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Lec 22 Fluid Flow Measurement 1

This document discusses various devices used to measure fluid flow, including orifices, venturi meters, and nozzles. It explains that all these devices utilize Bernoulli's energy theorem and have coefficients of discharge, velocity, and contraction that relate actual flow values to theoretical ideal values without losses. Equations are provided for calculating flow rates and head losses based on measurement of pressure differences and knowledge of the device characteristics and flow conditions.

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Auvrey Mae Tagarian
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26 views29 pages

Lec 22 Fluid Flow Measurement 1

This document discusses various devices used to measure fluid flow, including orifices, venturi meters, and nozzles. It explains that all these devices utilize Bernoulli's energy theorem and have coefficients of discharge, velocity, and contraction that relate actual flow values to theoretical ideal values without losses. Equations are provided for calculating flow rates and head losses based on measurement of pressure differences and knowledge of the device characteristics and flow conditions.

Uploaded by

Auvrey Mae Tagarian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYDRAULICS

FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS

HYDRO 311
FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
 There are numerous number of
devices used to measure the flow
of fluids. In any of these devices,
the Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem
is greatly utilized and additional
knowledge of the characteristics
and coefficients of each device is
important.
DEVICE COEFFICIENTS
 Coefficient of Discharge, C or Cd
 The coefficient of discharge is the
ratio of the actual discharge through
the device to the ideal or theoretical
discharge which would occur without
losses.
 The actual discharge may be
accomplished by series of
observation, usually by
measuring the total amount of
fluid passing through the device
for a known period. The
theoretical value can be
accomplished using the
Bernoulli’s Theorem neglecting
 Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
 The coefficient of velocity is the
ratio of the actual mean velocity
to the ideal or theoretical velocity
which would occur without any
losses.
 Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
 The coefficient of contraction is the
ratio of the actual area of the
contracted section of the stream of
the stream or jet to the area of the
opening through which the fluid
flows.
 Relationship between the three
coefficients
 Where:

 actual discharge, Q = C x Q
T
 also, Q = actual area x actual
velocity
Q = CcA x Cv vT
 and, QT = AvT
 then, C = C c x Cv
 The coefficient of discharge varies with
Reynolds Number. It is not constant for a
given device.
 Fig.


 Head Lost
 The head lost through venturi meters, orifices,

tubes and nozzles may be expressed as:


 Fig.
The ideal energy equation between 1 and
2:
E = E
1 2

 and for Q1 = Q2 A1V1 = A2V2


 Considering head lost between 1 and 2:

 Then equation simplifies to:


 for vactual = CvvT = v then,

 Squaring both sides, arranging terms and


simplify:
 If the orifice or nozzle takes off
directly from a tank where A1 is very
much greater than A2, then the
velocity of approach is negligible
and the equation reduces to:

 Note: v = actual velocity


ORIFICE
 An orifice is an opening (usually circular)
with a closed perimeter through which fluid
flows. It is used primarily to measure or
control the flow of fluid. The upstream face of
the orifice may be rounded or sharp. An
orifice with prolonged side, such as a piece of
pipe, having a length of 2 or 3 times its
diameter, is called a short tube. Longer tubes
such as culverts under embankments are
usually treated as orifice although they may be
also treated as short pipes.
 Orifice may be circular, square, or
rectangular in cross-section. The
circular sharp-crested orifice is most
widely used because of the simplicity
of its design and construction.
 Energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting
head lost:

 Theoretical velocity,
 Theoretical discharge,

 Actual velocity,

 Actual discharge,
 Where H is the total head
producing flow in meters or feet
of the flowing fluid. H is the sum
of the flow energy upstream less
the flow energy downstream.
 H = Head Upstream – Head

Downstream
 Fig.
Contraction of the Jet
Orifices under Low Heads
 When the head on a vertical orifice is small in
comparison with the height of the orifice,
there is an appreciable difference between the
discharges using the previous analysis.
 Consider the rectangular section of length L

and height D as shown in the figure with both


the surface and the jet subject to atmospheric
pressure. The theoretical discharge through an
elementary strip of length L and height dh is:
VENTURI METER
 Venture meter is an instrument used in
measuring the discharge through pipes. It
consists of a converging tube AB (shown
in the fig.) which is connected to the main
pipe at the inlet at A, and ending in a
cylindrical section BC called the throat,
and a diverging section CD which is
connected again to the main pipe at the
outlet D. The angle of divergence is kept
small to reduce the head lost cause by
turbulence as the velocity is reduced.
 Consider two points in the system, 1 at the
base of the inlet and 2 at the throat, writing the
energy equation and neglecting head lost:

 Venturi Principle: The increase in kinetic


energy is equal to the decrease in potential
energy.
 The difference in pressure between the inlet

and the throat is commonly measured by


means of a differential manometer connecting
the inlet and throat.
 If the elevations and the difference in pressure
between 1 and 2 are known, the discharge can be
solved.
 The theoretical or ideal discharge QT can be found
once v1 and v2 is known. The actual discharge Q is
computed by multiplying the theoretical value by the
coefficient of discharge or meter coefficient C.
 Q = C x QT
 Note: if we neglect the head lost in our energy
equation, the values we get are known as theoretical
or ideal values (theoretical velocity and theoretical
discharge). Considering head lost, we get the actual
values (actual velocity and actual discharge).
NOZZLE
 A nozzle is a converging tube installed at the end of
a pipe or hose for the purpose of increasing the
velocity of the issuing jet.
 Fig.
 Discharge calculation:
 Where: H = total head at base of nozzle
An = area at the nozzle tip
 The following table gives the mean
values of coefficients for water
discharging through a nozzle having a
base diameter of 40 mm and Cc = 1.0.
 Head lost calculation:

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