Introduction to Basic Terms -

Pathfinder

on PE
 Thedynamics

PV NRT valid for all ideal gases

P Pressure of
gas
Volume occupied by gas
n number of moles of the gas
R Universal gas constant
T Temperature of gas
Units Pressure
Iatm 760mm Hg 1.013 105 Pa
105 Pa 1 Bar
1 Torr 1 mm
Hg
UnitsIGas Constant
R 8 314J mol k 2 cal mol l k 1 0.0821 Latm mol.lk

Boglaw
For a
given mass of an ideal gas at constant temp
the volume of a gas is inversely its
proportional to
pressure
VX p P n

PV is constant

PV ROT v
Yr
constant
ME V
 Charleslaw
At constant pressure the volume of a given quantity
of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temp

VIT
Tconst
con.TV NRT

cons I constant

Gay Ic's Law

For a
given mass of
ideal gas at constant
an
volume pressure of the gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature PAT
P PH

Avogadro'sLaw
At same pressure sametemperature equal volumes
of all gases contain equal number of molecules

DaltonILaw of Partial Pressures

If an enclosure contains a number of non reacting
gases each gas behaves independent of the
other the total pressure exerted by the gases
on the walls of enclosure is the sum of pressures
exerted by individual gases
 samemolarmass

NRII
PV

02
i
p 16 329
m my

Molarmass
MOPI 1
constant

PV
nr
G
constantx
4
61 act
12 35 1 y.mn

y n

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1t
n
PVNRT minima

TLV
i no
PI 11 0

Minimum Pressure Pressure function

Ppv
P one variable

P R αv

Rx 1 o

SIT

adds

Independent
Is

Ps
mtg Pos

Tt m g Pos
Ip
PSztMzg Tt Posz
 Ps T mg Pos

users
PDS m g M g t PoΔS
P m Po
glg
PV NRT
 Illustration 56
Illustration 57

Election
Variationoffressure with Height P T
dP pgdy n
tdP dy
PV n RT nteam1 Mxn
record
RT xD P MXT
y Pop

p PLF
P
171dg day PTT g
p
P Po e 1 y
exp decreasing

Pap
1 Y
P Be
Illustration GG

dp pgdh
dP dh
PI g
dP
Pat mg oh
gap my Han
Po
Concept Internal Energy
Internal
energy isthe the energy contained within the
system excluding kinetic energy of motion of
the system as a whole and the potential energy
of the system as a whole due to external force
fields
The internal energy of a system can be changed
by transfer of matter heat or by doing work
Internal Potential Energy Energy due to molecular
configuration
Internal Kinetic Energy Energy due to molecular
It is a state function Mtefends only on initial
final equilibrium state
Degrees of Freedom
It is defined as the total number of possible
independent significant ways in which a system
can have
energy
Translational 18emnanysph.ch can it
Independent Motion Rotational RotationalMotionofatoms
Vibrational Vibrationsofatoms
relative to eachother

Vibrational energy depends on the strength of the bonding

atoms in the molecule The stronger the ionic bond
theurgy Eno Fenster Inti slateaeasequestionjibrational
Rotational energy depends on M.O.I of the molecule
Monoatomic
It can move along Ngy Z axis
3 D OF all translational
we don't consider rotational d of
L since the M.O.I is insignificant

Diatomic
It axis
canpmgansiaf.se e

Insignificant M O I

2 rotational D o f

Total 5 d o f

Polyatomic
3 Translational D O F
3 Rotational D OF

a molecule with n atoms there will be 3n

degrees of freedom
Type Translational Rotation Vibration
3 2 3n 5
NTLinear 3 3 37 6
There is simple
no theoretical way to calculate the
exact number of active vibrational degrees of freedom
in a polyatomic molecule

The total internal energy T of forn a moles of a polyatomic

gas at a temperature linear molecule
is given by
U 5 RT vibrational d of
EnRT 21
n Rt

U 6 RT vibrational d of
EnRT 21
n Rt
Non linear molecule

Equiparion Theorem
Energy associated with each degree of freedom per
molecule is kBT per mole is RT

U RT internal energy of
En mole
of a polyatomic gas with f
n

degrees of freedom

Heat capacity
Molaffific Cp Molar Specific Heat Capacity
n dcf Constant pressure
Cv Molar specific Heat capacity
Cv constant volume

Cp 8 Cp Cr R
1 CE
Adiabatic Ratio
 uses

Up Becomes o since there is no interaction between

the contituent particles
ΔU DU NC AT NEDT N
FEAT
du nC IT CP cp R
FRI ER
Mixture Gases
i Unix U V2 t
ii Molar mass of mixture
n.MIL
Mmi

ii Cu mix
Milfft
iv G R
Cp mix mix
H É
v 8min

Illustration 74

D OF Translational Translational KE
Rotational Rotational KE
Vibrational
KBT 2
11T I
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anti.atnange

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Concept work
work done by the gas
dw PAxdx Pdv
F PA T
EBasi are
Gas
w
fpdv compression re
Vi work is
dr
P t re
P
f ve
J
T

V
V
Vf

f Ve To calculate the work done by

therocesiswequsttetith.at thea
quasistatic process the thermodynam
u variables P V T n etc of the
system its
surroundingchange
infinitely slowly Thus the system
is always arbitrarily close to
an equilibrium state in which it
V
has a well defined volume
the whole system is characterised
by single value of the macroscopic
variables
If there is a sudden movement
in the piston then that
would involve turbulence hence
pressure would not be uniquely defined
 asstion
Idw Find the work done
In ingum in moving the piston
Natural Length
by a distance n
m 1 in solution PA kn mg PoA

P Pot
Ky my
wid Pxdv dw Pdv
by gas
kating an
W PoDV km
mgn

Note
work done
be zero
by the gas would

Vacuum

Illustration 75
Illustration 76
Heat Energy transferred between two bodies as a
consequence of a temperature difference between
them Also depends on the path taken
Mechanical equivalent of heat I cal 4 2 Joules

time when heat is given to the system

Heat
are when heat is released by the system
P To 2T

SPIV du T.SI
nx2td2hr50
nRT PV
V nRT

E Eeet Ight
dV nR 2Tdt
P v2
Saw Pdv av dv

80.3 V03
7 3
First of Thermodynamics
do do do viiilid for all processes
If the process isn't quasistatic or it
involves friction then the internalenergy
is only defined at initial final
equilibrium states
Basically conservation of energy

Illustration 77 É
Illustration 78 130
Illustration 79
3005
Illustration 81
300 J

700J
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DU NC AT Cu FI 312
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of

⑥
Isoldedsystem
No heat exchange no work is done on the
external environment
Q O W O ΔU 0

IsochcProcess
A process in which volume remains constant
dw Pdv
Yfonstant 0

do n Cudt do
Px Px
P2 Heating p cooling

P P

V V
Cp T 300k
IR Y 99983
Illustration
Cv 31 84
I

nCuΔT 2.49 10

GayLusaac's
law

PV NRT
n
1
IsobarcProcess
Pressure of the system remains constant

P P
Ti
EI
P T
PVI

Vi Vp V V T
Q NCPDT P V nR T1
E Ti
w PDV NRDT
DU nCuΔT
Illustration 87
Illustration 88
 Portmtg

Pot
my
Pressure of the gas is constant

W Px DV A RAT

mg XIA
Pot NRAT

T
Éf fÉT
n 2 Cu Cp 8 5,3 As 4 10 3
31 51
IF massless piston

pony
P Po t
KI
w Pdv Padre

P.tk Adn

POA 0.1 k i 50

105 4 103 10 7 12102 s 50

2 s
40
110

IF

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 Isothermal Process
Temperature of the system remains constant
PV constant
17 fstants du o Pdvt Vdp 0
do do It
A

i w
Qustion BREAK 6 50 Restart

temperature is the
Theft
8 nRT
PV

112ᵗʰ 13 127

work done in isothermal process NRTIn

MRTM Ppf
PV nRT Saw Pdv
Illustration 92 PV const
P
NRI f hurt dV PV P2V2

inten
 Ext
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w Stentxda
w Po P Adn

25 P P dv

Pov PIV
V

PV nRTh 2

Pov RT h 2

RR.TO
PV
POV
RT RT In 2

0
L
KE
Adiabat Process
Any process carried out suddenly is an example of
an adiabatic process ex bursting of balloon A process
in which the system and surrounding do not exchange
any heat
dQ o du dw
dw n Cudt
PV MRT
Pdu Vdp n Rdt
IT Pdv p

PIV Mcux Pd VdP

Pdv It
Cy YdPCu

8 Fx Cv
H w Find T P

off f
relationship
PVO constant for adiabatic
process
Adiabatic Process
P

Illustration 94 monoatomic
Cp 51 Cv 31 8
T 300k

Vi V Vf 2V

PV8 constant
V8 constant
FIX
wf o constant
300 V73 Tf 2V
 World one in Adiabatic Process

n ti P2 PiV
Wadiabatic
MFI z

Slope Adiabatic Curve

Pvr constant
v8 dp 8 v8 dvxp o
dp 8 xPdV

Slope of adiabatic is always greater than slope of

Isotherm
PA PA
isotherm
adiabatic

t.int I
Expansion Compression

Illustration 96
Illustration 97
Illustration 98
Illustration 99
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equilibrium
constant
PV
P x 5V
Pfee
8P V P GV V
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In

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deeq78Poxl5V
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Homework
PolytocProcess
PV constant
1
TV constant
T P constant
Molarspecific Heat of a Polytropic Process
Aug1
C
19 dup Pdf Cu
Pff
Forglamot of TV constant

c Cu
Had
c Cv
Ey
work done in a Polytropic Process
PV constant
v
w.PE 7 tt
Illustration 101
Illustration 102
Illustration 103
Illustration 105
2T constant
Q DUT W
PV 3 constant
DU NC DT

20
Homework
 Homework

Energy Conservation
 Fitton
7 mgh
K

metal bottom
12025 INPHO
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