Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Applied Electronics II: ECEG-3112

Worksheet

1. Briefly explain what a negative feedback is? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

Answer:
When the portion of the output signal is subtracted from the input signal, it is called negative
feedback.

• Its advantages are:

– Desensitize the gain
– Reduce nonlinear distortion
– Reduce the effect of noise
– Control the input and output resistances
– Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier.
• All the above come by trading off gain.

2. (a) Clearly describe the barkhausen criteria of oscillation?

(b) For a practical oscillator the loop gain should be set slightly greater than unity. State
the reason for this.
(c) A very important parameter of operational amplifier performance is slew rate. Describe
what slew rate is, and why it is important for us to consider in choosing an op-amp for
a particular application.

Answer:
(a) For sustained oscillation to occur at ω0 in an oscillator the phase of the loop gain should
be zero and the magnitude of the loop gain should be unity at ω0 .
(b) To ensure that oscillation will always start.
dv
(c) Slew rate is the maximum rate of voltage change over time that an op-amp can
dt
output.

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 1

 3. Figure-1 shows a feedback triple utilizing MOSFETs. All three MOSFETs are biased and
sized to operate at gm = 4 mA/V . (Neglect ro )

(a) Determine the type of Feedback Topology

(b) Find the feedback network and calculate β
(c) Draw amplifier without feedback but taking the feedback network loading into account
(input and out circuits)

Figure 1: Figure for #Q 3

Answer:
(a) Voltage-Series (Series-Shunt) or Voltage Amplifier or voltage sampling-voltage mixing
(b) The feedback network is as shown below:

Figure 2: Feedback network for #Q 3

The feedback gain β is calculated as, for RF = 1 kΩ:

VF RS1 100 Ω
β= = = = 0.091
Vo RS1 + RF 100 Ω + 1000 Ω

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 2

 (c) The A circuit

Figure 3: The amplifier without feedback but taking the feedback network loading into account
for #Q 3

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 3

 4. Consider an NMOS differential amplifier, where a common mode voltage VCM is applied.
Let VDD = VSS = 1 V , kn0 = 0.4 mA/V 2 , W/L = 12.5, Vt = 0.5 V , I = 0.2 mA and
RD = 10 kΩ (neglect channel length modulation). Let vG1 = vid and vG2 = 0, find the value
of vid and vD1 where:

(a) iD1 = iD2 = 0.1 mA

(b) iD1 = 0.15 mA and iD2 = 0.05 mA
(c) iD1 = 0.2 mA and iD2 = 0

Answer:

The circuit for this question is:

Figure 4: The MOS differential pair with a differential input signal vid applied. for #Q 4

(a) Since iD1 = iD2 = I/2 = 0.1 mA, the circuit is being supplied by common mode input,
i.e. vG1 = vG2 ; and hence vG2 = 0 ⇒ vG1 = 0. Therefore,

vid = 0
vD1 = VDD − iD1 RD = 1 − (0.1 × 10−3 ) × (10 × 103 ) = 0 V

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 4

 (b)
 
1 W
ID = kn0 2
VOV
2 L
s
2ID 2 × 0.1 mA
VOV = =
kn0 (W/L) 0.4 mA/V 2 (12.5)
= 0.2 V

I 0.2 mA
gm = = = 1 mA/V
VOV 0.2 V

• Using the give currents vGS1 and vGS2 will be:

iD1 0.15
vGS1 = = V = 0.15 V
gm 1
iD2 0.5
vGS2 = = V = 0.5 V
gm 1
vid = vGS1 − vGS2 = 0.15 V − 0.5 V = 0.1 V

vD1 = VDD − iD1 RD = 1 − (0.15 × 10−3 ) × (10 × 103 ) = −0.5 V

(c) √ √
vid = 2 · VOV = 2 × 0.2 V = −0.283 V

vD1 = VDD − iD1 RD = 1 − (0.2 × 10−3 ) × (10 × 103 ) = −1.0 V

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 5

 5. The two wave forms (shown below ) are given to a differential amplifier with differential gain
of 2V /V and common-mode gain of 0.5V /V . Draw the differential output voltage. (the two
waveforms have the same frequency)
V1 V
V2
V
10 10

t t

-10 -10

Answer:
The output of a differential amplifier can be described as Vo = ACM VCM + Ad Vid
where VCM = (V1 + V2 )/2 and Vid = V1 − V2 which is depicted in Figure 3

V
Vid
20

VCM
V
10

t t

-10

-20

The output voltage will be Vo = 0.5 × VCM + 2 × Vid , depicted in Figure 4

V Vo
40

-40

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 6

 6. (a) Design an inverting op amp curcuit to form a weighted sum VO of three inputs V1 , V2 ,
and V3 such that VO = −(V1 + 2V2 + 4V3 ). Choose the values of Rf , R1 , R2 and R3 such
that for a maximum output voltage of 10V , the current through the feedback resistor
Rf will not exceed 1mA.
(b) Design a circuit, using one ideal op amp, whose output is vO = vI1 +3vI2 −2(vI3 +3vI4 ).

Answer:

(a) Since the current through the feedback resistor Rf should not exceed 1mA

Vomax 10V
Rf ≥ = = 10kΩ
Ifmax 1mA

Rf
R1
V1
R2
V2 −
Vo
R3
V3 +

From the following figure the output voltage is expressed as:

 
Rf Rf Rf
Vo = − V1 + V2 + V3
R1 R2 R3

since we want to design so that Vo = − (V1 + 2V2 + 4V3 ) we can choose the resistors
based on the feedback resistor
Let’s choose Rf = 10kΩ then R1 = Rf = 10kΩ, R2 = Rf /2 = 5kΩ and R3 = Rf /4 = 2.5kΩ.

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 7

 (b) Vo can be re-written as: vO = vI1 + 3vI2 − 2vI3 − 6vI4 , having two inverting and non
inverting amplifiers.
The resulting amplifier circuit is as shown below:

Rf
= 2 if RN 2 = R ⇒ Rf = 2R
RN 2

Rf
= 6 since Rf = 2R ⇒ RN 1 = R/3
RN 1

Let RN = RN 1 kRN 2 = Rk(R/3) = R/4

For the non inverting input vI1 :

   
Rf RP 2R RP
1+ =1 ⇒ 1+ = 1 ⇒ 9RP = RP 2
RN RP 2 R/3 RP 2

1
Where, RP 1 kRP 2 kRP 0 = 1 1 1
RP 1
+ RP 2
+ RP 0
For the non inverting input vI2 :
   
Rf RP 2R RP
1+ =3 ⇒ 1+ = 3 ⇒ 3RP = RP 1
RN RP 1 R/3 RP 1

From the previous RP 1 kRP 2 = 3RP k9RP = 9RP /4 = 2.25RP , RP = 2.25RP kRP 0

Rearranging and solving we obtain:

2.25RP + RP 0 = 2.25RP 0 ⇒ RP 0 = 1.8RP

If RP = R ⇒ RP 0 = 1.8R, RP 1 = 3R and RP 2 = 9R , for any value of R.

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 8

 7. The circuit shown below has the following parameters: gm = 0.001S, rs = 1kΩ, rO = ∞,
R1 = 10kΩ, R2 = 20kΩ, R3 = 1kΩ and R4 = 1kΩ.

(a) Determine the type of feedback?

(b) Find the gain with feedback?
(c) Find the input and output resistance with feedback?

Answer:
(a) Shunt-Series, Current Sampling-Current mixing, Current Feedback Amplifier
(b) The circuit with out the feedback becomes:

Overall gain Af is given as:

A
Af =
1 + Aβ

(c)
Ri
Input resistance with feedback is: Rif =
1 + Aβ
Ouput resistance with feedback is: Rof = (1 + Aβ)Ro

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 9

 8. The instrumentation amplifier shown below has the following parameters: R3 = R4 = 30kΩ,
R = R2 = 200kΩ.

(a) When R1 = 5kΩ and vd = vI2 − vI1 is 5mV , what is vo ?

(b) Now assume that the components are not ideal, such that the CMRR is not infinite.
The differential gain, Ad is 200. At a particular instant in time, the difference voltage,
vd , is 11.9mV , and the output Vo = 2.43V . If you know that Vcm = 1V , what is the
value of the common mode gain, Acm ?
(c) When new, the common mode gain of this circuit is zero. Due to aging of the chip,
R2 = 201kΩ, rather than 200kΩ (R is still 200kΩ, and R1 = 5kΩ). Does the common
mode gain change? What is the new value?

Answer:
(a) Since R2 = R, the output voltage vo due to differential input is
   
R4 R2 30kΩ 200kΩ
vo = 1+ vid = 1+ 5mV = 405mV
R3 R1 /2 30kΩ 2.5kΩ

(b) The output voltage Vo is expressed as

Vo = Ad vd + Acm Vcm

The common mode voltage gain Acm can be expressed as

Vo − Ad vd 2.43V − (200)(11.9mV )
Acm = = = 0.05
Vcm 1V

(c) Even if there is Resistance mismatch in the first stage the current through R1 will be
zero because there is no voltage difference when a common mode voltage is applied. So,
The common mode gain doesn’t change. Acm = 0

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 10

 9. (a) What are basic features of an op-amp?
(b) Why is an instrumentation amplifier preferred over the simple difference amplifier?

10. For the circuit shown in figure-5 below, draw the voltage waveforms at nodes X and Y
along with the input and output. The input voltage, Vi = 2 sin 100πt V and the op-amps
are biased with VCC + /− = 12V / − 12V .

Figure 5

11. Consider the circuit shown in figure-6. Find the value of the voltage measured by the
voltmeter.

Figure 6

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 11

 12. (a) What is the purpose of the circuit shown in figure-7 ? Find the gain and other parameters.
(b) If R1 = 1.2 kΩ, RF = 2.4 Ω and C1 = 0.02 µF , find the parameters of (a).

Figure 7

13. Repeat #Q 12(a) for the circuit shown in figure-8.

Figure 8

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 12

 14. The two stage feedback amplifier shown in figure-9 below is made of two identical complementary
transistors:

(a) Determine the feedback topology,

(b) Show the small signal equivalent circuit and find the expression for the open loop gain
(A) and feedback parameter (β), and
(c) Find the expression for closed loop gain, input resistance and output resistance.

Figure 9

15. For the MOS differential pair shown in figure-10 (Assume Q1 and Q2 are matched)

(a) Show the differential half circuit, and

(b) Determine the differential voltage gain, Ad (Neglect ro )

Figure 10

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 13

 Assignment

Question-1
In an effort to determine the parameters of an unidentified differential amplifier, a purely
differential input of 0.2mV is applied and the output was measured to be 6V . When a
common mode input of 1V is superimposed on both input terminals the output becomes
6.3V . How much is the CMRR (in dB ) of this amplifier?

Question-2
For the feedback amplifier shown below (figure-11 ) find the topology, the corresponding gain
with feedback, and the input and output resistance with feedback.

Figure 11

Where RD = 10kΩ, RG = 200kΩ, RS = 10kΩ, RM = 1M Ω, gm = 2.5mA/V , ro = 40kΩ

Question-3
Consider the difference amplifier in figure-6. Given that R1 = 10 KΩ and R2 = 200 KΩ,
find
(a) The value of the differential gain, Ad
(b) The differential input resistance, Rid , and
(c) The worst case common mode gain, Acm and corresponding value of CMRR if all the
resistors have a 5% tolerance.

Figure 12

Prepared by: Daniel Dilbie Applied Electronics II AAU/AAiT/SECE, 2017/18AY 14