DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

AC Current Source
ElmIac
 DIgSILENT GmbH

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72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88

http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
r994

Copyright ©2011, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 3

1.1 Model Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Load Flow Analysis 3

3 Short-Circuit Analysis 4

4 Harmonic Load Flow 5

5 Frequency Sweep 5

6 Dynamic Simulation 7

6.1 RSM Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6.2 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

A Parameter Definitions 10

B Signal Definitions 10

List of Figures 11

List of Tables 12

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 2

2 Load Flow Analysis
a) Positive Sequence Network

1 General Description

The AC Current Source model represents a constant current injection in the system. It should be
connected to 3 phase AC terminals, as it does not support 2 phase and single phase systems.
ElmIac could be used for balanced and unbalanced calculations and could be useful for:

• Wind turbine modeling

• HVDC system modeling

• Photovoltaic modelingb) Negative Sequence Network
• Injection of harmonic currents in the system
• General circuit analysis

In the Basic Data page of the AC Current Source the main parameter to be entered is the Rated
Current Ir.

1.1 Model Diagrams

Figures 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 depict theSequence

c) Zero equivalentNetwork
positive, zero and negative sequence circuit of
the model. In contrast with the AC voltage source where it is possible to define negative and
zero sequence voltages, in the AC current source the current injection is always in positive
sequence. The current injection for both balanced and unbalanced calculations is always in
positive sequence, although the negative and zero sequence internal admittances are consid-
ered.

I1
U1

Isetp G1 B1

a) Positive Sequence Network

Figure 1.1: Positive sequence AC current source model

I2
U2
2 Load Flow Analysis

The parameters that shouldIsetpbe defined for load

G2flow calculations
B2 are listed in Table A.1. Output
current is given by the following equation:

(
(Isetp × Cosφ + U1 × G1 ) + j(Isetp Sinφ + U1 × B1 ) if pf Capacitive
I1 = b) Negative Sequence Network (1)
(Isetp × Cosφ + U1 × G1 ) − j(Isetp Sinφ + U1 × B1 ) if pf Inductive

I0
AC Current Source (ElmIac) U0 3

Isetp G0 B0
 G2 B2

c) Zero Sequence Network

3 Short-Circuit Analysis
b) Negative Sequence Network

I0
I1 U0
U1

G0 B0
Isetp G1 B1

c) a)
Zero Sequence Network
Positive Sequence Network
Figure 1.2: Zero sequence AC current source model

I2
U2

G2 B2

b) Negative Sequence Network

Figure 1.3: Negative sequence AC current source model

I0
U0
I0 = U0 × G0 + jU0 × B0 (2)

G0 B0
I2 = U2 × G2 + jU2 × B2 (3)

Equations 1 to 3 are used for unbalanced load flow calculations. The balanced option only
c)1.Zero Sequence Network
considers equation

3 Short-Circuit Analysis

For VDE/IEC and ANSI Short-Circuit calculation there is no defined short-circuit contribution for
AC Current Sources.

In the Complete Short-Circuit calculation data of the internal conductance and susceptance for
positive, negative and zero sequence are needed. The ElmIac behaves as a constant cur-
rent source for symmetrical faults. For unsymmetrical faults, it behaves as a constant current
source in the positive sequence network and as a constant admittance in the negative and zero
sequence networks.

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 4

5 Frequency Sweep

4 Harmonic Load Flow

The AC current source can be used to define harmonic current injections into the network.
Figure 4.1 shows how to define the harmonic currents injection. To define the harmonics it
is possible to select a spectrum which contains the harmonic currents, for more information
regarding how to define a spectrum refer to User’s Manual ”Definition of Harmonic Injections”.
The harmonic current can be referred to either the fundamental or rated current.

Figure 4.1: Harmonic Current Definition

For the Harmonic Current Definition, the selected type can be chosen between Balanced, Un-
balanced and according to IEC61000 representation as shown in Figure 4.2.

5 Frequency Sweep

In the frequency sweep calculation the internal current of the current source is set to 0 A and 0
deg (open-circuit). The parameter ”Spectral Density of the Current Magnitude/Angle” (didf, dφdf
in p.u./Hz, deg/Hz) and the corresponding frequency dependent characteristic allows for the
definition of an internal current according to equations (4) and (5).

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 5

5 Frequency Sweep

Figure 4.2: Harmonic Current Definition Type

ii (ωh ) = didf · ichar (ωh ) (4)

φIi (ωh ) = dφdf · φI,char (ωh ) − ∆φIi (5)

where

∆φIi = φIi − φIref (6)

and didf and dφdf are constant input parameters used to scale the frequency characteristics
ichar and φI,char in (4). The characteristics can be either polynomial (using the PowerFactory
ChaPol object) or a vectorial characteristic (using the ChaVec object) with a frequency scale
(using the TriFreq object). The angle ∆φIi accounts for the angle deviation between the current
and the system reference voltage angle.

A common application is the analysis of the transfer function of a part of the system or the
propagation of a current impulse in frequency domain. To do this the amplitude and phase of
the spectrum current can be defined and using the frequency sweep function, the voltage at the
remote end can be calculated.

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 6

 isetp G1 B1

a) Positive Sequence Network

6 Dynamic Simulation i2
u2

6 Dynamic Simulation
isetp G2 B2
For the RMS/EMT simulation we can independently control the phases A, B and C. Please note
that this is not the case of the LDF calculations. For RMS and EMT simulations there is the
option for balanced and unbalanced models as shown in Figure 6.1.
b) Negative Sequence Network

i1 i0
u1 i1 u0
u1

isetp G1 B1 isetp G0 B0
isetp G1 B1

a) Positive(a) Positive sequence

Sequence Network (b) ZeroNetwork
c) Zero Sequence sequence
a) Positive Sequence Network
i2
u2 i2
u2

isetp G2 B2 I1
isetp G2 B2 U1

Isetp G1 B1
b) Negative Sequence Network (c) Negative sequence
b) Negative Sequence Network
Figure 6.1: RMS and
i0 EMT AC current source model.
i0
u0 a) Positive Sequence
u0 Network

6.1 RSM
isetp Simulation I2
G0 isetpB0 U2
G0 B0
For RMS simulation the user has the option to control the current source in two different ways
depending of which signals from defined in Table B.1 are used. When the current (i0, I0) and
G2 B2
frequencyc)(f0,
ZeroF0Hz) input
Sequence are connected together with the additional angle magnitude, phase
Network
c) Zero Sequence Network
and frequency of the AC current source are controlled. The resulting output current is defined
by equation 7.
b) Negative Sequence Network

i = i0 cos(2πf 0t + phiiI+ 1
dphii) + j sin(2πf 0t + phii + dphii) I0 (7)
I1 U
U1 0
U1
Also is possible independently control magnitude and phase for A, B and C components using
the signals: I A, I B, I C, phii B, phii C and dphii. PowerFactory internally applies the Park
Isetp G0 B0
Transformation to worksGwith
1 B1 components.
dq0
Isetp G1 TheBangle
1 for phase A can be configured with
the input parameter dphii and the internal reference phii, both in rad. phii is calculated internally
by PowerFactory and can change if the network conditions change. The power factor set point
defines the steady state initial value of dphii. The derivative of phii is being changed if there is a
frequencya)change:
Positive Sequence Network the derivative ofc)
f0 is connected,
Zero Sequence Network
phii is set to 2 ∗ P I ∗ f ∗ (f 0 − f ref ); f0 is not
a) Positive Sequence Network
connected, the derivative of phii is set to 2 ∗ P I ∗ F 0Hz − 2 ∗ P I ∗ f ∗ f ref . fref is automatically
set and should not be connected. I2 I2
U2 U2
The current source gives an injection with current phase angle defined as follows:

G2 B2 G2 B2
AC Current Source (ElmIac) 7

b) Negative Sequence Network

6 Dynamic Simulation

ϕA = phii + dphii (8)

Angles of phase B and C are relative to the angle of phase A.

ϕB = ϕA + phii B (9)

ϕC = ϕA + phii C (10)

If the two angle signals phii B and phii C are not connected, the program will use a default
120◦ shift to calculate the two angles.

ϕB = ϕA − 120◦ (11)

ϕC = ϕA + 120◦ (12)

6.2 EMT Simulation

In EMT studies positive, negative and zero sequence models shown in Figures 1.1 to 1.3 are
considered. And as for RMS simulation it is possible to control the source in two different ways.
When inputs i0, I0, f0, F0Hz are connected the current injection is the same as defined by
equation 7 but there is also a negative sequence current defined by the differential equation 13.

B0 ∂
i0 (t) = G0 u0 (t) + u0 (t) (13)
2πf ∂t

When magnitude and phase signals are connected the model is defined as in RMS simulation.

The use of input and output signals from the dynamic model shown in Figure 6.2 could be used
to control the current injection into a system. This is useful to model a current impulse source
or to define a lightning current standard model.

With the help of a composite model, the user can use a Fourier source ElmFsrc to inject har-
monic currents during an EMT simulation. For more information please refer to Fourier Source
Technical Reference.

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 8

6 Dynamic Simulation

i0
I0
f0
F0Hz
I_A
I_B RMS
Simulation xspeed
I_C
phii_B
phii_C
i0
dphii
I0
fref
f0
F0Hz
I_A
I_B RMS
Figure 6.2: Input/Output Definition of AC Current
Simulation Source (RMS-Simulation)
xspeed
I_C
i0
phii_B
I0
phii_C
f0
dphii
F0Hz
fref EMT
I_A Simulation
I_B
I_C
dphii
i0
I0
f0
F0Hz
EMT
I_A Simulation
I_B
I_C
dphii

Figure 6.3: Input/Output Definition of AC Current Source (EMT-Simulation)

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 9

B Signal Definitions

A Parameter Definitions

Table A.1: Parameters of AC Current Source

Parameter Description Unit

loc name Name
outserv Out of Service
chr name Characteristic Name
for name Foreign Key
bus1 Terminal (StaCubic)
bus1 bar Terminal
cpZone Zone
cpArea Area
Ir Rated Current A
isetp Positive Sequence Current Setpoint p.u.
cosini Positive Sequence Power Factor
i cap Positive Sequence Reactive Power
G1 Positive Sequence Internal Conductance S
B1 Positive Sequence Internal Susceptance S
G2 Negative Sequence Internal Conductance S
B2 Negative Sequence Internal Susceptance S
G0 Zero Sequence Internal Conductance S
B0 Zero Sequence Internal Susceptance S
dcurdf Spectral Density of Current Magnitude p.u./Hz
fchardcur Frequency Dependency A
dphidf Spectral Density of Current Angle deg/Hz
fchardphi Frequency Dependency
phmc Harmonic Current Injections
icurref Harmonic Current Injections Referred to
iAstabint A-stable integration algorithm
cTypHmc Harmonic Current Injections: Type of Harmonic Sources
Inom Harmonic Current Injections: Rated Current

B Signal Definitions

Table B.1: Input/Output signals

Name Description Unit Type Model

i0 Current-Input p.u. IN RMS, EMT
I0 Current-Input kA IN RMS, EMT
f0 Frequency-Input p.u. IN RMS, EMT
F0Hz Frequency-Input Hz IN RMS, EMT
IA Current, Magnitude kA IN RMS, EMT
IB Current, Magnitude kA IN RMS, EMT
IC Current, Magnitude kA IN RMS, EMT
phii B Current, Angle, Phase b deg IN RMS
phii C Current, Angle, Phase c deg IN RMS
dphii Additional Angle rad IN RMS, EMT
fref Reference Frequency p.u. IN RMS
xspeed Frequency p.u. OUT RMS

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 10

List of Figures

List of Figures

1.1 Positive sequence AC current source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Zero sequence AC current source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3 Negative sequence AC current source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.1 Harmonic Current Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.2 Harmonic Current Definition Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6.1 RMS and EMT AC current source model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6.2 Input/Output Definition of AC Current Source (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . 9

6.3 Input/Output Definition of AC Current Source (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . 9

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 11

List of Tables

List of Tables

A.1 Parameters of AC Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

B.1 Input/Output signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 12

List of Tables

AC Current Source (ElmIac) 13