SKELETAL SYSTEM

❑ Consist of bones and other structures that make up the

joints and skeletons.
❑ The types of tissue present are bone tissue, cartilage, and
fibrous connective tissue, which forms the ligaments that
connect bone to bone.
❑ Bones are classified into four: long bones, short bones, flat
bones and irregular bones
OBJECTIVES

❑ Define and understand the structures of the

skeletal system.
❑ Describe the primary functions of the skeletal
system.
❑ Classify bones according to shape and internal
organization, giving examples of each type,
and explain the functional significance of each of
the major types of bone markings.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BONE

Besides contributing to body shape and form, our bones

perform several important body functions:
❑ Support
❑ Protection
❑ Movement
❑ Storage
❑ Blood Cell Protection
LONG BONES

❑ Bones of the arms,

legs, hands and feet
(but not the wrists
and ankles).
❑ The shaft of a long
bone is the diaphysis,
and the ends are
called epiphysis.
DIAPHYSIS

❑ Made of compact bone

and is hollow, forming a
canal within the shaft.
❑ This marrow canal (or
medullary cavity)
contains yellow bone
marrow, which is mostly
adipose tissue.
EPIPHYSIS

❑ Made of spongy bone covered

with a thin layer of compact
bone.
❑ Although red bone marrow is
present in the epiphyses of
children’s bones, it is largely
replaced by yellow bone
marrow in adult bones.
SHORT BONES

❑ The bones of the

wrists and ankles.
❑ Made of spongy bone
covered with a thin
layer of compact bone.
FLAT BONES

❑ The ribs, shoulder

blades, hip bones and
cranial bones.
❑ Made of spongy bone
covered with a thin
layer of compact
bone.
IRREGULAR BONES

❑ The vertebrae and facial

bones.
❑ Made of spongy bone
covered with a thin layer
of compact bone.
SKELETON

❑ Provides framework that supports the body.

▪ The muscles that are attached to bones
move the skeleton.
❑ Protects some internal organs from
mechanical injury.
❑ Contains and protects the red bone marrow.
▪ The primary hemopoietic or blood forming
tissue.
 SKELETON
❑ Provides a storage site for excess calcium.
▪ Calcium may be removed from bone to
maintain a normal blood calcium level,
which is essential for blood clotting and
proper functioning of muscles and nerves.
❑ The human skeleton has two divisions:
▪ The axial skeleton, which forms the axis of the
body;
▪ And the appendicular skeleton, which supports
the appendages of the limbs
 AXIAL SKELETON

❑ Forms the axis of the body.

❑ Consists of the skull,
vertebral column and
rib cage.
 SKULL

❑ Consist of 8 cranial bones

and 14 facial bones.
❑ Also in the head are three
small bones in each middle
ear cavity and the hyoid
bone that supports the base
of the tongue.
CRANIAL BONES

❑ Form the braincase (line with meninges) that

encloses and protects the brain, eyes and ears.
▪ Frontal bone
▪ Parietal bones (two)
▪ Temporal bones (two)
▪ Occipital bone
FRONTAL BONE

❑ Forms the forehead

and the anterior part
of the top of the skull.
PARIETAL BONE

❑ Parietal means wall

❑ The two large parietal
bones form the
posterior top and much
of the side walls of the
skull.
TEMPORAL BONE

❑ Each temporal bone on

the side of the skull
contains an external
auditory meatus (ear
canal), a middle ear cavity,
and inner ear labyrinth.
OCCIPITAL BONE

❑ Forms the lower, posterior

part of the braincase.
❑ Its foramen magnum is a large
opening for the spinal cord,
and the two condyles (rounded
projections) on either side
articulate with the atlas, the
first cervical vertebra.
SPHENOID BONE AND ETHMOID BONE

❑ Parts of the floor of the

braincase and the
orbits (sockets) for the
eyes.
SPHENOID BONE
❑ Is wedged between several other
bones in the front of the cranium.
❑ It consists of a central part and two
wing-like structures that extend
sideways toward each side of the
skull.
▪ This bone helps form the base
of the cranium, the sides of
the skull, and the floors and
sides of the orbits (eye
sockets).
ETHMOID BONE

❑ Had a vertical projection

called the crista galli that
anchors the cranial
meninges.
▪ The rest of the ethmoid
bone forms the roof and
upper walls of the nasal
cavities and the upper
part of the nasal septum.
SUTURES

❑ All the joints between cranial

bones are immovable joints
called sutures.
❑ In a suture, the serrated, or
sawtooth, edges of adjacent
bones fit into each other.
❑ These interlocking projections
prevent sliding or shifting of the
bones if the skull is subjected
to a blow or pressure.
MANDIBLE

❑ Of the 14 facial bones,

only the mandible (lower
jaw) is movable.
❑ It forms a condyloid joint
with each temporal
bone
❑ The other joints between
facial bones are all
sutures.
MAXILLAE

❑ Are the two upper jaw

bones, which also form
the anterior portion of
the hard palate (roof of
the mouth).
❑ Sockets for the roots of
the teeth are found in
the maxillae and the
mandible.
PALATINE

❑ The two palatine

bones are the
posterior portion of
the hard palate.
NASAL BONES

❑ The 2 nasal bones form

the bridge of the nose
where they articulate
with the frontal bone.
❑ The rest of the nose is
supported by the
cartilage.
 LACRIMAL BONE

❑ There is a lacrimal
bone at the medial side
of each orbit.
❑ The lacrimal canal
contains the lacrimal
sac, a passageway for
tears.
ZYGOMATIC BONE

❑ Each of the two

zygomatic bones forms
the point of a cheek, and
articulates with the
maxilla, frontal bone, and
temporal bone.
VOMER

❑ The plow-shaped vomer

forms the lower part of
the nasal septum.
❑ It articulates with the
ethmoid bone.
CONCHAE

❑ Bony elements forming

the upper the nasal
cavities.
❑ They help increase the
surface area of the nasal
mucosa.
PARANASAL SINUSES

❑ Air cavities located in the

maxillae and frontal,
sphenoid, and ethmoid
bones.
❑ Open into the nasal cavities
and are lined with ciliated
epithelium continuous with
the mucosa of the nasal
cavities.
AUDITORY BONES

❑ Within the middle ear cavity

are three auditory bones:
▪ Malleus, incus and stapes
❑ These bones transmit
vibrations from the eardrum
to the receptors in the inner
ear.
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 BONES)

The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower

extremities. The shoulder and hip are important limb
segments connecting the appendicular and axial skeleton,
essential for mechanical load transfer.
A single upper extremity is composed of 14 phalanges
(proximal, intermediate, and distal), 5 metacarpals, 8 carpals,
2 forearm bones (radius and ulna), the humerus, and the
shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle). A single lower extremity
contains 14 phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal), 5
metatarsals, 7 tarsal bones, 2 leg bones (fibula and tibia), the
femur, and the hip (ilium, ischium, and pubis).
SHOULDER GIRDLES

❑ Attach the arms to the axial

skeleton.
❑ Each consists of a scapula
(shoulder blade) and
clavicle (collarbone).
SCAPULA

❑ A large, flat bone with

several projections.
▪ The spine of the scapula, the
coracoid process.
❑ Anchor some of the
muscles that move up the
upper and the forearm.
CLAVICLE

❑ Each clavicle articulates laterally with a scapula and

medially with the manubrium of the sternum.
▪ In this position the clavicle act as braces for the
scapulae and prevent the shoulders from coming too
far forward.
❑ Although the shoulder joint is capable of a wide range of
movement, the shoulder itself must be relatively stable if
these movements are to be effective.
HUMERUS

❑ The long bone of the

upper arm.
❑ The triangular deltoid
muscle that caps the
shoulder joint is
anchored in the deltoid
tubercle.
HUMERUS

❑ Proximally, the humerus forms a ball-

and-socket joint with the scapula.
❑ Distally, the humerus forms a hinge
joint with the ulna of the forearm.
▪ This hinge joint, the elbow,
permits movement in one
plane.
▪ That is, back and forth with no
lateral movement.
RADIUS AND ULNA

❑ The forearm bones are the ulna

on the little finger side and the
radius on the thumb side.
❑ The semilunar notch of the ulna
is part of the hinge joint of the
elbow.
▪ It articulates with the
trochlea of the humerus.
RADIUS AND ULNA

❑ The radius and ulna articulate

❑ proximally to form a pivot
joint.
▪ This permits turning the hand
palm up to palm down.
❑ The radius crosses over the ulna.
▪ This permits the hand to perform
a great variety of movements
without moving the entire arm.
HAND

❑ Eight small bones in the wrist

▪ Gliding joints between them
permit a sliding movement.
❑ Also articulate with the distal
ends of the ulna and radius and
with the proximal ends of the
metacarpals.
❑ Metacarpals: Five bones of the
palm of the hand
PHALANGES

❑ Bones of the fingers

❑ There are two phalanges
in each thumb and three in
each of the fingers.
HIP BONES

❑ The pelvic girdle or pelvic bone

consists of the two hip bones
(coxae or innominate bones).
▪ Articulate with the axial
skeleton at the sacrum.
❑ Each hip bone has three major
parts:
▪ Ilium, ischium and pubis
 HIP BONES

❑ Ilium: The flared, upper portion

that forms the sacroiliac joint
❑ Ischium: lower, posterior part
that we sit on
❑ Pubis: lower most anterior part
PUBIC BONES

❑ The 2 pubic bones articulate

with one another at the pubic
symphysis, with a disc of
fibrous cartilage between
them.
ACETABULUM

❑ The socket in the hip bone that

forms a ball-and-socket joint with
the femur.
▪ This socket is deep because the
hip is a weight-bearing joint.
❑ The depth of the acetabulum allows
the hip joint to not be dislocated
easily even by stressful activities.
FEMUR

❑ The long bone of the thigh

❑ Forms a very movable
ball- and-socket joint with
the hip bone.
FEMUR

❑ At the proximal end of the femur

are the greater and lesser
trochanters.
▪ These are large projections
that are anchors for
muscles.
❑ At its distal end, the femur forms
a hinge joint, the knee with the
tibia of the lower leg.
PATELLA

❑ Also called kneecap.

❑ Is anterior to the knee
joint, enclosed in the
tendon of the quadriceps
femoris, a large muscle
group of the thigh.
TIBIA

❑ Is the weight-bearing
bone lower legs.
❑ A tibial tuberosity and an
anterior crest can be felt
on the front of the leg.
FIBULA

❑ Not a weight-bearing
bone but anchors leg
muscles and helps
stabilize the ankle.
TARSALS

❑ Seven bones in the ankle.

❑ Larger and stronger
than carpals of the
wrist.
▪ heir gliding joints do not
provide nearly as much
movement.
FOOT

❑ The foot has two major

arches: longitudinal and
transverse
▪ Supported by ligaments
▪ These are adaptations
for walking completely
upright.
FOOT

❑ Calcaneus: heel bone

❑ Talus: transmits weight
between the calcaneus and
the tibia
❑ Metatarsals: five long bones of
each foot
❑ Phalanges: bones of the toes
FIBULA

❑ There are two phalanges in

the big toe
❑ and three in each of the
other toes.
▪ Form hinge joints with each
other.
❑ Because there is no saddle
joint in the foot, the big toe is
not as movable as the thumb.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

❑ Also called spinal column or

back bone.
❑ Made of individual bones
called vertebrae.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

❑ The names of vertebrae indicate their

location along the length of the spinal
column.
▪ There are 7 cervical vertebrae
▪ 12 thoracic
▪ 5 lumbar
▪ 5 sacral fused into 1 sacrum
▪ 4 to 5 small coccygeal vertebrae fused
into 1 coccyx
 CERVICAL COLUMN

❑ The seven cervical vertebrae

are those within the neck.
❑ The first vertebra is called the
atlas.
▪ This articulates with the
occipital bone to support
the skull and forms a
pivot joint with the
odontoid process of the
axis, the second cervical
vertebra.
CERVICAL COLUMN

❑ The pivot joint allows

us to turn our heads
from side to side.
❑ The remaining
cervical vertebra do
not have individual
names.
 THORACIC VERTEBRAE

❑ Articulate with the ribs on the

posterior side of the trunk.
 LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

❑ Largest and strongest bones of the spine.

❑ Found in the small of the back.
 SACRUM

❑ Permits the
articulation of
two hipbones:
the sacroiliac
joints.
COCCYX

❑ The remnant of tail

vertebrae and some
muscles of the perineum
(pelvic floor) are
anchored to it.
 VERTEBRAE

❑ All of the vertebrae articulate with

one another in sequence, connected
by ligaments, to form flexible
backbone that supports the trunk and
head.
❑ They also form the vertebral canal.
▪ A continuous tunnel (lined with
meninges) within the bones that
contains the spinal cord and
protects it from mechanical
injury.
 VERTEBRAE

❑ The spinous and transverse processes

are projections for the attachment of
the muscles that bend the vertebral
column.
❑ The facets of some vertebrae are small
flat surfaces for articulation with other
bones.
▪ Such as the ribs with the facets of the
thoracic vertebrae.
 VERTEBRAE

❑ The supporting part of a vertebra is its

body.
▪ The bodies of adjacent vertebrae
are separated by discs of fibrous
cartilage.
▪ These discs cushion and absorb
shock and permit some movement
between vertebrae (symphysis
joints).
❑ Since there are so many joints, the
backbone as a whole is quite flexible.
VERTEBRAE

❑ The normal spine in anatomic position

has four natural curves.
▪ Named after the vertebrae that
form them.
❑ Cervical and lumbar curve is forward.
❑ Thoracic and sacral curve backward.
❑ These curves center the skull over the
rest of the body.
▪ Enables a person to more easily
walk upright.
RIB CAGE

❑ Consist of 12 pairs of ribs

and the sternum or
breastbone.
❑ The three parts of the
sternum are the:
▪ upper manubrium, the
central body and the lower
xiphoid process
 RIB CAGE

❑ All the ribs articulate posteriorly

with the thoracic vertebrae
❑ The first seven pairs of ribs are
called true ribs.
▪ They articulate directly with the
manubrium and body of the
sternum by means of costal
cartilages.
❑ The next three ribs are called false
ribs.
▪ Their cartilages join the 7th rib
cartilage.
RIB CAGE

❑ The last two pairs are

called floating ribs.
▪ They do not articulate
with the sternum at all.
 RIB CAGE

❑ The ribs are pulled

upward and outward by
the external intercostal
muscles.
▪ This enlarges the chest
cavity, which expands the
lungs and contributes to
inhalation.
RIB CAGE FUNCTIONS

❑ Encloses and the

protects the heart
and lungs.
❑ Also protects the
organs in the upper
abdominal cavity such
as the liver and
spleen.
 JOINTS

❑ A joint, or articulation, is the

place of contact between
bones, between bone and
cartilage, or between bones
and teeth. Bones are said to
articulate with each other at a
joint. The scientific study of
joints is called arthrology.
JOINTS

❑ Joints are classified by:

a. structural characteristics
b. movements they allow
(functionally)
 BONES DISEASES

Osteoporosis
❑ Is a disease that results in a
decrease in bone mass and
mineral density. The quality and
structure of the bone may also
change.
❑ Can decrease bone strength and
increase the risk of fracturing.
 BONES DISEASES

Osteoarthritis
❑ Is the most common form of
arthritis. This condition affects
the body’s joints by degrading
cartilage, the tissue that covers
the surface of joints.
❑ Can also change the shape of
bones. Osteoarthritis most
frequently affects the hands,
hips, and knees.
 BONES DISEASES

Osteonecrosis
❑ Also known as avascular necrosis
or aseptic necrosis, occurs when
there is a disruption to a bone’s
blood flow, leading to bone tissue.
This can cause the bone to break
down and the joint to collapse.
❑ While osteonecrosis may occur in
any bone in the body, it commonly
affects the shoulders, hips, and
knees.
 BONES DISEASES

Rickets (Osteomalacia)
❑ Is a disease of children in which the
bones fail to calcify. As a result, the
bones soften, and the weight-bearing
bones of the legs show a definite
bowing.
❑ Is usually due to a lack of calcium in the
diet or lack of vitamin D, which is
needed to ab- sorb calcium into the
bloodstream. However, it can happen in
infants nursed by mothers who become
vita- min D-deficient.
 BONES DISEASES

Spinal Curvatures
❑ There are several types of
abnormal spinal curvatures. Three
of these are scoliosis, kyphosis,
and lordosis.
❑ These abnormalities may be
congenital (present at birth) or
result from disease, poor posture,
or unequal muscle pull on the
spine.
REFERENCES

❑ Marieb, Elain. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology.

United States of America, Pearson Education, Inc.,2014.
❑ Notre Dame of Marbel University Library
 LABEL
ME!

Instruction: Label the skeletal system

using the provided cut-out words by
matching each label to the correct bone or
skeletal part on the diagram.
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS