ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Subject: Digital Communication Lab
Experiment No: __ Title: Study of BPSK transmitter & receiver
Class: T.E. Year: 2024-25 Semester: I
Roll No.:________ Name:______________________

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Sign Faculty:

AIM: Study of BPSK transmitter & receiver using suitable hardware setup/kit.

OBJECTIVES: a) Generation of BPSK

b) Detection of BPSK

PRE-LAB REQUISITES: Student should know how to use DSO.

Student should know how to make
connection. Student should have basic
knowledge of Digital Communication

APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Description Specifications

1. BPSK Kit Trainer Kit

60 MHz
2. DSO
1GS/s
3. Probes

4. Power cord,

5. Connecting wires.
THEORY:-

In binary PSK the transmitted signal is a sinusoid of fixed amplitude. It has

one fixed phase when the data is at one level & when the data is at the other level
the phase is the different by 180. In our kit we have derived a sinusoid from a
crystal clock using IC 4017’s & frequency divider & 2 nd order butter worth filter &
for phase shifted wave form we have used OPAMP Inverter.
Also two different bit patterns are also derived from a basis clock. For
transmitter section we have used IC 4052 [Analog Switch]. A sinusoid & phase
shifted sinusoid are two I/p’s to analog switch & bit pattern is connected to control
I/p of 4052. O/p of 4052 is required BPSK O/p.
At receiver we have to derive carrier frequency from BPSK wave form. So
this waveform is given to squaring circuit (IC 1496 multiplier). At the o/p of 1496
we have 2fc frequency. By using Band pass filter with center frequency 2fc we get
neat sine wave. & it is given to frequency divider IC 4017. Output of divider is our
recovered carrier.
For detection of data from BPSK signal, phase comparator section of PLL (IC
565) is used. One I/p to PLL is BPSK Signal & Other I/p recovered carrier. O/p of PLL is
then given to filter. BPSK system is having one inherent disadvantage or drawback i.e.
at receiver O/P we may get inverted data. This is because at carrier recovery section
we get either in phase or out of phase carrier since there are only two possible phases.
If we recovered 1800. Out of phase carrier then we get inverted data at receiver O/P.
To remove this drawback normally DPSK or DEPSK systems are used. In our kit we
have given one method to get always in phase data. If we do all necessary
connections as mentioned in the procedure & make power supply switch on, then we
get always in phase data. Here one power on mono.is ‘OR’ed with bit pattern. Receiver
knows that after power on logic ‘1’should be the 1 st bit if it is zero then receiver comes
to know that carrier recovered is out of phase. Then other bits coming later on also will
be inverted. So by using analog sw. invert of whatever is recovered is given out as
receiver O/P, so that we get correct data. If at power on logic 1 is received, then the
same is given out as receiver O/P. so we get always in phase data.
To observe BPSK signal on CRO there are two ways to do so. First connect bit
pattern & BPSK signal to two channels on CRO & trigger it properly i.e. when bit is
going to zero from logic 1 position or going to logic 1 from logic 0 positions we get
180 deg. Phase shift in carrier.
The other way is to connect sine wave & BPSK signal to two channels of CRO
& then by pressing ‘XY’ mode switch we get lissageous fig. i.e. two cross lines on
screen.
180
 PSK MODEM
O/P I/P

BP

CARRIER I/P 1496

FILTER

SQU. %2 N/W

2F

MULT. CCT.

PSK GEN. PSK

O/P

I/P

I/P O/P

OR

O/P

START

SIGNAL

PHASE

FILTER COMP.

COMP.

I/P1

PATTERN P!

GEN. I/P2

POWER ON

Points to observe only

P2

Fig. 1 BPSK Modulator and Demodulator (Connection Diagram)

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. Observed Signal Amplitude Frequency

No. (Vp) KHz

1. Information Signal

2. Carrier

3. BPSK signal

4. ÷ 2 N/W output

5. Recovered output

Draw Waveforms on Graph Paper:

1) Bit Pattern
2) Carrier Signal
3) PSK Output
4) Recovered Carrier
5) Recovered Bit Pattern
6) Power Spectral Density of BPSK
CALCULATION:
Bandwidth of BPSK=2fb

Where fb is maximum modulating frequency of one bit

Using Spectrum of BPSK signal:

Bandwidth of BPSK signal: ________

REFERENCES:
1. Taub, Schilling and Saha, “Principles of Communication Systems”, McGraw-Hill, 4th
Edition,
2. Simon Haykin, ―Digital Communication Systems‖, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition.
3. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition

QUESTIONS:

Q NO Question BT CO

1. What is the Euclidean distance and minimum BW in

BPSK?
A BPSK signal is received at the input of a coherent optimal
receiver with amplitude 10mv and frequency 10 KHz. The
2. signal is corrupted with white noise of PSD 10-9 W/Hz. If
data rate is 104 bits/sec. Find the error probability and
required average energy per bit. (erfc (1.58) =0.0254)

3.
What is the amount of phase shift in BPSK system?

CONCULUSION:

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 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Digital Communication Lab
Experiment No: ____ Title: Study of BFSK transmitter & receiver
Class: T.E. Year: 2024-25 Semester: I
Roll No. :________ Name:______________________
Date of performance: Date of Submission: Sign Faculty:

TITLE: Study of BFSK transmitter & receiver using suitable hardware setup/kit.

OBJECTIVES:
a) Generate and detect Frequency Shift Keyed signal.
b) Find the bandwidth using PSD of FSK.

PRE-LAB REQUISITES:
a) Student should have basic knowledge of signals and system.
b) Student must have knowledge of various data formats.
c) Student must have prior knowledge about filters.
d) Student must be familiar with using DSO.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Description Specifications

1. FSK Kit Kashtronica Ki

60 MHz
2. DSO
1GS/s
3. Probes

4. Power cord

5. Connecting wires
THEORY:
In computer peripheral & radio (wireless) communications, the binary data or code
is transmitted by means of a carrier frequency that is shifted between tow preset
frequencies. Since a carrier frequency is shifted between two preset frequencies,
the data transmission is said to use a frequency shift keying technique.
The frequency shift is usually accomplished by driving a VCO with the binary
data signal so that the two resulting frequencies correspond to the logic “0” & logic
“1” states of the binary data signal. The frequencies corresponding to logic “1” &
logic “0” states are commonly called as the mark & space frequencies. Several
standards are used to set the mark & space frequencies. For example, when
transmitting teletypewriter information using MODEM system a 1070HZ –1270HZ
(mark -space) pair represents the originate signal, while 2025HZ-2225HZ (mark -
space) pair represents the answer signal.
In our kit we have used XR2206 IC for FSK Generation. Mark & space
frequencies can be independently adjusted by the choice of timing resistors. In our
kit mark frequency is fixed & space frequency can be adjusted using pot provided
on panel. Detail circuit diagram is also provided. Baud rate of our system is 330HZ.
At receiver our aim is to distinguish two frequencies. For this purpose,
XR2211, a monolithic phase-locked Loop IC is used. The circuit consists of a basic
PLL for tracking and I/p signal within the pass-band, a quadrature phase detector
which provides carrier detection & a FSK Voltage comparator which provides FSK
demodulation.

FSK MODEM
Vcc

FSK O/P

XR - 2211

XR - 2206 O/P

Vcc

I/P

PATTERN

VCO FREQ. ADJ.

GEN.

GND.

POWER ON

Fig.1 FSK Transmitter and Receiver

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr. Observed Signal Amplitude Frequency

No (Vp-p)
.
1. Information Signal

2. Carrier frequency for logic ‘1’

3. Carrier frequency for logic ‘0’

4. FSK signal

5. Free running frequency of PLL

6. Recovered output

Draw Waveforms on Graph Paper:

1) Bit Pattern
2) Carrier Signal
3) FSK Output
4) Recovered Bit Pattern 1
5) Power Spectral Density of BFSK

CALCULATIONS: (If any)

Bandwidth of FSK=4fb

Where fb is maximum modulating frequency of one bit

Using Spectrum of FSK signal:

Bandwidth of FSK signal:

REFERENCES:
1. Taub, Schilling and Saha, “Principles of Communication Systems”, McGraw-Hill, 4th
Edition,
2. Simon Haykin, ―Digital Communication Systems‖, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition.
3. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition

QUESTIONS:

Q NO Questio BT C
n O
1. What is the Euclidean distance and minimum BW for BFSK?
2. What are the disadvantages of FSK?

3. Difference between Coherent BFSK reception and non-coherent BFSK reception.

In a digital communication system, the bit rate of NRZ
data stream is 1Mbps and carrier frequency of
transmission is
4. 100 Mhz. If the amplitude of the signal is 2mV Find
1) Bandwidth
2) Euclidean distance for BFSK

CONCULUSION:

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 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Digital Communication Lab

Experiment No: ___ Title: Study of DSSS transmitter & receiver

Class: T.E. Year: 2024-25 Semester: I
Roll No.:________ Name:______________________
Date of performance: Date of Submission: Sign Faculty:

AIM: Study of DSSS transmitter and receiver using suitable hardware setup/kit.

OBJECTIVES: 1. Generation of DSSS PSK

2. Detection of DSSS PSK

PRE-LAB REQUISITES: Student should know how to use DSO. Student

should know how to make connection.
Student should have basic knowledge of
Digital
Communication
APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Description Specifications

1. DSS-PSK Kit Kashtronica Kit

60 MHz
2. DSO
1GS/s
3. Probes

4. Power cord,

5. Connecting wires.

THEORY :-

Spread spectrum techniques originated in answer to the military communications.

They are based on signaling schemes which greatly expands the transmitted
spectrum relative to the data rate. Spread spectrum is useful when it is necessary
for the system to resist external interference, to operate at low spectral energy, to
provide multiple access capability without external control & to provide a secure
channel inaccessible to the outside listeners.
 The main principle of spread spectrum communication is that the bandwidth
occupancy is much higher than usual. Because of this much larger bandwidth, the
power spectral density is lower in the channel, the signal looks like a noise. The
spreading is done by combining the data signal with code signal which is independent
of the transmitted data message. The various types of modulation techniques
employed
in spread spectrum are
1] Direct Sequencing
2] Frequency Hoping
3] Time Hoping
4] Hybrid Methods.
5] CHIRP.
DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM
d’ (t) = d (t) * g (t)
Where g (t) = random sequence signal
d (t) = signal to be spread
d’ (t) = Spread signal

Connection Diagram
Points For Observation Only

BP FILTER

1496 SQ. FREQ.

CIRCUIT DIV.

8 BIT

PN SEQ.

I/P

GEN.

O/P

CLOCK

I/P1

CARRIER

PSK

P1 REC.

PSK

PATTERN GEN.

or I/P2

GEN. I/P

P2

LPF &

O/P COMPARATOR

PN SEQ.

O/P

REC.

MULT.

PN

TRAN. REC. O/P

O/P

MULT.

GND.

PATTERN POWER ON
M/s KASHTRONICA
 Fig.1 DSSS PSK Modem

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. Observed Signal Amplitude Frequency

No. (Vp) (Hz)
1. Information Signal

2. PN Sequence

3. Multiplier output
4. Carrier

5. DSSS-PSK signal

6. ÷ 2 N/W output

7. Recovered output

Draw Waveforms on Graph Paper:

1) Bit Pattern
2) PN Sequence
3) Coded Signal
4) PSK Output
5) Recovered Bit Pattern
6) Power Spectral Density of DSSS BPSK

CALCULATION:
Bandwidth of DSSS-PSK=2fm
Where fm is maximum modulating frequency of one bit (after Multiplication of input
bit and PN sequence)

REFERENCES:

1. Taub, Schilling and Saha, “Principles of Communication Systems”, McGraw-Hill, 4th

Edition,
2. Simon Haykin, ―Digital Communication Systems‖, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition.
3. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition

QUESTIONS:

Q NO Question BT CO

1. What is the Euclidean distance and minimum BW in DSSS

BPSK?
2.
A symbol in DSSS BPSK comprises of how many bits?

3.
What is the amount of phase shift in DSSS BPSK system?

4. The information bit duration in DS BPSK spread spectrum

communication system is 10 ms while the chipping rate is
 1MHz Assume average error probability is 10 micro for
proper detection of message signal, calculate the
jamming margin.

CONCULUSION:

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 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Digital Communication Lab

Experiment No: Title: Study of generation and detection of

QPSK.
Class: T.E. Year: 2024-25 Semester: I
Roll No.:________ Name:______________________
Date of performance: Date of Submission: Sign Faculty:

TITLE: Experimental study of generation and detection of QPSK.

OBJECTIVES:
a) Study and analysis of QPSK modulation and demodulation with variable bit
pattern and frequency.

b) Study of QPSK using Lissajous patterns.

PRE-LAB REQUISITES:

e) Student should have basic knowledge of signals and system.

f) Student must have knowledge of various data formats.
g) Student must know about the operation of MUX and DEMUX.
h) Student must be familiar with using DSO.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Description Specifications

1. QPSK Kit Kashtronica Kit

60 MHz
2. DSO
1GS/s
3. Probes

4. Power cord

5. Connecting wires
THEORY:
To transmit digital data on analog lines (Viz. telephone) or even into
space, modulation of analog signal is required. Simplest way is BPSK where one phase
of carrier is transmitted for ‘1’ and inverted carrier is transmitted for digital ‘0’. Here if
bit rate is ‘fb’ then bandwidth required is ‘2 f b’. To reduce this bandwidth requirement
QPSK can be used. For QPSK bandwidth required is ‘fb’ i.e. half that of BPSK.
‘QPSK’ technique comes under ‘carrier modulation’ type. Here I/P to the
transmitter is digital data, in between processing is in analog form & finally O/P of
receiver is again digital data same as fed to transmitter. ‘Q’ in ‘QPSK’ means
quadrature i.e. 4, four phases of carrier are transmitted depending upon bit
pattern. e.g. we know that incoming bit pattern is divided into ‘odd’ & ‘even’ bit
patterns. Odd pattern is multiplied by sine wave & even pattern is multiplied by
cosine wave. Sine & Cosine waves are 90 0 phase shifted. Now resulting two PSK’s
are added & we get vector addition O/P i.e. if both odd & even pattern bits are ‘1’
we get 3150 phase shifted carrier. If odd bit is 1 & even bit is 0, we get 225 0 phase
carrier. If odd bit is 0 & even also 0, we get 135 0. If odd bit is 0 & even bit is 1, we
get 450.
In QPSK, two consecutive bits are stored & for resulting four combinations (4)
different phases of carrier are transmitted. By using ‘D’ flip- flop type arrangement
incoming bit pattern is divided into two-bit patterns viz. odd pattern & even
pattern, for obtaining this, basic clock whose frequency is ‘fb’ is divided by two,
resulting odd
& even clock frequencies are ‘fb/2 ‘& they are complementary. Each bit is stored
for
2Tb time period. Odd pattern will have bit no. 1,3,5,7, etc. each stored for ‘2Tb’ &
even bit pattern will have bit no. 2,4,6, etc. stored for ‘2Tb’.
Here active edges of odd & even clocks are separated by time ‘Tb’. So out of two bits
only one bit is changing (either odd or even) after each ‘T b’ period but every bit is
there for 2 Tb time; so, in this offset QPSK system every time phase changes by 90 0
only.
At receiver carrier is recovered from QPSK signal itself. This is synchronous
reception. To recover carrier QPSK signal is raised to power four by using analog
multiplier. Then resulting signal is passed through bandpass filter whose center
frequency is adjusted to 4 times carrier Frequency. Then o/p of bandpass filter is
divided by 4 to get carrier Frequency. In this kit IC 1496 is used as analog
multiplier.
Then QPSK signal is multiplied by ‘SINE & COSINE’ carrier waves. As a result, we
get odd & even patterns after filtering & integrating multiplier outputs. Now by
combining these two patterns we can get original bit patterns. This is done by
using switch (analog switch).
To observe QPSK, we have given two bit patterns (i.e. repeated after 8 bits) so that
on analog CRO we can observe the wave forms. Here carrier phase changes every
after time ‘Tb’ (bit period) depending upon odd & even bit combination. It is
difficult to observe this on analog CRO. Details of these phase changes are shown
in diagram attached. To observe QPSK we can use Lissajous patterns. i.e. If we
connect ‘SINE’ wave to one channel & ‘COSINE’ wave to the other channel & press
‘XY’ mode button
of CRO we get circle on screen. (this is Lissajous pattern for 90 0 phase shifted
waves)
Now if we connect ‘SINE’ & its associated PSK signal to two channels & press ‘XY’
mode button we get two crossed lines. (10 of 00 & the other for 1800 phase)
0
180 0

If ‘SINE’ & ‘QPSK’ signals are connected to two channels, on ‘XY’ mode we get two
crossed ellipses. This is because for 45 0, 1350, 2250 & 3150 we get ellipse as
Lissajous fig.
135,315 45,225

Also, at transmitter observe that ‘SINE’ and ‘COSINE’ wave amplitudes are lesser
than resulting ‘QPSK’ wave because of vector addition.
We are doing this complex processing to save on bandwidth requirement
of the system. This can be observed on CRO also. Observe bit pattern on CRO
along with odd or even bit pattern, you will come to know that odd or even bit
pattern frequency is lesser than original bit pattern frequency.

Comments on carrier recovery section: -

Here we extract original carrier from transmitted QPSK signal itself. To

raise QPSK signal to power 4 first we use squaring ckt. & then again one more
squares ckt. to raise QPSK to power 4, if we observe O/P of 1 st SQ. ckt., its
frequency is double that of original ‘SINE’ wave at transmitter (observe these two
signals simultaneously on dual trace CRO) also O/P’s of both SQ. ckts. are not
exact SINE wave shape, since it contains other harmonics also. O/P of 2 nd SQ. ckt.
is having 4 times freq. that of ‘SINE’ to suppress other harmonics we use band
pass filter whose center freq. is 4 times original ‘SINE’ wave freq. Then we divide
this freq. by four. Since 4 possible phases are transmitted, finally we get exact
‘SINE’ wave but it will have 4 diff. possible phase shifts. So, we cannot use same
carrier directly at receiver. This recovered carrier has to be passed through all pass
N/W to match phase shift.
 QPSK MODEM
Connection Diagram for Carrier Recovery

CARRIER

RECOVERY BP. POT

SECTION

I/P

I/P I/P

TRANSMITTER

I/P

ODD 1496 1496 BP

CLOCK EVEN O. CLOCK SQ. SQ. FILTER

%4 N/W

CLOCK 2

1 4F

GEN.

SINE

I/P E. CLOCK

O/P

O/P O/P

O/P

SINE W.

COS

QPSK

I/P

1496 O/P

O. DATA MUL.

1496

RECEIVER

ADDER

MUL.

1496

MUL.

E. DATA SINE

COS W.

O. DATA SWITCH

SINE O/P

1496

PATTERN

O&E MUL.

I/P

GEN.

DATA

GEN.

E. DATA

COS D CLOCK

COS

GND.

E. CLOCK

POWER ON

Pts. To Observe Only O. CLOCK

Fig. 1 QPSK Modulator and Demodulator

 QPSK MODEM CARRIER
RECOVERY
Connection Diagram for QPSK Tr & Re.

BP. POT
SECTION
I/P
TRANSMITTER I/P I/P
I/P
ODD 1496 1496 BP
CLOCK EVEN O. CLOCK SQ. SQ. FILTER
CLOCK 1 %4 N/W
GEN. 2 4F

I/P E. CLOCK SINE

O/P O/P O/P
O/P
COS
SINE W.
C
QPSK
1496

RECEIVER
1496 O/P
MUL.
O. DATA MUL.
ADDER
A

1496

MUL.

E. DATA SINE
COS W. B

O. DATA SWITCH

SINE O/P

1496
PATTERN
O&E MUL.

I/P

GEN.

DATA

GEN.

E. DATA

COS D CLOCK

COS

GND.
E. CLOCK

Pts. To Observe Only

O. CLOCK POWER ON M/s. KASHTRONICA

Fig. 2 QPSK Modem (Connection diagram)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Observed Signal Amplitude (Vp-p) Frequency

No.
1. Information Signal

2. Even Data

3. Odd Data

4. BPSK 1

5. BPSK 2

6. QPSK signal

7. Recovered output

Draw Waveforms on Graph Paper:

1) Information Signal
2) Even Data
3) Odd Data
4) BPSK 1 output
5) BPSK 2 output
6) QPSK signal
7) Recovered output

CALCULATIONS: (If any)

Bandwidth of QPSK= fb
Where fb is maximum modulating frequency of one bit.

Using Spectrum of QPSK signal:

Bandwidth of QPSK signal:
 NUMERICAL:
Q. In a digital communication system, the bit rate of NRZ data stream is 5Mbps
and carrier frequency of transmission is 100 Mhz. Find
1) Mathematical equation
2) Symbol rate
3) Bandwidth for QPSK.

REFERENCES:
1. Simon Haykin, ―Digital Communication Systems‖, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition.
2. P RamkrishnaRao, Digital Communication, McGraw Hill Publication.

QUESTIONS:

Q NO Question BT CO

1. 2 4,5
What is the Euclidean distance and minimum BW in QPSK?

2. 1 5
A symbol in QPSK comprises of how many bits?

3. What is the amount of phase shift in QPSK system? 1 5

CONCLUSION:

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