UNIT I

SOLUTIONS
Asolution is a homogeneous mixture of two or nore chemically nhon-rCacing
A
Solutions aire the homogencouS mixtures of(wo or more han wo coniponents, substances.
twocomponents is called abinary solution.I includes solute and solvent. olution aving
Asolution may be classilied as solid, liquid or a gaseous solution.
Types of Solutions:
Table 21 Eypcs of oluttens

Lgts

Coper ttissotrd in a!

Concentration: It is the amount of solute in given amount of solution.

Mass by volume percentage (w/v): Mass of the solute dissolved in 100 m. of solution.
Molality (m): It is the number of moles of solute prescent in Ikg of solvent.
Molarity (M): It is the number of moles of solute present in |L of solution.
Normality: It is the number of gram equivalent of solute dissolved per litre of solution.
Saturated solution: It is asolution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same
temperature and pressure.
In a nearly saturated solution if dissolution process is an endothermic process,
increases with increase in temperature. solubility
In a nearly saturated solution if dissolution process is an exothermic
with increase in temperalure. process, solubilitydecreases
Solubility is defined as the amount of solute in a saturated solution per 100g
of a solvent. The
solubility of a gas in a liquid depends upon:
(a) the nature of the gas and thenature of the liquid,
(b) the temperature of the system, and
(c) the pressure of the gas.
The effect of presure on the solubility of agas in a liquid
states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid at a given is governed by Henry's Law: ll
partial pressure of the gas temperature in directly proportional to the
p-Kx
Where p is the partial pressure of the gas: and x is the mole fraction
K is Henry's Law constant. ofthe gas in the solution ahd
The vapour pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted bv
its vapour when it is in dynamie
cquilibrium with its liquid. in a closed container.
Raoult's Law. the vapour pressure of a solution containing a non
-volatile solute is directiy
proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent (X). The proportionality
vapour pressure of the pure solvent. constant being the
P:eX
 PX
XAP Xit
I':)P'X |X X|
Ptal P ( P P ) Xt
non-ideal
The binary lhquid in liquid solutions can be classified into (wo types; ideal and
Soutions.
interactions between
Ideal solution: An ideal so lution is asolution where the intermolecular
soute-solute(A-A) and solvent-solvent (B-B) are similar to the
interaction between solute
solvent(A-B). An ideal solution fulfills the following criteria:
temperature ranges. This states that the
Itobeys Raoult's law for all the concentration and
proportional to the mole fraction of the
part ial vapour pressureof cach component is
componcnt in a solut ion at a given temperature. or
Almy 0. It means that no heat is atbsorbed
The cnthalpy of mixing is Zero, i.e.,
released. solution is
AVmx=0. It means that the volume of the
The volume of mixing is zero,
cqual to the sum of the volume of components.same size and polarity. There is no
components of the
The ideal soution is possible with taking place between components. A perfeet idealsoution is
association, dissociation or reaction and toluene. hexane
are near to the ideal solution. Examples are Benzene
rare but some sohutions bromobenzene, ete.
Bromocthane and Chloroethane. Chlorobenzene and
and heptane.
Non-ideal Soution: andtemperature
concentration
Raoult's law for allthe
When asolution does not obey may show positive or
known as a non-ideal solution. A non-ideal solution
ranges it is
Raoult's law.
negative deviation from

showing positive deviation from Raoult's equation. The

(a) Non-ideal solution higher than that calculated (A-A or B-B.
vapour pressure is those of pure comporents
Hiere the tota! solute-solvent (A-B) is weaker than
nteraction betwecen
and acetone.
ethanol and acetone. carbon disulphide
positive. E.g..
Ihe AHyy and AVmx are
acetone and benzene, etC.
showing negative deviation
(b) Non-ideal solution
 Von-deal olution

SnhNNaNT OT NIVnger than that

Heat is either a r o r rasd so the

enthalpy ofmiing is either p0sitive or

0. There is either eNansion or contraction.

Components can't k eparald in the pure

form by rational distillation
Forms azeotrope mixure
Examples: Ethanol and acetone. carbon
disulphide and acetone. phenol andaniline.
chlorofom and acetone. ete.

Colligative properties of solutions are those properties which depend only upon the number of
sbs atcls in the soition and not on theI nature.

la) Pclaive sningi: vapour pressure.

(hyfleatitn of tilingpoint.
(c} lDpressn of ireczing point and

lajRelative lowering in vapour pressure: According to Raoult's Law, the relative lowering of
fur presE ) aoon iFquel to themole fraction of the so lute.

(h) Flevation of hoiling point: Boiling point of aliquid is the

pressure heomescqual to the atrnospheric pressure. The boingtemperature at which its apour
point of the pure solvent is Ih
while that of the olution is T, Since, T, is greater than T;'. there is an
elevation increase t
boiling teinperature of the solution as compared to that of solvent.The elevatjon inor boiling
A, may he cxpressed as: A1,-T;-T" po: