 10 o =
o cos x (1 + sin x)
= sin 30
1 b) tan 170 o Q II, so tan −
= = tan(180 o − 10 o) 180 o ∴ r edu c t i on sin x + sin2 x + cos2 x
2 2. 1 − 2 sin x . cos x = (sin x − cos x)2 =
= − tan 10 o cos x (1 + sin x)

PROBLEM SOLVING: RHS = (sin x − cos x)2 sin x + 1

=
If cos25° = p, express the following in terms of p (i.e. get all angles to 25°): cos x (1 + sin x)
= sin2 x + cos2 x − 2 sin x . cos x
1. cos(−385 ) o
negative angle, so a) + 360° o
3. sin(335 ) 1
o = 1 − 2 sin x . cos x = LHS = = RHS
= cos(−25 ) or b) Q IV o o
= sin(360 − 25 ) Q IV, sin - cos x
= cos 25o - 385 Q I = − sin 25o
= p ∴ + cos REMEMBER: Correct angle is 25° BUT wrong sin ratio. Thus draw sketch. 4. tan(155o) Method 1: Ratio Method 2: Sketch
= tan(180 o − 25o) Q II, tan -
−y −sin 25o −y
2. sin(65o) Given cos25⁰ = p x So, − sin 25o = = − tan 25o = =
= sin(90 o − 25o) Q I, sin + r cos 25o x
1 r
= cos(25o) 1 This can be solved in two ways:
r = y = √1 –p2 − 1 − p2 − 1 − p2 − 1 − p2
= p = =
(Pythag) = = − 1 − p2 p p
x=p 1
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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Trig Equations Grade 11 Recap

BASICS SQUARES CO-FUNCTIONS FACTORISING

Steps: Hints: Hints: Steps:
• Isolate trig ratios • Do all four quadrants (± means the ratio • sin and cos with different angles • Solve as you would a quadratic equation
must be both + and -)
• Reference angle (don’t put negative • Introduce the co-function with 90° - z
EXAMPLES
into calculator) EXAMPLE
• The angle you change is the reference angle
Solve for x:
• Choose quadrants Solve for β:
EXAMPLES
➡ sin or cos: 2 Quadrants 4 sin2 β − 3 = 0
Solve for x: 1. tan2 x − 2 tan x + 1 = 0
➡ tan: 1 Quadrant 3
2
sin β = 1. cos x = sin(x − 10 o) (tan x − 1)(tan x − 1) = 0
• General solutions 4 cos x = cos(90 o − (x − 10 o)) tan x = 1
➡ sin θ or cos θ + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ cos x = cos(100 o − x)
3 Reference∠ : 45∘
➡ tan θ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ sin β = ± Reference∠ : 100∘ − x
4
REMEMBER: Only round off at the end Reference∠ : 60∘ QI: x = 45∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ
QI: x = 100∘ − x + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ
Common formulae: 2x = 100∘ + k 360∘
QI: β = 60∘ + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ x = 50∘ + k180∘
θ = sin−1 a + k 360∘ or QII: β = 180∘ − 60∘ + k 360∘ QII: x = 360∘ − (100∘ − x) + k 360∘ 2. cos2 x + sin x . cos x = 0
θ = (180∘ − sin−1 a) + k 360∘ (k ∈ℤ) = 120∘ + k 360∘ x − x = 260∘ + k 360∘
QIII: β = 180∘ + 60∘ + k 360∘ 0 = 260∘ + k 360∘ cos x (cos x + sin x) = 0
θ = ± cos−1 a + k 360∘ (k ∈ℤ)
= 240∘ + k 360∘ No real solution cos x = 0 OR cos x = − sin x
θ = tan−1 a + k180∘ (k ∈ℤ)
QIV: β = 360∘ − 60∘ + k 360∘
= 300∘ + k 360∘ cos x −sin x
EXAMPLES 2. sin(x + 30 o) = cos 2x Use trig graph: =
o o
sin(x + 30 ) = sin(90 − 2x) cos x cos x
Solve for θ:
SINθ AND COSθ Reference∠ : 90∘ − 2x tan x = − 1
1. 3 sin θ − 1 = 0 90⁰ 270⁰
1 Steps:
Reference∠ : 45∘
sin θ = QI: x + 30∘ = 90∘ − 2x + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ
3 • sin and cos with the same angle 3x = 60∘ + k 360∘ x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ QII: x = 135∘ + k180∘
• Divide by cos to get tan x = 20∘ + k120∘
sin + in QI and QII
QII: x + 30∘ = 180∘ − (90∘ − 2x) + k 360∘
Reference∠ : 19,47∘ EXAMPLE x + 30∘ = 90∘ + 2x + k 360∘
−x = 60∘ + k 360∘ 3. 2 cos2 x + 3 sin x = 0
Solve for α:
QI: θ = 19,47∘
+ k 360∘;
k ∈ℤ x = − 60∘ − k 360∘ 2(1 − sin2 x) + 3 sin x = 0
QII: θ = 180∘ − 19,47∘ + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ 2 sin 2α − cos 2α = 0
2 sin2 x − 3 sin x − 2 = 0
= 160,53∘ + k 360∘ 2 sin 2α = cos 2α NOTE: Specific Solutions
2 sin 2α cos 2α If they ask for x ∈[−360∘; 360∘ ], choose integer (2 sin x + 1)(sin x − 2) = 0
= values for k
cos 2α cos 2α −1
2. tan(3θ + 30 o) + 1 = 0 (...-3; -2; -1; 0; 1; 2; 3...) sin x = OR sin x = 2
o
tan(3θ + 30 ) = − 1 2 tan 2α = 1 so that x falls in the given intervals. 2
1
tan 2α = Reference∠ : 30∘ No real solution
2 x = 30∘ + k120∘
tan − in QII
x = − 330∘; − 210∘; − 90∘; 30∘; 150∘; 270∘
Reference∠ : 45∘ tan + in QI
k = − 3; k = − 2; k = − 1; k = 0; k = 1; k = 2 QIII: x = 180∘ + 30∘ + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ
Reference∠ : 26,57∘ OR x = 210∘ + k 360∘
QII: 3θ + 30∘ = 180∘ − 45∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ x = − 60∘ + k 360∘ QIV: x = 360∘ − 30∘ + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ
3θ = 105∘ + k180∘ QI: 2α = 26,57∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ x = − 60∘; 300∘ x = 330∘ + k 360∘
θ = 35∘ + k 60∘ α = 13,28∘ + k 90∘ k = 0; k = 1

52
 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Trig Graphs Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

VERTICAL SHIFT
IMPORTANT!
When sketching trig graphs, you need to label the Notes for sin x and cos x : • y = sin x + q or y = cos x + q or y = tan x + q
following: ❖ Key points (intercepts/turning pts) every 90° If q > 0 : upwards (e.g: y = sin x + 1)
! both axes ! x- and y-intercepts If q < 0 : downwards (e.g: y = cos x − 2)
❖ Period (1 complete graph): 360°
! turning points ! endpoints (if not on the axes) EXAMPLE y
! asymptotes (tan graph only) ❖ Amplitude (halfway between min and max): 1
y = cos x − 1 x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] (solid line)

BASICS y = cos x (dotted line - for comparison)

Notes for tan x :
• y = sin x for x ∈[−360∘; 360∘ ] ❖ Key points every 45° 360°
y 0° x
❖ Period (1 complete graph): 180° x
(90°;-1) (270°;-1)
❖ No amplitude can be defined
(-270°; 1) (90°; 1)
❖ Asymptotes at x = 90o + k180o, k ∈ℤ (180°; -2)
-360° -180° 180° 360°
0° x
AMPLITUDE CHANGE PERIOD CHANGE
(-90°; -1) (270°; -1) • y = a . sin x or y = a . cos x or y = a . tan x • y = sin b x or y = cos b x or y = tan b x
If a > 1 : stretch upwards The value of b indicates how many graphs are completed in the ‘regular’ period of
0 < a < 1 : compress downward that graph (i.e. sin x /cos x : 360∘ and tan x : 180∘)
a < 0 : reflection in x-axis
EXAMPLES
• y = cos x for x ∈[−360∘; 360∘ ]
EXAMPLES y 1. y = cos 3x x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ]
y (90°; 2)
1. y = 2 sin x
(solid line) * Normal period: 360°
(-360°; 1) (360°; 1) * New period: 120° (3 graphs in 360°)
y = sin x * Critical points every 90/3 = 30°
(dotted line - 180° 360°
-270° -90° 90° 270° y
for comparison) 0° x
0° x
(120°; 1) (240°; 1) (360°; 1)
(-180°; -1) (180°; -1) * Amplitude = 2
30° 150° 270°
(270°; -2)
0° 90° 210° 330° x

• y = tan x for x ∈[−360∘; 360∘ ] (180°;3)

(60°;-1) (180°;-1) (300°;-1)
2. y = − 3 cos x y
y (solid line) y
y = cos x
1
(dotted line - 2. y = tan x x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ]
(45°; 1) for comparison) 2 (90°; 1)

0° 90° 270° xx * Normal period: 180°

-360° -180° 0° 180° 360° x
* Range: y ∈[−3; 3] * New period: 360° -360° 360° x
(½ graph in 180°)
* Critical points:
every 45/0,5 = 90°
-3 (360°; -3)
x = -270° x = -90° x = 90° x = 270°
x = -180° x = 180°
53
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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Trig Graphs Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

HORIZONTAL SHIFT EXAMPLE Solutions:

• y = sin(x − p) or y = cos(x − p) or y = tan(x − p) Given f (x) = cos(x + 60∘ ) and g (x) = sin 2x 1. cos(x + 60∘ ) = sin 2x
If p > 0 : shift right (e.g: y = sin(x − 30∘ )) Questions: cos(x + 60∘ ) = cos(90∘ − 2x)
p < 0 : shift left (e.g: y = cos(x + 45)) Reference ∠ : 90∘ − 2x
1. Determine algebraically the points of intersection of
How to plot a horizontal shift: f (x) and g (x) for x ∈[-90°;180°] QI: x + 60∘ = 90∘ − 2x + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ
• Plot the original curve 2. Sketch f (x) and g (x) for x ∈[-90°;180°] 3x = 30∘ + k 360∘
• Move the critical points left/right x = 10∘ + k120∘
• Label the x-cuts and turning points 3. State the amplitude of f (x) QIV: x + 60∘ = 360∘ − (90∘ − 2x) + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ
• Calculate and label the endpoints and y-cut 4. Give the period of g (x) x + 60∘ = 270∘ + 2x + k 360∘
−x = 210∘ + k 360∘
EXAMPLES 5. Use the graphs to determine the values of x for which: x = − 210∘ + k 360∘
1. y = cos(x + 45∘ )
for x ∈[−360∘; 360∘ ] (dotted line) a. g (x) is increasing and positive but x ∈[−90∘; 180∘ ]
y = cos x (solid line - for comparison) b. f (x) is increasing and positive ∴ x = 10∘; 130∘; 150∘
y
c. f (x) ≥g (x) - i.e. f (x) is above g (x) 2.
g (x) = sin 2x
(315°; 1) d. f (x) ⋅ g (x) ≥0 - i.e. product is + or 0
(-45°; 1)
y f (x) = cos(x + 60∘ )
(-360°; ½2 )
2
6. Explain the transformation that takes y = s i nx to
2 2
2 (360°; 2)
-315° -135° 225°
y = sin(2x − 60∘ ) (-60°; 1) (45°; 1)
45° x 3
(-90°; ½)2

-90° ½ 30° 90° 180°

(-225°; -1) (135°; -1) x
0° (180°; -½)

Endpoints: (-45°; -1) (120°; -1) (135°; -1)

2 2
cos(−360∘ + 45∘ ) = and c os (−360∘ + 45∘ ) =
2 2
y-cut: For f(x):
2 3 1
cos(0∘ + 45∘ ) = Endpoints: cos(−90∘ + 60∘ ) = and cos(180∘ + 60∘ ) = −
2 2 2
1
y-cut: cos(0∘ + 60∘ ) =
2
2. y = sin(x − 30∘ ) for x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] (dotted line)
y = sin x (solid line - for comparison)
3. 1
y
(120°; 1) 4. 180∘

30° 210°
x
5. a. x ∈(0∘; 45∘ )
(360°; -½)
-½ b. x ∈[−90∘; − 60∘ )
(300°; -1)
c. x ∈[−90∘; 10∘ ] ∪ (130∘; 150∘ )
d. x ∈[0∘; 30∘ ] ∪ [90∘; 180∘ ] also at x = − 90∘
Endpoints:
1 1
sin(0∘ + 45∘ ) = − and sin(360∘ − 30∘ ) = −
2 2
y-cut: 6. Rewrite y = sin(2x − 60∘ ) in the form y = sin b (x − p) = sin(2(x − 30∘ ))
The y-cut is one of the endpoints Transformation: b = 2 ∴ period is halved
p = 30 ∴ shifted 30 to the right°

54
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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Trig Graphs Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

USING TRIG GRAPHS TO FIND RESTRICTIONS ON IDENTITIES

i.e. answering the question
“for which values of x will this identity be undefined?”
Identities are undefined if:
• the function is undefined
t a nx has asymptotes at x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ
• any denominator is zero

Reminder:
A
is undefined
0

EXAMPLES
1. For which values of x will cos2 x ⋅ tan2 x = sin2 x be defined?
• t a nx is undefined at x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ
∴ will be defined at x ∈ℝ and x ≠ 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ
• no denominators that could be zero

cos x 1
2. For which values of x will tan x + = be undefined?
1 + sin x cos x
• t a nx is undefined at x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ
• fractions are undefined if the denominator = 0
∴ if 1 + sin x = 0 or if cos x = 0
* 1 = sin x = 0
∴ sin x = − 1
y

y = sinx
Use trig graphs for 0; ± 1
x

-1
(270°; -1) ∴ x = 270∘ + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ
* cos x = 0
y

y = cosx
Use trig graphs for 0; ± 1
90° 270° xx

∴ x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ

x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ
x = 270∘ + k 360∘; k ∈ℤ can be summarised as: x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ
x = 90∘ + k180∘; k ∈ℤ

55
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Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Trigonometry
CAST DIAGRAM GENERAL SOLUTIONS
∘ • sin A = sin B → ref angle
90
∘
1. sin(180 − θ ) = sin θ ∘
1. sin(θ + 360 ) = sin θ ‣ A = B + k.360∘ or A
180∘ − θ θ + 360∘
2. cos(180∘ − θ ) = − cos θ 2. cos(θ + 360∘ ) = cos θ ‣ A = 180∘ − B + k.360∘; k ∈ℤ
3. tan(180∘ − θ ) = − tan θ 3. tan(θ + 360∘ ) = tan θ • cos A = cos B
‣ A = ± B + k.360∘; k ∈ℤ
∘ ∘
90∘ + θ 1. sin(90 + θ ) = cos θ 90∘ − θ 1. sin(90 − θ ) = cos θ • tan A = tan B
∘
2. cos(90 + θ ) = − sin θ 2. cos(90∘ − θ ) = sin θ ‣ A = B + k.360∘; k ∈ℤ
• Other/ Co-function
Double 1. sin 2A = 2 sin A ⋅ cos A
‣ sin A = cos B ∴ sin A = sin (90∘ − B ) → ref angle
Angles
‣ cos A = sin B ∴ cos A = cos (90∘ − B ) → ref angle

1. sin(A + B ) = sin A ⋅ cos B + cos A ⋅ sin B EXAMPLE 1

Compound
Angles Solve for x if cos 2x = − sin x
2. sin(A − B ) = sin A ⋅ cos B − cos A ⋅ sin B
1 − 2 sin2 x = − sin x
0 = 2 sin2 x − sin x − 1
Sin + y + y
All 0 = (sin x − 1)(2 sin x + 1)
−x θ θ+ x
180∘ θ θ 0∘ 1
sin x = −
Tan −y −y
Cos sin x = 1 or 2
x = 0∘ + k .360∘ x = − 30∘ + k .360∘
or or
1. sin(180∘ + θ ) = − sin θ 1. cos(−θ ) = cos θ x = 180∘ + k .360∘; k ∈ℤ x = 210∘ + k .360∘; k ∈ℤ
180∘ + θ −θ
2. cos(180∘ + θ ) = − cos θ 2. sin(−θ ) = − sin θ EXAMPLE 2
∘ 3. tan(−θ ) = − tan θ
3. tan(180 + θ ) = tan θ Solve for x if cos(90∘ − x) ⋅ sin x − cos 2x = 0

1. sin(θ − 90∘ ) = − cos θ sin x ⋅ sin x − (1 − 2 sin2 x) = 0

θ − 90∘
sin2 x − 1 + 2 sin2 x = 0
2. cos(θ − 90∘ ) = sin θ
3 sin2 x = 1
1
Double 1. cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A sin2 x =
3
Angles 2. cos 2A = 2 cos2 A − 1 ± 3
sin x =
3. cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A 3

x = 35,26∘ + k .360∘ or x = − 35,26∘ + k .360∘

Compound 1. cos(A + B ) = cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B
or or
Angles 2. cos(A − B ) = cos A ⋅ cos B + sin A ⋅ sin B x = 180∘ − 35,26∘ + k .360∘; k ∈ℤ x = 180∘ − (−35,26∘ ) + k .360∘

270∘ x = 144,74∘ + k .360∘ x = 215,26∘ + k .360∘

56
 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Trigonometry
TRIG IDENTITIES EXAMPLE 2 MIXED EXAMPLE 1
sin x Show\Prove that: sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin x 3
If sin 54∘ = p, express the following in terms of p:
• tan x = cos x
1 cos x 1. cos 36∘ 2. sin 108∘ 3. sin 84∘
• tan x = sin x LHS = sin(2x + x)
• sin 2x = 2 sin x ⋅ cos x = sin 2x ⋅ cos x + cos 2x ⋅ sin x Solutions: 36°
1
1 (h )
• sin 3x = sin(2x + x) p o p
= 2 sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ cos x + (1 − sin2 x) ⋅ sin x sin 54∘ =
= sin 2x ⋅ cos x + cos 2x ⋅ sin x (to be expanded further) 54°
= 2 sin x ⋅ cos2 x + sin x − 2 sin3 x 1 – p2 3. sin 84∘ = sin(54∘ + 30∘ )
• sin 4x = sin 2(2x)
= 2 sin x (1 − sin2 x) + sin x − 2 sin3 x 1. cos 36∘ = p = sin 54∘ ⋅ cos 30∘ + cos 54∘ ⋅ sin 30∘
= 2 sin 2x ⋅ cos 2x

( )( 2 )
2. sin 108∘ = sin 2(54∘ ) 3 1
= 4(sin x ⋅ cos x)(cos2 x − sin2 x) = 2 sin x − 2 sin3 x + sin x − 2 sin3 x = p⋅ + 1 − p2
2
= 2 sin 54∘ ⋅ cos 54∘
= 4 sin x ⋅ cos3 x − 4 sin2 x ⋅ cos x (can be expanded further) = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
3p+ 1 − p2
• cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2( p) ⋅ ( 1 − p 2 ) =
2
= 1 − 2 sin2 x
∴ LHS = RHS MIXED EXAMPLE 2
= 2 cos2 x − 1
Find the value of k if: cos 75∘ ⋅ sin 25∘ − sin 75∘ ⋅ sin k = sin 50∘
HINTS FOR PROVING IDENTITIES EXAMPLE 3
1. Start on the side with the least number of “terms” and simplify

1 + sin x ( cos x )
1 − sin x 1
2 cos 75∘ ⋅ sin 25∘ − sin 75∘ ⋅ sin k = sin 50∘
if possible. Show\Prove that: = − tan x
2. Go to the other side and simplify until you get the same cos 75∘ ⋅ sin 25∘ − sin 75∘ ⋅ cos(90∘ − k) = sin 50∘
answer.
sin(75∘ − 25∘ ) = sin 50∘
3. Look for a conjugate and multiply with the “opposite” sign
(to make a difference of squares in the denominator of your ∴ k = 65∘
fraction) 1 − sin x 1 − sin x
LHS = ×
4. Always try to factorise where possible 1 + sin x 1 − sin x MIXED EXAMPLE 3
2
1 − 2 sin x + sin x Express the following in terms of p if cos 73∘ ⋅ cos 31∘ + sin 73∘ ⋅ sin 31∘ = p
EXAMPLE 1
=
1 − sin2 x 1. cos2 21∘ − sin2 21∘ + 7 2. sin 42∘
sin 2x
Show\Prove that: = 2 tan x
cos 2x + sin2 x Solutions:

( cos x cos x )
2
1 sin x
RHS = − cos 73∘ ⋅ cos 31∘ + sin 73∘ ⋅ sin 31∘
sin x = cos(73∘ − 31∘ )
RHS = 2 ⋅ 48° 1 + p2
cos x 1 − 2 sin x + sin x 2
= cos 42∘
= 1
2 sin x ⋅ cos x
1 (h )
cos2 x p a 42°
LHS = ∴ cos 42∘ =
(2 cos2 x − 1) + (1 − cos2 x) 1 − 2 sin x + sin2 x p
=
2 sin x ⋅ cos x 1 − sin2 x
=
cos2 x 1. cos 2(21∘ ) + 7 = cos 42∘ + 7
∴ LHS = RHS
2 sin x = p+ 7
=
cos x 1
2. sin 42∘ =
∴ LHS = RHS 1 + p2
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