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emfpgno81andpg82

The document explains the concept of convection current, which occurs in insulating mediums and does not follow Ohm's law, contrasting it with conduction current that requires conductors and obeys Ohm's law. It discusses the behavior of charge carriers in both types of currents, emphasizing the differences in their mechanisms and the impact of temperature on conduction current. Additionally, it introduces the mathematical relationships governing these currents, including current density and conductivity.

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4 views3 pages

emfpgno81andpg82

The document explains the concept of convection current, which occurs in insulating mediums and does not follow Ohm's law, contrasting it with conduction current that requires conductors and obeys Ohm's law. It discusses the behavior of charge carriers in both types of currents, emphasizing the differences in their mechanisms and the impact of temperature on conduction current. Additionally, it introduces the mathematical relationships governing these currents, including current density and conductivity.

Uploaded by

kalkidanasale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Convection current

-Convection current, as distinct from conduction current, does not


involve conductors and consequently does not satisfy Ohm’s law.
-It occurs when current flows through an insulating medium such
as liquid, rarefied gas, or a vacuum.
A beam of electrons in a vacuum tube, for example, is a
convection current.
-Doesn’t obey Ohm’s law but it is described by the law of
mechanics together with the inclusive of force of electric origin.
When charges are suspended in a liquid or gas or where both +ve
and
-ve charge currents are present with different characteristics
simple form of Ohm’s law (that relate I to V &R) becomes
insufficient.
-Consequently, the current density recovers more attention
electromagnetics than does current I.
Consider a volume elements of conventional current in non-
convention medium with a flow of charge of density _ and the
velocity at any point u then the convectional current through the
point

Δ𝑄 Δ𝑦
Δ 𝐼= =𝜌 𝑣 Δ 𝑆 =𝜌 𝑣 Δ 𝑆 𝑢 𝑦
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡

The convention current in the direction I


Δ𝐼
𝐽 𝑦= =𝜌 𝑣 𝑢 𝑦
Δ𝑆

Hence in general
𝐉=𝜌 𝑣 𝐮
CONDUCTION CURRENT
Requires a conductor which is characterized by a large number of
free electrons that provide conduction current due to an
impressed electric field.
Electrons in free space are accelerated with the influence of an
electric field.
A free electron in conductor will be accelerated under the
influence of an external electric field suffers constant collision
with the atomic lattice and drift from one atom to another.
If an electron of mass m is moving in electric field E with an relate
drift velocity u the average change in momentum matches the
applied force as:
𝐦𝐮
=− 𝐞𝐄
𝜏

or
𝑒𝜏
𝐮 =− 𝐄
𝑚

𝜏 = average time interval between collisions.

If there are n electrons per unit volume, the electronic charge


density became
𝜌 𝐯=− 𝐧𝐞

Then the conduction current density became


2
𝑛𝑒 𝜏
𝐉=𝜌 𝑣 𝐮 = 𝐄 =𝜎 𝐄
𝑚
Or 𝐉=𝜎 𝐄
2
𝑛𝑒 𝜏
Where 𝜎 = is the conductivity of the conductor.
𝑚

J - vary with temperature and the crystal structure of the


conductor particle in solid have vibratory motion which increases
with temperature in this manner it more difficult for the charges
to move.
Then at higher temp, J reduced in relative in a smaller drift
velocity and hence smaller current density for a given E. In cut
analysis this phenomenon is accounted for the states the
resistivity for each material.

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