Scribd
Upload
174 views65 pages

Ask FSK

Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital data onto an analog carrier signal for transmission. There are several common techniques: 1) BPSK and QPSK modulate the phase of the carrier, with BPSK using two phases and QPSK using four phases to encode bits. QPSK provides a higher data rate than BPSK within the same bandwidth. 2) FSK modulates the frequency of the carrier, using different frequencies to encode bits. BFSK uses two frequencies. Orthogonal FSK provides better performance than non-orthogonal FSK. 3) ASK and PSK modulate the amplitude of the carrier, using different amplitudes to encode bits. ASK is more susceptible to noise than PSK.

Uploaded by

HarshitPal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
174 views65 pages

Ask FSK

Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital data onto an analog carrier signal for transmission. There are several common techniques: 1) BPSK and QPSK modulate the phase of the carrier, with BPSK using two phases and QPSK using four phases to encode bits. QPSK provides a higher data rate than BPSK within the same bandwidth. 2) FSK modulates the frequency of the carrier, using different frequencies to encode bits. BFSK uses two frequencies. Orthogonal FSK provides better performance than non-orthogonal FSK. 3) ASK and PSK modulate the amplitude of the carrier, using different amplitudes to encode bits. ASK is more susceptible to noise than PSK.

Uploaded by

HarshitPal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 65

Chapter: Digital

Modulation Techniques

Introduction Digital Modulation


Digital data needs to be carried on an
analog signal.
A
carrier
signal
(frequency
fc)
performs the function of transporting
the digital data in an analog
waveform.
The
analog
carrier
signal
is
manipulated to uniquely identify the
digital data being carried.

Introduction Digital Modulation


Mechanisms for Modulating Digital Data
into Analog Signal is done by certain
techniques.

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)


In BPSK the transmitted signal is a sinusoid
of fixed amplitude.
It has one fixed phase when data is at one
level and when the data is at the other
level the phase is different by 180.
The transmitted signal is,

In BPSK the data b(t) is a stream of binay


digit. Then transmitted BPSK signal is given
as,

Binary Phase Shift Keying


The received signal
has a,
(BPSK)

The output voltage vo(kTb) at the end of


a bit interval extending from time (k1)Tb to KTb is,

Spectrum of BPSK
The waveform b(t) is a NRZ binary
P
waveform whose power spectral density
makes
P an excursion between
and
, we have,
s

The Power Spectral density of


signal is,

the BPSK

Geometrical Representation of
A BPSK signal can BPSK
be represented in terms of
one orthonormal usignal
1 t 2 / Tb Cos0 t

as

The BPSK signal can be drawn as,

Fig. Geometrical representation of BPSK

Signal
The distance d between the signals,

Where Eb= PsTb is the energy contained in a bit


duration.

Differential Phase Shift Keying


DPSK is the modification of BPSK.
DPSK eliminates the ambiguity about whether
the demodulated data is inverted or not.
It also avoids the need to provide the
synchronous
carrier
required
at
the
demodulator for detecting a BPSK signal.

Fig. Generating a DPSK Signal


The data stream to be transmitted is d(t).

11

Differential Phase Shift Keying


Cont.
b(t) is applied to
a balanced modulator
2 P Cos t the carrier
to which is applied
The modulator output which
transmitted signal is,
s

is

the

When d(t) =0 the phase of the carrier


does not change at the beginning of the
bit interval.
While when d(t) =1 there is a phase
change of magnitude .

Differential Phase Shift Keying


Cont.

Fig. Method of recovering data from


DPSK Signal
The received signal and the received
signal delayed by the time interval Tb are
multiplied to a multiplier. The multiplier
output is,

Differentially Encoded Phase


DPSK demodulator
required a device which
Shift Keying
operates at the carrier frequency and provides a
delay Tb.
DEPSK eliminates the need for such a piece of
hardware.
In DEPSK synchronous demodulation recovers the
signal b(t) and the decoding of b(t) to generate
d(t) is done at baseband.
The transmitter of DEPSK is identical with DPSK.

Fig. Baseband decoder to obtain d(t) from b(t)

(a)

(b)

15
Fig. Errors in Differentially Encoded PSK occurs
i

Differentially Encoded PSK


The signal b(t)(Cont.)
is recovered in exactly
the same manner for a BPSK system.
DPSK there is a tendency for bit errors to
occur in pairs but that single bit errors
are possible.
In DEPSK errors always occur in pairs.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying


PSK that uses (QPSK)
phase shifts of 90=/2
rad 4
Different
signals
generated,
each
representing 2 bits.
advantage: higher data rate than in PSK
(2 bits per bit interval), while bandwidth
occupancy remains the same.
4-PSK can easily be extended to 8-PSK,
i.e. n-PSK
higher rate PSK schemes are limited by
the ability of equipment to distinguish
small differences in phase.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying


(Cont.)

Fig. Type D Flip Flop symbol

Fig.

Flip

Flop

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying


(Cont.)

Fig. An offset QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying


(Cont.)
The transmitted
output signal is given
by,

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying


(Cont.)

22

23

24

25

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Fig. QPSK Receiver

QPSK Signal Space


The four
Reprsentation
(Cont.)
quadrature signal can
be represented
as,

These signals were represented in terms of


two orthonormal signals,

The QPSK signal vm(t) can be given as,

QPSK Signal Space


Reprsentation (Cont.)

Where T = 2Tb= Ts

QPSK Signal Space


Reprsentation (Cont.)

Non-offset Quadrature Phase


Shift
Keying
An additional
flip-flop
is placed either

before even or odd flip-flop.


So in each transition time Tb for OQPSK
and 2Tb for QPSK.
One bit for OQPSK and two bit for QPSK
change for 1V to -1V.

Amplitude Shift Keying


(ASK)
In ASK, the two binary values are represented by
to different amplitudes of the carrier frequency.
The resulting modulated signal for one bit time is

A cos(2f c t ), binary 1
s (t )
binary 0
0,

Susceptible to noise.
ASK is also called On-Off Keying.
The simplest and most common form of operate
as a switch.
Application: ASK is used to transmit digital data
over optical fiber.

Amplitude Shift Keying (Cont.)

Nbaud = baud rate


fc = carrier frequency

32

Amplitude Shift Keying (Cont.)


The bandwidth B of ASK is proportional
to the signal rate S.
B = (1+d)S
d is due to modulation and filtering,
lies between 0 and 1.

33

Example 3
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans
from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier frequency and
the bit rate if we modulated our data by using ASK with d
= 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This
means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz.
We can use theformula for bandwidthtofind thebitrate
(withd=1andr=1).

Example 4
Given a BW of 10,000 Hz (1000 12,000 Hz), draw the
full-duplex ASK diagram of the system. Find the carriers
and the BWs in each direction. Assume there is no gap
between the bands in 2 directions
Solution:

BW for each direction = 10,000/2 = 5000


Hz
The carrier frequencies can be chosen at
the middle of the bands
fc(forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3,500Hz
fc(backward) = 11,000 - 5000/2 =
8,500Hz

Frequency Shift Keying


(FSK)
The digital data stream changes the frequency
of the carrier signal, fc.
frequency of carrier signal is varied to represent
binary 1 or 0
Amplitude and phase is not changeable.
Advant: FSK is less susceptible to errors than
ASK specific frequency changes over a number
of intervals, so voltage (noise) spikes can be
ignored
Disadvantage: FSK spectrum is 2 x ASK
spectrum.
application: over voice lines, in high-freq. radio
transmission, etc.
36

BFSK Generat
37

38

Receiver for a BFSK sig

39

In BFSK the binary data waveform d(t) generates a


binary signal,

Here d(t) = +1 or -1 corresponds to the logic 1 and 0


of the data waveform.

BFSK Spectrum
In terms of the variable pH and pL, The BFSK Signal
is,
In the BPSK case b(t) is bipolar i.e. it alternates
between +1 and -1. pH and pL as a sum of constant
and a bipolar variable, that is,

42

Geometrical Representation of
Orthogonal
FSK
An orthogonal
BFSK can be generated
with the suitable selection of the
frequencies of the unit vector, with m and
n integers.

The vector u1 and u2 are the mth and nth


harmonics of the fundamental frequencies
fb .
The frequency fH and fL in the BFSK are
selected to be with (m > n)

The corresponding signal vectors are,

The distance between the signal end


points is,

Signal space representation of

Geometrical Representation of
non-orthogonal
FSK

When two FSK signals sH(t) and sL(t)


are not-orthogonal.
Let us represent the higher frequency
signal sH(t) as,
Now represent
signal sL(t) as,

the

lower

frequency

Fig. Signal Space representation for


SH(t) and SL(t) are not orthogonal

Geometrical Representation of
non-orthogonal
FSK

The distance separating sH(t) and sL(t)


is,

when the two signals are not


orthogonal we have to evaluate S11,
S12 and S22.

Geometrical Representation of
non-orthogonal
FSK

We are using the previous eq.


getting,

&

The distance separating sH(t) and sL(t)


is,

Now simplifying the equation we get,

The final result is then,

If
distance dopt

then the optimum

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


(QAM)
It uses two-dimensional
signaling.
Original information stream is split into two
sequences that consist of odd and even symbols,
e.g. Bk and Ak

Ak sequence (in-phase comp.) is modulated by


Cos(2fct),
Bk
sequence
(quadrature-phase
comp.) is modulated by Sin(2fct).
Composite signal is sent through the channel A k
Cos(2fct)+ Bk Sin(2fct).
50

Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
(QAM)
Adv: data rate = 2 bit per interval

51

52

Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)

53

Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)

54

55

16-QAM Constellation

56

57

58

59

Duobinary Encoding
It is also known as correlative coding and
partial response signalling.
It basically introduce controlled intersymbol interference (ISI) in data stream.
So encoding a binary bit stream by
duobinary enoding effects a reduction of
max. freq. than max. req. of unencoded
data stream.
So bandwidth reduces
by using
duobinary signalling.
60

61

Duobinary Encoding
(Correlative
coding)
The waveform v (k) is therefore,
D

The inverter output is


The
differential encoder (called precoder )
output is,
The input I2 = b(k-1). So that the inverter
output d(k) is,

62

Spectrum of Duobinary Encoding

63

Example 5
Find the minimum BW for an FSK signal transmitting at
2000 bps. The transmission mode is half-duplex and the
carriers must be separated by 3,000 Hz
Solution:

BW = baud rate + (fc1 fc0)


The baud rate is the same as the bit
rate
BW = 2000 + 3000 =5000 Hz

Example 6
Find the max bit rates for an FSK signal if the BW of the
medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference between the
carriers must be at least 2000 Hz. Transmission is in fullduplex mode.
Solution:

BW = baud rate + (fc1 fc0)


The BW for each direction is 6000 Hz
Baud rate = 6000 2000 = 4000
Baud rate = bit rate
Bit rate = 4000 bps

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy