0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views8 pages

Module 6 Flow Measurement Me12

Module 6 discusses various devices for measuring fluid flow, emphasizing the importance of Bernoulli's theorem and coefficients of velocity, contraction, and discharge. It details the operation and analysis of devices like Venturi meters, Pitot tubes, and orifices, including equations for theoretical and actual discharge. Additionally, illustrative problems are provided to demonstrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views8 pages

Module 6 Flow Measurement Me12

Module 6 discusses various devices for measuring fluid flow, emphasizing the importance of Bernoulli's theorem and coefficients of velocity, contraction, and discharge. It details the operation and analysis of devices like Venturi meters, Pitot tubes, and orifices, including equations for theoretical and actual discharge. Additionally, illustrative problems are provided to demonstrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

MODULE 6 – FLOW MEASUREMENTS

• There are numerous devices used to measure the flow of fluids.


• In these devices, the Bernoulli’s energy theorem is greatly utilized.
• Additional knowledge of the characteristics and coefficients of each device is important.
• In the absence of reliable values of coefficients, the device should be calibrated for the operating
conditions.

Coefficient of Velocity, 𝑪𝝂
The coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the actual mean velocity to the ideal (or theoretical) velocity which
would occur without any losses.

𝜈𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝜈𝑎
𝐶𝜈 = =
𝜈𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝜈

Coefficient of Contraction, 𝑪𝒄
The coefficient of contraction is the ratio of the actual area of the contracted section (vena contracta) of the
stream or jet to the area of the opening through which the fluid flows.

𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑎
𝐶𝑐 = =
𝐴𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴

Coefficient of Discharge, 𝑪𝒅
The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of the actual discharge through the device to the ideal (theoretical)
discharge which would occur without losses.

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑎
𝐶𝑑 = =
𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑄

Relationship of the three coefficients:

𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝜈 𝐶𝑐

𝑄 = 𝐶𝜈 𝐶𝑐 𝐴 𝜈 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴 𝜈

A. Venturi Meter
An instrument used in measuring the discharge through pipes. It consists of a converging tube which is
connected to the main pipe at the inlet and ending in a cylindrical section, called the throat, and a diverging
section which is connected again to the main pipe at the outlet.

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department


Main pipe Throat Main pipe

2
1
ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞
𝑧1 𝑧2

Manometer

Datum or reference line

Analysis of Venturi Meter


Consider two points in the system, 1 at the base of the inlet and 2 at the throat.
1. Apply the Bernoulli’s energy equation between these two points neglecting head lost:

𝜈1 2 𝑃1 𝜈2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

Combining the pressure and static head:

𝝂𝟐 𝟐 − 𝝂𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
=( ) + (𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 ) → 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝟐𝒈 𝜸

Note: When the Venturi meter is horizontal, 𝑧1 = 𝑧2

2. Assume steady-flow process:


𝑄1 = 𝑄2

𝜋 𝜋
(𝐷1 )2 𝜈1 = (𝐷2 )2 𝜈2
4 4

(𝑫𝟏 )𝟐 𝝂𝟏 = (𝑫𝟐 )𝟐 𝝂𝟐 → 𝐸𝑞. 2

3. Apply the manometer equation:

𝑃1 + 𝛾 ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞 − 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞 ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞 = 𝑃2

𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = (𝜸𝒍𝒊𝒒 − 𝜸) 𝒉𝒍𝒊𝒒 → 𝐸𝑞. 3

where: 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞 = specific weight of the manometer liquid


ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞 = deflection (height difference) of the two sides of the manometer liquid

Theoretical Discharge
When the velocity of flow is obtained, the theoretical discharge can be calculated.

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝜈1 = 𝐴2 𝜈2

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department


Actual Discharge
The actual discharge is

𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴1 𝜈1 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴2 𝜈2

B. Pitot Tube
A bent L-shaped tube with both ends open which used to measure the velocity of fluid flow.
When the tube is placed in a moving stream, the liquid enters the opening at point 2 until the surface in the tube
rises a distance ℎ above the stream surface. An equilibrium condition is then established, and the quantity of the
liquid in the tube remains unchanged as the flow remains steady. Point 2 at the face of the tube facing the stream
is called the stagnation point.

ℎ due to stagnation pressure


ℎ due to static pressure

ℎ2
ℎ1

1 2

Considering a particle at point 1 to be moving with a velocity as 𝝂. As the particle approaches point 2, its
velocity is gradually retarded to 0 at point 2. Writing the energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting friction:

𝜈1 2 𝑃1 𝜈2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

Note that
→ 𝜈1 = 𝜈
𝑃1
→ ℎ1 =
𝛾
𝑃2
→ ℎ2 =
𝛾
→ 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
→ 𝜈2 = 0

Therefore,
𝜈2
+ ℎ1 = ℎ2
2𝑔

But ℎ2 − ℎ1 = ℎ

Finally
𝜈2
=ℎ or 𝝂 = √𝟐𝒈𝒉
2𝑔

C. Orifice
An opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows. It is used primarily to measure or to control the
flow of fluid. The upstream face of the orifice may be rounded or sharp. An orifice with prolonged side, such as
a piece of pipe, having a length to two or three times its diameter, is called a tube.

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department


According to shape, orifice may be circular, square, or rectangular in cross section. The circular sharp-crested
orifice is most widely used because of the simplicity of its design and construction.

The figure shows a general case of fluid flow through an orifice.


Let 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 be the gas pressures in the chambers 𝐴 and 𝐵, respectively and 𝜈𝐴 be the velocity of the stream
normal to the plane of the orifice (velocity of approach).
Consider two points 1 and 2 such that 𝜈1 = 𝜈𝐴 and 𝜈2 = 𝜈 and writing the equation between these two points
neglecting losses:

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵

𝑨 𝑩

𝜈𝐴 ℎ
1 2 𝜈

Energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost:

𝜈1 2 𝑃1 𝜈2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

Note that
→ 𝜈1 = 𝜈𝐴
→ 𝜈2 = 𝜈
→ 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾ℎ
→ 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝐵

Therefore
𝜈𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾ℎ 𝜈 2 𝑃𝐵
+ +0 = + +0
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝜈𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝜈 2 𝑃𝐵
+ +ℎ= +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝜈 2 𝜈𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
= +ℎ+ −
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝛾 𝛾

𝜈𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵
𝜈 = √2𝑔 [ +ℎ+( )]
2𝑔 𝛾

Note that the expression inside the square bracket is the total dynamic head 𝐻. That is

𝜈𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵
𝐻= +ℎ+( )
2𝑔 𝛾

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department


Theoretical Velocity

𝝂 = √𝟐𝒈𝑯

Actual Velocity

𝝂𝒂 = 𝑪𝝂√𝟐𝒈𝑯

Orifice With Constant Head


In the case where the flow is an open air and there is no velocity of approach, the velocity of flow is

𝝂𝒂 = 𝑪𝝂√𝟐𝒈𝒉

Theoretical Discharge

𝑸 = 𝑨𝝂 = 𝑨√𝟐𝒈𝒉

Actual Discharge

𝑸𝒂 = 𝑨𝝂𝒂 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨√𝟐𝒈𝒉

Orifice With Falling Head

𝐴𝑆

𝐻1 𝐴𝑂

𝐻2

Time to remove water from 𝐻1 to 𝐻2

𝟐𝑨𝑺
𝒕= [√𝑯𝟏 − √𝑯𝟐 ]
𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝑶 √𝟐𝒈

where:
𝐴𝑆 = surface area of liquid inside the tank
𝐶𝑑 = coefficient of discharge

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department


𝐴𝑂 = area of the orifice
𝐻1 = initial head of liquid
𝐻2 = final head of liquid

𝐴𝑆1

𝐴𝑆2 𝐻2 𝐻1

Time to remove water from 𝐻1 to 𝐻2 in a chamber of different surface area

𝑨𝑺𝟏 𝑨𝑺𝟐 𝟐
𝒕= [√𝑯𝟏 − √𝑯𝟐 ]
𝑨𝑺𝟏 + 𝑨𝑺𝟐 𝑪𝑨𝒐 √𝟐𝒈

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department


Illustrative Problem 6.1
A 150 mm diameter Venturi meter is installed in a 450 mm diameter water main. The deflection of mercury in
the differential manometer connected from the inlet to the throat is 375 mm. (a) determine the discharge
neglecting head loss, (b) compute the discharge if the head lost from the inlet to the throat is 300 mm of water,
and (c) what is the meter coefficient?
[ Ans: (a) 0.1712 m3/sec; (b) 0.1657 m3/sec; (c) 0.968 ]

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department


Illustrative Problem 6.2
A vertical Venturi meter, 150 mm in diameter is connected to a 300-mm diameter pipe. The vertical distance
from the inlet to the throat is 750 mm. If the deflection of the mercury in the differential manometer connected
from the inlet to the throat is 360 mm, determine the flow of water through the meter coefficient is 0.68.
Determine also the head lost from the inlet to the throat.
[ Ans. 0.117 m3/sec; 2.442 m ]

Compiled by: EA Vargas and NG Blones ISATU ME Department

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy