SOCIAL SCIENCE – POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE WITH PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

COMPETENCIES:
1. Familiarize with the various forms of government from the barangay to the present system.
2. Explain the nature and provision of the present constitution to advantages and disadvantages
over the other in the past in its function as fundamental law of the state.

I. WHAT IS POLITICAL SCIENCE?

a. The term political science is the systematic study of the state and the government.
b. Political Science is a social science regarding the practice and theory of politics, the
analysis of political systems, and the study of political behavior.
c. It is derived from the Greek words “polis” or “city” which today would mean a sovereign
state and “scire” meaning “science.
d. Montesquieu expounded the concept. He posted that all the functions of the government
could be encompassed within the categories of legislation, execution and the adjudication
of law. He assumed that liberty could be best assured by the distribution among separate
branches of government namely the legislative, executive and the judiciary courts of law.

II. CONCEPT OF STATE

a. STATE is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, independent of external control, and possessing an organized
government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.
III. ORIGIN OF THE STATE
There are several theories on the origin of state, but it is not known exactly which is of them is the
correct one.
a. DIVINE RIGHT THEORY - state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to
govern the people.
b. NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY - state is created through force, by strong warriors
who imposed their will upon the weak.
c. PATERNALISTIC THEORY - state comes from the expansion of family, under the
authority of the father. Family grew into a clan, then developed into tribe which
broadened into a nation, and a nation became a state.
d. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY - states have been formed by deliberate and voluntary
compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their
common good.
IV. FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE
a. CONSTITUENT – compulsory in nature
b. MINISTRANT – discretionary in nature

V. CONCEPT OF NATION
a. A nation is a group of persons occupying a portion of the territory sharing the same
language, culture, tradition and history
VI. STATE VS. NATION
a. A state is more of a judicial or legal concept while a nation is more of a racial or ethnic
concept.
b. A nation may or may not be independent of external control.
c. A state may consist of one or more nations while a nation may consist of one or more
states.
VII. INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE
a. POLICE POWER
i. It is the sovereign power to promote and protect the general welfare. It is the
most pervasive and the least limitable of the three powers of the state, the most
essential, consistent and illimitable which enables the State to prohibit all hurtful
things to the comfort, safety and welfare of the society.
 ii. It is an inherent attribute of sovereignty. It can exist even without reservation in
the constitution. It is based on necessity as without it, there can be no effective
government. It is also referred to as the law of overwhelming necessity.
b. POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN
i. It is an inherent power of the state that enables it to forcibly acquire private
property, which is intended for public use, upon the payment of just
compensation. It is based on political necessity; it is inseparable from the state
unless it is denied to it by its fundamental law.
c. POWER OF TAXATION
i. It is the inherent power of the state to raise revenues to defray the expenses of
the government or for any public purpose. This can be done through the
imposition of burdens or imposition on persons, properties, services, occupations
or transactions.
ii. The importance of taxation derives from the unavoidable obligation of the
government to protect the people and extend them benefits in the form of public
projects and services. Taxation is based on necessity and the reciprocal duties of
protection and support between the state and those that are subject to its
authority.
VIII. ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
a. People - the population living in a state.
b. Territory - includes the land, the rivers, the sea, and the air space which the jurisdiction
of the sate extends.
c. Government - the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed
and carried out.
d. Sovereignty or independence - the power to command and enforce obedience free
from foreign control.
IX. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
a. Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the
people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and
delegated authority periodically renewed.
b. Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a
monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the
monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen or
prince - with constitutionally limited authority.
c. Presidential - a system of government where the executive branch exists separately
from a legislature (to which it is generally not accountable)
d. Federal (Federation) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally
divided -- usually by means of a constitution -- between a central authority and a
number of constituent regions (states, colonies or provinces) so that each region retains
some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central
government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional
units.
e. Aristocracy – a form of government wherein the power is exercised by a limited few or
the so-called elite. It is always regarded as the privileged class.
f. Parliamentary – a form of government wherein the president serves as nominal or
titular head. It is the Prime Minister that runs the affairs of the State. He is directly
accountable to the people.
g. Military – a form of government established and controlled by military authorities over a
beleaguered state.
KINDS OF GOVERNMENT
 DE JURE
 Has general support of its people and is founded on existing constitutional laws.
 DE FACTO
 Is founded NOT on existing constitutional laws of the state. Has general support
of its people.
BRIEF HISTORY OF CONSTITUTION
Meaning of Constitution
 A constitution is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government
are established, limited and defined, and by which the powers are distributed among several
departments.
PREAMBLE
The term preamble comes from the Latin word ‘preambulare which means ‘to walk before’. It is not an
integral part of the constitution and has no legal implications.

History of the Philippine Constitution

1. Malolos Constitution- January 21, 1899 (1st Republic)
2. 1935 Constitution- May 14, 1935 (Commonwealth)
3. 1943 Constitution- Japanese Occupation
4. 1973 Constitution- January 17, 1973 Presidential Proclamation no. 1102 (Parliamentary
Government)
5. 1987 Constitution- February 2,1987

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE 1
NATIONAL TERRITORY
• The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea,
the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around,
between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

The Archipelagic Doctrine

…stipulates that the boundaries of every country be bounded by straight lines extending from
the farthest islands of the country. All the lands, seas, and natural resources within the lines
belong to the particular country.

EEZ or Exclusive Economic Zone

…is a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine
resources, including production of energy from water and wind.
It stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its
coast. In colloquial usage, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental
shelf beyond the 200-mile limit.

ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
• Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates from them.
• KEY POINTS:
o Renunciation of War
o Supremacy of Civilian Authority
o Prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people
o Separation of church and state

ARTICLE III: Bill of Rights

• Bill of rights is defined as a declaration and enumeration of a person’s rights and

privileges which the Constitution designed to protect against violations by the government or
by an individual or group of individuals.
TYPES OF RIGHTS
1. NATURAL RIGHTS - Political theory that maintains that an individual enters into society with
certain basic rights and that no government can deny these rights.
2. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS - A liberty or right whose protection from governmental
interference is guaranteed by a constitution.
3. STATUTORY RIGHTS - The term 'statutory' basically means relating to a statute, which in turn
is defined as a law enacted by a legislature.
• ARTICLE III, SECTION 3
o The Privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed
by law.”
• ARTICLE 3, SECTION 4
o “No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government
for redress of grievances.”
• ARTICLE 3, SECTION 5
o No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious tests shall be
allowed for the exercise of civil or political rights..”

CONCEPT OF DUE PROCESS

Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a
person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person
from it.

ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
Who can be classified as citizens of the Philippines?
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this constitution.
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.
3. Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of maturity.
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Two principles on Citizenship
 Jus Soli
 Citizenship is obtained based on the place of birth, regardless of the citizenship of the
parents.
 Jus Sanguinis
 Citizenship is based on the citizenship of the parents.

Natural born citizens

➢ Citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect
their Philippine citizenship.
➢ Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship
upon reaching the age of majority.
Define Naturalization?
This is a legal process whereby one renounces a foreign citizenship to obtain Philippine
citizenship.

ARTICLE V: SUFFRAGE
 Is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain national
and local officers of the government and in the decision of public questions submitted to
the people.

ARTICLE VI
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

• Consists of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and the SENATE OF THE

PHILIPPINES.
• Responsible of making enabling laws.
• Representatives are given three consecutive terms (each term is 3 years)
• Senators are given a two consecutive terms (each term is 6 years)

ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
 Executive power is vested to the President of the Philippines.
 The president is the head of state and head of government
 The president is elected by direct vote by the people for a term of 6 years.
 One term only and is ineligible for reelection.

Qualifications for being a president

• Natural born Filipino citizen
• Registered Voter.
• Can read and write
• Is forty years old at the time of the election
• Is a resident of the Philippines within ten years prior to Election Day
Duties of the president
• Implement laws of the land and to issue executive orders
• To propose bills in Congress.
• To submit the proposed annual budget of the government to congress.
• To appoint government and military officials.
• To implement the republic’s foreign policies.
• To give pardon, reprieve or postponement of sentence, and to commute or decrease the
sentence of prisoners.
• To approve, veto or disapprove any proposed bill in congress.
• To lead the armed forces of the Philippines as commander – in – chief.
THE VICE PRESIDENT
• The primary duty of the VP is to replace the president if he/she dies, becomes incapacitated or
has resigned from the post.
• He/she can also be appointed as member of the cabinet.
IMPEACHMENT
• It is a process through which any government leaders like:
• President
• Vice President
• Members of the constitutional commissions the ombudsman and Supreme Court
magistrates.
are removed from their office.
GROUNDS FOR IMPEACHMENT
1. Violation of the constitution
2. Betrayal of the country
3. Bribery
4. Corruption
5. Betrayal of public trust
6. Other high crimes
ARTICLE VIII
JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT
• Primary duty is to settle disputes concerning violations of the law and abuses of rights.
• To decide fairly whether or not a violation or abuse has been committed.
• The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen (14) Associate Justices
• The retirement of a justice is 70 years old
 SOCIAL SCIENCE - PHILIPPINE HISTORY
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
➢ The primary peoples of the Philippine archipelago were the Negrito, proto-Malay, and Malay
peoples. The Negritos are believed to have journeyed to the Philippines by land bridges some
30,000 years ago from Borneo, Sumatra, and Malaya, during the last ice age.

 Later migrations were by water by the Indonesians and took place over several thousand
years.
 The Malayans followed in successive waves.

SOCIAL CLASSES IN PRE SPANISH ERA

➢ Maharlika
➢ Timawa
➢ Aliping Saguiguilid
➢ Aliping Namamahay

SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE PHILIPPINES

Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521.

Magellan landed on the island of Cebu, claiming the lands for Spain and naming them Islas de San
Lazaro.
Magellan was killed by natives, led by a local chief named Lapu-Lapu, who go up against foreign
domination.

Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were send off to the islands. In 1543, Ruy
López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after
Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte. The name would later be given to the entire
archipelago.

Permanent Spanish settlement was not established until 1565 when an expedition led by Miguel
López de Legazpi, the first Governor-General of the Philippines, arrived in Cebu from New Spain.

MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI

➢ First to establish permanent settlement in the Philippines.
➢ Established the first Fort in the Philippines.
➢ Manila became the capital of the country and became a city after Cebu.
➢ He was buried inside the San Agustin Church in Intramuros Manila
➢

SPREAD OF FOLK CATHOLICISM

➢ Missionaries were designated in selected provinces and regions.
➢ Several parishes were established as well as diocese.
➢ Friars studied native languages to teach Filipinos about the doctrines and rituals of Christianity.
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY BEFORE THE 19TH CENTURY
RECOPILACION DE LEYES DE LAS INDIAS
 Law of Spain which states that the king of Spain is the owner of ALL the lands of the
Philippines.

Haciendas
➢ Land that the friars received from the king.
➢ Agricultural land

Bandala
➢ Forced sale of products to the government.

Polo Y Servicio
➢ Forced labor.
➢ All male Filipinos from 16 until 60 yrs. Old had to render polo.

Obras Pias
➢ It was an organization of the church that asked money from the rich to be used in charity
work.
➢ Some of the money were loaned on interest.
FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

Execution of GomBurZa
 They were active leaders of Filipino secularization movement.
 This movement ought for the right of the Filipino priests to administer parishes.
 Religious orders like the Dominican, Augustinian, Franciscans and recollects were threatened
to this proposal.
. Ilustrados – sons of wealthy Filipinos who founded the Filipino Propaganda Movement in 1882.
Propaganda Movement
 Its members, popularly known as propagandists, brought their cause directly to the Spain and
solicited support from liberals in Europe.
 Assimilate the Philippines as a Spanish province and not as a colony.
 Philippines should be represented by a Filipino in the Spanish Cortes.
 Filipinos should be treated equally with the Spaniards and be allowed to enjoy the same rights
and privileges.
 Filipino secular priests should be allowed to administer parishes in the Philippines.
 Freedom of the press and freedom of expression.

Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan (KKK)

 The political aim was to strive for the separation of the Philippines from Spain.
 The moral aim was to teach the people right conduct, cleanliness and overcome weakness of
character.
 The civic aim was to help oneself and defend the poor and the oppressed.

Discovery of Katipunan
 It was discovered when Teodoro Patino confessed to Fr. Mariano Gil everything he knew
about the movement.
 When Bonifacio received the news about the discovery of the Katipunan he scheduled at once
a meeting in KangKong and Pasong Tamo. (Aug. 1896)
The Tejeros Convention
 (1897) The convention was called to discuss the defense of Cavite against
the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution.
 Governor general Camilo de Polavieja, had regained much of Cavite itself. Instead, the
convention became an election to decide the leaders of the revolutionary movement,
bypassing the Supreme Council.
 Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President of the revolutionary government and Andres Bonifacio
was elected director of interior
The Trial of Bonifacio
 Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Andres Bonifacio and his brothers when he knew about
the plan of establishing a separate government.
 Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were tried and sentenced to death.
 Emilio Aguinaldo changed the sentence to exile but was convinced by his men to
execute Bonifacio.
PACT OF BIAK NA BATO
 Emilio Aguinaldo and Governor General Primo de Rivera signed an agreement on the
following:
 Aguinaldo and some his men will leave the Philippines and settle in Hong Kong.
 Spain will give P800, 000 to the revolutionaries.
  Amnesty for all revolutionaries who will surrender.

AMERICAN COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

 The coming of the Americans was well planned.
 A year before the Spanish-American war, Commodore George Dewey was already instructed
to set up a base in Hong Kong in preparation for the attack on the Philippines.
 Dewey tried to enlist the help of Emilio Aguinaldo who was still in exile in Hong Kong.
 Dewey asked Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines and take over the leadership of the
revolution.
 Aguinaldo was falsely assured that the Americans had no intention to occupy the Philippines.
 Aguinaldo was also advised to set up a dictatorial government to organize the Filipinos.
Philippine Independence
➢ The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred on June 12, 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo
(now Kawit), Cavite.
➢ The declaration, of independence however, was neither recognized by the United States nor
Spain.
Mock Battle in Manila
 By the time the Filipino and American forces already controlled Manila, the Spaniards
were ready to surrender.
 But, the Spaniards will only surrender to the Americans and not to the Filipinos.
 The Americans entered into a secret agreement with the Spaniards.
 Spain requested a mock battle for the sake of Spanish honor.
 The mock battle happened on August 13, 1898.
Treaty of Paris
• This treaty officially ended the war between the two nations.
• United States paid Spain a sum of $20 million dollars for the Philippines.
• Signed on 10th December 1898
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
 This proclamation of U.S. Pres. William Mckinley officially declared the American occupation of
the Philippines.
 Issued on December 21, 1898

FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC -“MALOLOS REPUBLIC”

 On January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic, also known as the Malolos Republic, was
inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan with General Emilio Aguinaldo as President.
Capture of Aguinaldo
 Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901 in Palanan, Isabela.
 This also ended the first Philippine Republic.
 On April 1, 1901, he swore allegiance to the United States of America.
  On April 19, 1901, he called on the Filipino people to lay down their arms and accept American
rule.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

➢ As many as 10,000 people died in the Bataan Death March.
➢ War came unexpectedly to the Philippines. Japan openned a surprise attack on the Philippines
on December 8, 1941, when Japan attacked without warning, just ten hours after the attack on
Pearl Harbor.
➢ The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on
the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May
Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United
States, where they set up a government in exile.

➢ The besieged U.S.-Filipino army on Bataan finally fell down on Apr. 9, 1942. Wainwright fought
on from Corregidor with a barracks of about 11,000 men; he was overwhelmed on May 6,
1942.
➢ A civil government known as the Philippines Executive Commission was established with
Jorge B. Vargas as its chairman.
➢ The commission exercised both executive and the legislative powers.
➢ On October 14, 1943, the so-called Japanese sponsored Republic of the Philippines was
inaugurated with Jose P. Laurel as President.

SOCIAL SCIENCE - BASIC ECONOMICS AND AGRARIAN REFORM

COMPETENCIES:
Definitions of Economics
1. Mankiw’s definition
▪ …is the study of how society manages its scarce resources
2. Hedrick’s definition
▪ …is how society chooses to allocate its scarce resources among competing
demands to improve human welfare.
Why study economics?
1. To learn new way of thinking: Cost and benefit thinking
2. To understand society
3. To understand global affairs
4. To become an informed voters
Resources – Factors of Production
◼ Natural resources (Land)– “free gifts of nature”
◼ Land, minerals, oil, forests, air, and timber
◼ Capital Resources – “manufactured aids to production”
◼ Tools, machines, equipment, factories
 ◼ Things used in producing goods and services and getting them to consumers.
◼ Human Resources (Labor)– “mankind’s physical and mental talent”
◼ These are the skills people have that are used to produce goods and services.
◼ Entrepreneur – the individual who combines the factors of production in order to produce a
good or service.
◼ Risk taker, policy maker, and innovator

Types of Economics
◼ Macroeconomics – branch of economics that deals with economic theory and the economic
decisions of large bodies like the government.
◼ Theories of Economics
◼ Countries and their governments
◼ Trade between countries
◼ Microeconomics – branch of economics that deals with behavior and decisions of smaller unit
like individuals and businesses.
◼ Families, businesses, and communities
◼ Domestic economies
3 Basic Economic Questions
◼ What to produce?
◼ With limited resources, deciding what is needed the most is often a factor in determining
what will be produced. What is the need or want of this product?
◼ What is the point of making a product that no one is going to buy. Businesses need to
make money…so they choose products that people want.
◼ How should it be produced?
◼ Technology, labor, capital, ect.
◼ getting the lowest cost to make the product.
◼ Are we going to make the product from scratch or will a machine be making the product.
◼ What will each option cost?
◼ Will having new technology allow us to lower our expenses?
◼ Whom should it be produced for?
◼ Who is going to use this product?
◼ Most goods and services are distributed to individuals through a price system.
◼ Products can also be distributed through other means; force, first come, lottery,
majority.
Economic systems

1. Command economy - The most notable feature of a command economy is that a large part
of the economic system is controlled by a centralized power; often, a federal government.
This kind of economy tends to develop when a country finds itself in possession of a very
large amount of valuable resource(s). The government then steps in and regulates the
resource(s). Often the government will own everything involved in the industrial process,
from the equipment to the facilities.
 2. Market economy - A market economy is very similar to a free market. The government does
not control vital resources, valuable goods or any other major segment of the economy. In
this way, organizations run by the people determine how the economy runs, how supply is
generated, what demands are necessary, etc. Arguably the biggest advantage to a market
economy (at least, outside of economic benefits) is the separation of the market and the
government. This prevents the government from becoming too powerful, too controlling and
too similar to the governments of the world that oppress their people while living lavishly on
controlled resources.
3. Mixed economy – a regulated market economy. The government plays a vital role in the
economy while allowing the market mechanism to govern the economy.
Production
• The process of making goods and services to satisfy human material wants and maximize
profits.
Factors of production
• Land
• Labor
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
• .
Different Market Structures
1. Perfect Competition
a. There are many sellers in the market, thus nobody controls the price. Sellers are said to
be price takers.
2. Monopoly
a. There is only one seller in the market; price is determined by the seller.
3. Oligopoly
a. A market where there are few big sellers colluding with each other.
4. Monopolistic competition
a. Involves a few sellers supplying the market with different types of brands of the same
product and capturing a specific group of buyers for a particular brand or product.

MACROECONOMICS STUDIES
Measuring Growth: National Income Account
1. Gross national Product (GNP)
a. The total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation in a given
period.
2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
a. Measures the total market value of all the goods and services produced in the country.
Recession is a period during which aggregate output declines for two consecutive quarter.
Depression is a prolonged and deep recession.
Inflation is a sustained and general increase in prices in all or nearly all the markets in the economy.
Deflation is a sustained and general decrease in prices in all or nearly all the markets in the
economy.
Government Role in Combating Inflation
1. Fiscal Policy
a. The manipulation of government spending and imposition of taxes.
2. Monetary Policy
 a. The manipulation of savings and investment of the financial sector.

TAXATION
• It is an inherent power of the state to impose and collect revenues to defray the necessary
expenses of the government.
• It is compulsory contribution imposed by a public authority irrespective of the amount of
services rendered to the payer in return.
Purposes of taxation
• Collect revenue for the government
• Redistribute income
• Reallocate resources
• Correct an adverse balance of payments
Classification of Tax System
1. Progressive Income Tax
a. The higher the income the higher the tax rate
2. Proportional Tax
a. Tax rate is constant and unaffected by the level of income.
3. Regressive Tax
a. The higher the income the lower the tax rate.

AGRARIAN REFORM
Republic Act No. 6657 – THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW OF 1988 which
signed into law by Pres. Corazon Aquino.

Agrarian Reform Defined

• The redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or fruits produced to farmers and regular farm
workers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement to include the totality of factors
and support services designed to lift their economic status of the beneficiaries and all other
arrangements alternative to physical redistribution of lands, such as production, profit sharing,
labor administration and the distribution of shares of stocks, which will allow beneficiaries to
receive a just share of the fruits of the land they work.
•
Principles of Agrarian Reform
• To promote social justice
• To move the nation toward sound rural development and industrialization

Republic Act 9700: CARP Extension with Reform Law or otherwise known as CARPER Law was
signed on August 7, 2009 to extend the implementation of the CARP which ended upon the expiration
of R.A. 6657 or the CARL on 2008.

COOPERATIVES
- Duly registered associations of persons, with a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily
joined together to achieve a lawful common social or economic end, making equitable
contributions to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the
undertaking in accordance with universally accepted cooperative principle. - (R. A. 6938)
Types of Cooperatives
According Services Rendered
1. Credit Cooperative – promotes thrift among its members and creates funds in order
to grant loan for productive and provident purposes.
2. Consumer Cooperative – procure and distribute commodities to members and
non-members. (retail societies)
3. Service Cooperative – engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization,
transportation, etc.
4. Multipurpose Cooperative – combines 2 or more of the business activities of these
different types of cooperatives.

According to Scope of Membership

1. Institutional – members are employees of a specific institution
2. Associational – members are those who have their own enterprise and belong to
specific sector or organization
3. Community- Level – members are based on a defined geographical area.

SOCIAL SCIENCE – SOCIOLOGY

Sociology
- Is the scientific study of society and social relations.
- It draws date or facts from the real world and attempts to account for them by means of
scientific explanation.
Culture
- Is everything which is socially learned and shared by members of the society.
Types of culture
1. Material – made up of artifacts people construct on the basis of cultural norms.
 2. Non-material – comprises the behavior patterns, values and social relations of human group.
Characteristics of Culture
1. It is learned.
2. It is a group product/ social/ shared.
3. It is transmitted from one generation to another.
4. It is adaptive/ dynamic.
5. It is relative.
6. It is symbolic.
Folkways
- Types of behavior which have the force of custom but do not necessarily have a moral
connotation.
Mores
- Has attached the ideas of right or wrong to some kinds of behavior.
Values
- Measures of goodness or desirability
Norms
- Shared rules of conduct
Institutions
- Organized systems of social relationship which embody common values and procedures and
meet basic needs of the society
Cultural Trait
- The simplest unit of culture
Subculture
- Is the behavior and value system of a group which is a part of the society, but has a unique
cultural pattern.
Counter Culture
- Subculture which is not merely different from, but sharply opposed to the dominant values of
the society.
Ethnocentrism
- The tendency of a group to take for granted the superiority of its own culture.
Cultural Relativism
- Describes the fact that function and meaning of a culture trait depend upon the culture in which
it operates.
Ways of Acquiring Culture
1. Accomodation – peaceful adjustment between hostile or competing groups.
2. Acculturation – acquisition by a group or individual of the traits of another culture.
3. Enculturation – learning the roles one plays in one’s own culture.
4. Assimilation – mutual diffusion through which person or groups come to share a common
culture.
Cultural Lag
 - The time lag between a change or innovation and accomplishment of the social and cultural
adjustments which the innovation makes necessary.
Cultural Pluralism
- The toleration of cultural differences within a common society; allowing different groups to
retain their distinctive cultures.
Culture Shock
- The feeling of disappointment or amazement one feels when exposed to certain cultural
practice significantly different from his own.
Alienation
- The emotional separation from a society, combining feeling of powerlessness, normlessness
and social isolation
Ideal Culture
- Includes the pattern which are supposed to be practiced.
Real Culture
- Includes illicit behavior which is formally condemned but widely practiced.
Taboo
- A behavior pattern which is strongly disapproved by the society.
Culture Change
1. Invention – development of something totally new
2. Innovation – an improvement on something that already exists
Cultural Diffusion
- the spreading of inventions and innovations in other cultures.
Social Mobility
- refers to the movement up or down in a social status
Social Stratification
- exists when there is intergenerational transmission of (dis)advantage stemming from one’s
location in the hierarchy.
Race
- genetic transmission of physical characteristics
Ethnicity
- refers to socialization into distinct cultural patterns.
Sex
- biologically differentiated categories
Gender
- expected dispositions culture assigns to each sex

CULTURAL VALUES OF FILIPINOS

1. Pakikisama – can be expressed in their hospitality and bayanihan
2. Family orientation – feeling of belonging and rootedness
 3. Joy and Humor – love for social celebrations
4. Flexibility, Adaptability, Creativity – ability to improvise and make use of whatsoever resources
on hand
5. Hardwork and Industry = essentials of decent life + incentives
6. Faith and Religiosity – Accepting reality in the context of God’s will and plan.
7. Ability to survive – Having the capacity for endurance despite difficult times.
8. Extreme Personalism – tendency to give personal interpretations to actions such as pakiusap,
lagay, areglo, palakasan, nepotism and favoritism
9. Extreme Family Centeredness – the use of one’s office and power as a means of promoting
the interest of family like factionalism, patronage and political dynasties.
10. Lack of Discipline – “Filipino Time”, “Palusot syndrome”, “Ningas Kugon”, “Pwede na Iyan”
11. Passivity and Lack of Discipline – Dependence on a strong authority figure.
12. Colonial Mentality – Cultural vagueness or weakness that makes Filipinos extraordinarily
susceptible to western culture.
13. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome – “Crab Mentality”, using the leveling instruments of gossips or
“tsismis”, intrigue and destructive criticism.

The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354)
■ It is informally known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, which guarantees universal
access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.
Key principles
■ Freedom of choice: respect for protection, and fulfillment of reproductive health and rights.
■ Right to information on reproductive health, including family planning.
■ Abortion is illegal and is punishable by law.