ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

Part II MAGNETOSTATICS
Chapter 5: Magneto-static fields
A definite link between electric and magnetic fields was established by Oerested in 1820.

Charges moving with constant velocity (i.e. constant current or DC) or permanent magnets produce static
magnetic (magneto static) fields.

The current flow may be due to magnetization currents as in permanent magnets, electron beam currents as in
vacuum tubes, or conduction currents as in current-carrying conductors.

The study of magneto statics has useful applications in understanding many devices in everyday life such as
electric motors, transformers, microphones, compasses, telephone bell ringer, TV focusing controls,
advertising displays, magnetically levitating high speed vehicles, memory stores, magnetic separators etc.

The analogy in electric and magnetic fields may be explored to readily use the equation derived for electric
fields to obtain corresponding equations of magnetic fields.

 Accelerates the time of understanding and applying of magnetic fields.

Two major laws govern magneto static fields

I. Biot-Savarat's law- which is the general law magneto statics (as Coulomb’s law is to electrostatics).
II. Ampere's law- special case of Biot-Savarat's law as Gauss's law is the special case of Coulomb’s law.

Biot- Savarat’s law

The law states “the differential magnetic field intensity or strength d𝑯⃑ produced at a point P by a differential
current element Id𝒍⃗ has a magnitude proportional to Id𝒍⃗ sinα, inversely proportional to the square of the
distance R between Id𝑙⃗ and P, is independent of the surrounding medium and has a direction given by the
cross product of Id𝑙⃗ and 𝑒⃗r. ‘’

Thus
⃗×⃗ ⃗× ⃗
𝑑𝐻⃗ = =

⃗ ×(⃗ ⃗ )
= |⃗ ⃗ |

Fig

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

where = proportionality constant and 𝑅⃗ = 𝑟⃗ − 𝑟⃗ and 𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑒⃗ = 𝑑𝑙. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

The direction of 𝑑𝐻⃗ can be determined by the right hand rule - thump pointing in the direction of current and
fingers encircling the wire in the direction of d𝐻⃑.

Conventional representation of 𝑯⃑ or (I)

. out of page (point of arrow) x in to page (tail of arrow)

Current elements have no separate existence (as do electric charges). The resultant intensity due to all current
elements gives the integral form of Biot-Savarat’s law.

i.e

𝐼𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑒⃗ 𝑅
𝑯⃑ =
𝑳 4𝜋 𝑅2

We can have line current, surface current and volume current distribution represented by Id𝑙⃗ , 𝐾⃗ds and 𝐽⃗dv

where 𝐾⃗ = surface current density (A/m); 𝐽⃗ = volume current density (A/m²)

Fig

The corresponding Biot-Savarat’s law become

𝐼𝑑𝑙⃗ ×𝑒⃗𝑅
𝑯⃑ = ∫𝑳 (for line current distribution)
4𝜋 𝑅2

𝐾⃗𝑑𝑠×𝑒⃗𝑅
𝑯⃑ = ∫𝑺 (for surface current distribution)
4𝜋 𝑅2

𝐽⃗𝑑𝑣×𝑒⃗𝑅
𝑯⃑ = ∫𝑽 (for volume current distribution)
4𝜋 𝑅2

Example 1

Determine the field at point p to a straight current carrying filamentary conductor of finite length AB

Solution

Fig

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

𝐼𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑒⃗
d𝐻⃗ =
4𝜋 𝑅

But 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝑑𝑧𝑒⃗ 𝑅⃗ = 𝑟⃗ − 𝑟⃗

Or 𝑅⃗ = 𝜌𝑒⃗ − 𝑧𝑒⃗

𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑅⃗ = 𝜌𝑑𝑧𝑒⃗

Thus,

𝐼𝜌𝑑𝑧
𝐻⃗ = /
𝑒⃗
4𝜋[𝜌 + 𝑧 ]

Letting z = 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = −𝜌𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝛼𝑑𝛼

−𝐼 𝜌 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝛼𝑑𝛼 −𝐼
𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗ = 𝑒⃗ sin 𝛼𝑑𝛼
4𝜋 𝜌 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝛼 4𝜋𝜌

= (cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛼 )𝑒⃗ *

Thus, 𝐻⃗ has direction tangent to circular paths which are ┴ to the z- axis.

For semi-infinite conductor(w.r.t p in the x-y plane, so that A in at (0,0,0) & B is at (0,0,∞)

⇒ 𝛼 = 900 and 𝛼 = 00

Equation * becomes: 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗

For infinite length, A is at (0,0, −∞) and B is at (0,0, ∞)

⇒ 𝛼 = 1800 and 𝛼 = 00

Equation * becomes: 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗

Example 2: Find 𝑯⃗ at p(−𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟎) due to the current filament shown

Solution

Filament portion on z-axis in semi-infinite w.r.t p

Filament portion on x-axis in semi-infinite w.r.t p

Fig

Let 𝐻⃗ = 𝐻⃗ + 𝐻⃗

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

𝐼
𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗
4𝜋𝜌

where 𝜌 = √3 + 4 =5

From the geometry shown

𝑒⃗ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑒⃗ = 𝑒⃗ + 𝑒⃗

⃗ ⃗
Alternatively, since 𝑒⃗ = −𝑒⃗ × 𝑒⃗ = −𝑒⃗ × = 𝑒⃗ + 𝑒⃗

Thus,
𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗ + 𝑒⃗ = 38.2𝑒⃗ + 28.65𝑒⃗ [mA/m]
×

At p, 𝐻⃗ = (cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛼 )𝑒⃗

and 𝜌 = 4 𝛼 = 00 , cos 𝛼 = and 𝑒⃗ = 𝑒⃗ × 𝑒⃗ = 𝑒⃗ × 𝑒⃗ = 𝑒⃗

Thus, 𝐻⃗ = 1− 𝑒⃗ = 23.88𝑒⃗ mA/m

×

𝐻⃗ = 𝐻⃗ + 𝐻⃗ = 38.2𝑒⃗ + 28.65𝑒⃗ + 23.88𝑒⃗

Exercises

1) For the circular loop shown, show that

a) 𝐻⃗ (0,0, ℎ) = 𝑒⃗
[ ]

b) Obtain h such that 𝐻⃗ = 𝐻⃗

𝐼
𝐻⃗ = 𝐻⃗ =
𝑒⃗
2𝜌
2) For the solenoid of length l, radius a, number of turns N and carrying a current I, show that at the point P
along its axis
𝑛𝐼
𝐻⃗ = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) 𝑒⃗
2
where 𝑛 =

Fig

Show also if l >>a, 𝐻⃗ = 𝑛𝐼𝑒⃗ at centre of solenoid (or Hl = NI)

[l >> a => 𝜃 -> 0 , 𝜃 -> 180 => 𝐻⃗ = 𝑛𝐼𝑒⃗ = 𝐼]

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

3) Given a conducting square loop of side 4m carrying a DC current of 5A and centered at the origin O.

Determine 𝐻⃗

a) at the center O

b) at point p(2,0,0)

Figs

Ans. a) 𝐻⃗ = 1.125 𝑒⃗ A/m b) 𝐻⃗ = 0.46𝑒⃗ A/m

Amperes circuital law

States “the line integral of the tangential component of 𝐻⃗ around a closed path equals to the net current
enclosed by the path.”i.e.

𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝐼

Fig

Here, the current distribution is usually known and the law provides a method of finding 𝐻⃗ (just like Gauss is
law is used to find 𝐷⃗ given charge Distribution)

To utilize the law in finding 𝐻⃗, there must be considerable degree of symmetry in the problem (i.e. current
distribution).

Closed path must be chosen such that

i) at each point of the closed path, 𝐻⃗ is either tangential or normal to the path (so that 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝐻𝑑𝑙 or 0)

ii) 𝐻⃗ has the same value at all points of the path where 𝐻⃗ is tangential

The Biot-Savarat’s law can be used to aid in selecting a path which meets the above conditions

Now, by applying Stock’s Theorem,

𝐼 = 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = ∇ × 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗

and with 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐽⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗

=>

𝛁 × 𝑯⃗ = 𝑱⃗

which is the 3rd Maxwell's equation for static field, i.e. Ampere’s law in differential form!

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

Applications of Ampere’s law to some symmetrical current

i) Infinite line current

Here, 𝐻⃗ due to an infinitely long, straight filament of currents 𝐼.

Fig

The Biot-Savarat’s law shows that at each point of a circle path centered and perpendicular to the z-axis, 𝐻⃗ is
tangential and of the same magnitude. Thus,

𝐼= 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐻∅ 𝜌𝑑∅

= 𝐻∅ 𝜌 𝑑∅

= 2𝜋𝐻∅ 𝜌
So that 𝐻∅ = or

𝐼
𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗
2𝜋𝜌 ∅

ii) Infinite sheet area of current (on z= 0 plane) as shown.

Sheet has uniform current density 𝐾⃗ = 𝐾 𝑒⃗ A/m

Fig

Each pair of line filamentary current produce a resultant 𝑑𝐻⃗ which has only x component, i.e. 𝑑𝐻⃗ = 𝑑𝐻𝑒⃗
Applying Ampere’s law to path 1234

𝐼 = 𝐾 𝑏= 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ + 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ + 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ + 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗

=0. (-a) + -𝐻 (-b) + 0 (a) + 𝐻 b

= 2𝐻 b
or 𝐻 = 𝐾 /2
Since 𝐻⃗ is unsymmetrical w.r.t. z

1
𝐾 𝑒⃗ z>0
𝐻⃗ = 2
1
− 𝐾 𝑒⃗ z<0
2

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

𝑒⃗ z>0
In general, and noting 𝑒⃗ =
−𝑒⃗ z<0

𝐾 𝑒⃗ × 𝑒⃗ = 𝐾 𝑒⃗ z>0
𝐻⃗ = 𝐾⃗ × 𝑒⃗ = ,
𝐾 𝑒⃗ × −𝑒⃗ = − 𝐾 𝑒⃗ z<0

where 𝑒⃗ is unit vector normal to an arbitrary orientation of the current sheet.

Fig

iii) Infinitely line co-axial transmission line

Suppose the inner conductor has radius a and carries current 𝐼 (in 𝑒⃗ direction)

Outer conductor has radius b, thickness t and carries current −𝐼 (in - 𝑒⃗ direction)
Assume 𝐼 is uniformly distributed within each conductor
Required: The distribution of 𝐻⃗ in (0 < ρ < a, a < ρ < b, b < ρ < b + t , ρ > b + t )

Fig

Solution
Current distribution is symmetrical and since 𝐻⃗ will have only tangential component and of same magnitude if
path chosen is circular centered and perpendicular to the z-axis.

 Amperes law

𝐿 (0 < ρ ≤ a)

Fig

∮ 𝐻⃗ . d𝑙⃗ = 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐽⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗
But 𝐽⃗ = 𝑒⃗ [𝐽⃗ is uniform over cross-section.]

𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝜌𝑑∅𝑑𝜌𝑒⃗

Thus,

𝐼 𝐼 𝐼ρ
𝐻∅ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐻∅ 2𝜋𝜌 = 𝜌𝑑∅𝑑𝜌 = 𝜋ρ =
𝜋𝑎 𝜋𝑎 𝑎

Thus,

𝐼𝜌
𝐻∅ =
2𝜋𝑎

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

𝑳𝟐 (𝐚 < 𝛒 ≤ 𝐛)

𝐻⃗ . d𝑙⃗ = 𝐼 = 𝐽⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝐼 i. e all current in the inner conductor is enclosed by 𝑙

𝐻∅ 2𝜋𝜌 = 𝐼 or 𝐻∅ =

𝑳𝟑 (𝐛 < 𝛒 ≤ 𝐛 + 𝐭)

𝐻⃗ . d𝑙⃗ = 𝐻∅ 2𝜋𝜌 = 𝐼

where 𝐼 = 𝐼 + ∫ 𝐽⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗

and 𝐽⃗ = − )
𝑒⃗
[( ]

 𝐼 =𝐼− ∫ ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑∅
[( ) ] ∅

=𝐼 1−

Therefore, 𝐻 = 1−

𝑳𝟒 (𝛒 > 𝐛 + 𝐭)

𝐻⃗ . d𝑙⃗ = 𝐼 =𝐼−𝐼 =0

 𝐻∅ = 0

𝐼ρ
⎧ 𝑒⃗ 0< ρ≤a
⎪ 2π𝑎 ∅
⎪ 𝐼ρ
𝑒⃗ 𝑎 < ρ ≤ b
𝐻⃗ = 2π𝑎 ∅
⎨ 𝐼 ρ −𝑏
⎪2πρ 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 𝑒⃗∅ 𝑏 < ρ ≤ b + t
⎪
⎩ 0 ρ >b+t
Fig

1 𝜇
𝑊= 𝐻⃗ . 𝐵⃗𝑑𝑣 = 𝐻⃗ 𝑑𝑣 =
2 2

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

Exercises

1. A long straight conductor having a cross-area of radius a has a magnetic field strength 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗∅ for r < a
and 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗∅ for r > a.
Find 𝐽⃗ in regions r < a and r > a of the conductor.
Solution
For r < a,
𝜕 𝐼𝑟 1 𝜕 𝑟 𝐼 𝐼
𝐽⃗ = ∇ × 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗ + 𝑒⃗ = 𝑒⃗
𝜕𝑧 2π𝑎 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2π𝑎 2π𝑎
For r > a,
𝐽⃗ = ∇ × 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗ + 𝑒⃗ = 0

2. The toroid shown has N turns and carries current I. Show that
Fig
i) Inside the toroid, 𝐻 = ρ −𝑎 <ρ<ρ +𝑎

[𝐻 = = ]
ii) Outside toroid H = 0
3. Show 𝐻⃗ at a point p (x, y, z) from a current sheet of width d and infinite length carrying I in the z direction
shown is given by

Figs

𝐻 = tan − tan

( )
𝐻 = ln
( )

lim → 𝐻⃗ = 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗

Hint: Consider the sheet as a composition of infinite number of filamentary currents.

Magnetic Flux Density

A magnetic field is a property of a point or region in a given medium due to a magnetic source, and at which a
magnetic force (attraction or repulsion) is experienced by a moving charge or a magnetic object.

The strength of this field is measured by 𝐻⃗ (independent of the medium), and the force field associated with 𝐻⃗
is called the magnetic flux density (or magnetic induction) 𝐵⃗, which is given by:

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

𝐵⃗ = 𝜇𝐻⃗ [ 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎] 1 T = 1Wb/m2

where 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇 the permeability of the medium.

- μ₀ = permeability of free space = 4π × 10⁻⁷ Henry/meter.
- μᵣ = relative permeability of the medium = μ/μ₀, which is very close to 1 except for magnetic materials.

The magnetic flux line is an imaginary, continuous and closed path (no beginning and no end), to which 𝐵⃗ is
tangential at every point in a magnetic field. This implies that there are no isolated "magnetic poles or
monopole charges."

The flux line is the line along which the needle of a magnetic compass will orient itself if placed in a magnetic
field.

Figs

All permanent magnets (however small) have a north pole and a south pole, and 𝐵⃗ (𝐻⃗) is continuous through
the magnet.

The magnetic flux 𝜙 through a surface S is given by:

𝜙 = ∫ 𝐵⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ [Weber] and 1 Wb = 10 8 Maxwell

Fig

𝜙 may have positive or negative values depending on the choice of the surface's orientation to which 𝑑𝑠⃗ is
normal.

A magnetic flux of 1 Weber is an SI unit which produces 1V when reduced to zero in 1 second.

Weber is used in honor of the German physicist W.E. Weber.

For magnetic flux density B, 1 Gauss = 10-4 Wb/m2=10-4 T

Unlike electric flux lines, magnetic flux lines close upon themselves, and thus the net (total) flux through a
closed surface in a magnetic field is zero. i.e.,

𝜙= 𝐵⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 0

This is the law of conservation of magnetic flux (or Gauss's law for magneto-static fields just as ∮ 𝐷⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ =
𝑄 for electrostatic fields ), which states that the net magnetic flux across any closed surface is zero for both

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

static and dynamic magnetic fields.

Although a magneto-static field is not conservative (i.e., ∮ 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ ≠ 0), in general magnetic flux is conserved.
By applying the divergence theorem:
∮ 𝐵⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = ∫ ∇. 𝐵⃗𝑑𝑣 = 0
or
∇. 𝐵⃗ = 0
th
This is also known as one of (or 4 ) Maxwell's equations, which states that magneto-static fields have no
source nor sink.

Example:
Determine the flux crossing the portion of the plane defined by 𝜙 = , 0.01 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.05m and 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.2m due
to a current filament of 2.5 A along the z-axis in the +z direction.

Figs

Solution:

𝜙= 𝐵⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗

𝜇 𝐼
𝐵⃗ = 𝜇 𝐻⃗ = 𝑒⃗
2𝜋𝜌 ∅

𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧𝑒⃗∅

μ I
∅ = 𝑒⃗ . 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧𝑒⃗∅
2π𝜌 ∅

= (𝑧 − 𝑧 )𝑙𝑛

× × . ×( ) .
= 𝑙𝑛
.

= 1.61 × 10 Wb

= 1.61 μWb

= 161 Maxwell

Scalar and Vector Magnetic Potentials (𝑉 and 𝑨⃗)

In electrostatic field problems, Laplace’s equation produced a method of obtaining V from known potentials on
the boundary conductors.

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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

Similarly, we can define a magnetic potential associated with the magneto static field 𝐵⃗ that can be a scalar
𝑉 or a vector 𝐴⃗.

Recall the identities for any scalar V and any Vector 𝐴⃗

∇ x (∇V) = 0 …………………….*1

∇. ∇x𝐴⃗ = 0 ……………………….*2

Scalar magnetic potential

Now just as 𝐸⃗ = −∇V, we define a magnetic scalar potential 𝑉 (in amperes) as related to 𝐻⃗ according to

𝐻⃗ = −∇𝑉 if 𝐽⃗ = 0

Since 𝐽⃗ = ∇x𝐻⃗, 𝐽⃗ = ∇x(−∇𝑉 ) = 0

Thus, 𝑉 is defined in a region where 𝐽⃗ = 0 and it satisfies Laplace’s equation just as V does for electrostatics.
Hence,

∇ 𝑉 = 0 (𝐽⃗ = 0)

Vector magnetic potential

Since for magneto static fields ∇. 𝐵⃗ = 0 and considering the vector identity equation *2, we can define the
vector magnetic potential 𝐴⃗ ( or T.m) such that

𝐵⃗ = ∇ x 𝐴⃗

which serves as an intermediate quantity from which 𝐵⃗ and hence 𝐻⃗ can be determined.

Just as we defined

𝑉= ∫ (or since ∇ . 𝐴⃗ = 0 for magneto statics, Show!)

we can obtain
⃗
𝐴⃗ = ∮ <- for line current
⃗
𝐴⃗ = ∮ <- for surface current
⃗
𝐴⃗ = ∮ <- for volume current
R is the distance from current element to the point 𝐴⃗ is to be determined.

Like the integral for the electric potential, expressions for 𝐴⃗ presuppose a zero at ꚙ and can't be applied if the
current distribution itself extends to ꚙ.
Applying Stoke’s theorem
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 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

∅ = ∫ 𝐵⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = ∫ ∇x𝐴⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ = ∮ 𝐴⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗

i.e. ∅ = ∮ 𝐴⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗

Thus, 𝐵⃗ can be determined from 𝐴⃗ or from 𝑉 (if 𝐽⃗ =0, i.e. source free) by applying Laplace’s Equation
∇ 𝑉 = 0 => 𝑉 = 𝑉 (𝑟⃗) => 𝐻⃗ = −∇𝑉 -> 𝐵⃗ = 𝜇𝐻⃗

Also using the identity for any vector 𝐴⃗,

∇x∇x𝐴⃗ = ∇(∇. 𝐴⃗) − ∇ 𝐴⃗

we get

∇x𝐵⃗ = ∇x∇x𝐴⃗ = ∇(∇. 𝐴⃗) − ∇ 𝐴⃗

But for magneto static field, it can be shown that
∇. 𝐴⃗ = 0
=> ∇ 𝐴⃗ = − ∇x𝑩⃗ = − 𝜇∇x𝑯⃗ (for homogenous medium)
=> ∇ 𝐴⃗ = − 𝜇𝑱⃗ <- Vector Poison's equation similar to ∇ V = − in electrostatics.
In Cartesian coordinates,

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
+ + . 𝐴 ,𝐴 ,𝐴 = − 𝜇 𝐽 ,𝐽 ,𝐽
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Giving the three scalar Poisson equations:
=> ∇ 𝐴 = − 𝜇𝐽
∇ 𝐴 = − 𝜇𝐽

∇ 𝐴 = − 𝜇𝐽
where
𝐽 , , ̴𝜌
1
𝜇 ̴
𝜖
𝐴 ̴ 𝑉
Examples

1. Obtain the vector magnetic potential 𝐴⃗ in the region surrounding an infinitely straight filamentary current I.

Solution: Since the current distribution extends to infinity.

µ ⃗
𝐴⃗ = ∫ can’t be used

µ
However, ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝐵⃗ = 𝑒⃗∅ maybe treated as a vector differential equation for 𝐴⃗.

Lecture notes extracted and prepared by Tezazu Bireda, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AAiT, AAU Dec 2024 Page 13
 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

A cylindrical closed surface is used and since 𝐵⃗ has only ∅ component, only the ∅-component of ∇ × 𝐴⃗ is
needed.

µ
i.e (∇ × 𝐴⃗)∅ = − =

Since the filament is uniform with z, 𝐴 ≠ 𝑓(𝑧)

µ
− =−

µ
𝐴 = ln 𝑟 + 𝐶

Letting the location of 𝑟 = 𝑟 as the zero reference i.e 𝐴 (𝑟 ) = 0,

µ
𝐶= 𝑙𝑛 𝑟

µ
Thus, 𝐴 = ln 𝑒⃗ ( )

2. Given the magnetic vector potential 𝐴⃗ = 𝑒⃗ , determine the total magnetic flux crossing the surface
∅ = , 1 < 𝜌 < 2𝑚, 0 < 𝑧 ≤ 5𝑚

Solution: 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴⃗(𝜌, ∅, 𝑍) = 𝐴 (𝜌)𝑒⃗

Method 1
𝜕𝐴 𝜌
𝐵⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = − 𝑒⃗∅ = − − 𝑒⃗∅ ; 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧𝑒⃗∅
𝜕𝜌 2

∅ = ∫ 𝐵⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧 = = 3.75 𝑊𝑏

Fig
Method 2

∅= 𝐴⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑙⃗

=∅ +∅ +∅ +∅ ;

∅ = evaluation of ∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑙⃗ along Li

Since A has a z component and dz = 0

( )
∅ = ∅ + ∅ = (∫ 𝑑𝑧) | + (∫ 𝑑𝑧) | = 3.75 Wb

Summary of Maxwell’s equations for three categories of electro-magnetic field problems

We can observe three general types of problems in electromagnetic field theory depending on the time
dependency of field variables.

Lecture notes extracted and prepared by Tezazu Bireda, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AAiT, AAU Dec 2024 Page 14
 ECEG 2102: Electromagnetic Fields

We note also that: 𝐷⃗ = 𝜀𝐸⃗ , 𝐵⃗ = µ𝐻⃗, 𝐽⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗

i) The complete Maxwell’s EM equation

Complete time dependent [ (. ) ≠ 0] E.g Neither Q nor i= dq/dt is constant

Here 𝜌, 𝐸⃗ , 𝐷⃗, 𝐻⃗, and 𝐵⃗ are f(u1,u2,u3,t)

Differential form Integral form Remarks

∇ ∙ 𝐷⃗ = 𝜌 Gauss’s law
𝐷⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝜌 𝑑𝑣

∇ ∙ 𝐵⃗ = 0 Non-existence of magnetic
𝐵⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 0 monopole
𝜕𝐵⃗ ∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = − ∮ 𝐵⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ Non conservativeness of time
∇ × 𝐸⃗ = − varying electric field
𝜕𝑡
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ Ampere’s law incorporating
∇ × 𝐻⃗ = 𝐽⃗ + = 𝜎𝐸⃗ + 𝜀 ∮ 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = ∮ 𝐽⃗ + . 𝑑𝑠⃗
both conduction &
displacement currents
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 Continuity of current
∇. 𝐽⃗ = − 𝐽⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = − 𝜌 𝑑𝑣
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
ii) Quasi static, stationary or steady state fields [ (. ) = 0] E.g q(t) is not constant but dq/dt = constant (dc)

Here 𝜌, 𝐸⃗ , 𝐷⃗, 𝐻⃗, and 𝐵⃗ are f(u1,u2,u3)

Differential form Integral form Remarks

∇ ∙ 𝐷⃗ = 𝜌 Gauss’s law
𝐷⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝜌 𝑑𝑣

∇ ∙ 𝐵⃗ = 0 Non-existence of magnetic
𝐵⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 0 monopole
∇ × 𝐸⃗ = 0 Conservativeness of electrostatic
𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 0 ⃗
field. = 0 or 𝐵⃗ = Constant/steady
∇ × 𝐻⃗ = 𝐽⃗ ∮ 𝐻⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = ∮ 𝐽⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ Ampere’s law incorporating only
conduction current
∇. 𝐽⃗ = 0 Conservation of charge (KCL)
𝐽⃗. 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 0

iii) Static electricity/static electric field (no current, no moving charge, i.e I, 𝑱⃗, 𝑯⃗, 𝑩⃗ = 0 no time concept)
Here 𝜌, 𝐸⃗ , and 𝐷⃗ are f(u1,u2,u3)

Differential form Integral form Remarks

∇ ∙ 𝐷⃗ = 𝜌 Gauss’s law
𝐷⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝜌 𝑑𝑣

∇ × 𝐸⃗ = 0 Conservativeness of electrostatic
𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 0 field.

Lecture notes extracted and prepared by Tezazu Bireda, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AAiT, AAU Dec 2024 Page 15