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Bxe U1 Notes by SB

DeMorgan's theorem consists of two key principles in Boolean algebra: the complement of a product equals the sum of the complements, and the complement of a sum equals the product of the complements. Additionally, the document describes the block diagram of a microprocessor, detailing its components such as the ALU, registers, and control unit, which work together to execute instructions. It also outlines the block diagram of a microcontroller, highlighting its integrated features that allow it to function as a complete microcomputer system.

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16 views9 pages

Bxe U1 Notes by SB

DeMorgan's theorem consists of two key principles in Boolean algebra: the complement of a product equals the sum of the complements, and the complement of a sum equals the product of the complements. Additionally, the document describes the block diagram of a microprocessor, detailing its components such as the ALU, registers, and control unit, which work together to execute instructions. It also outlines the block diagram of a microcontroller, highlighting its integrated features that allow it to function as a complete microcomputer system.

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bsanket359
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Q.32 State and prove DeMorgan's theorem. [SPPU: May-16, Dec.

-14,18, Marks
2]
Ans. DeMorgan suggested two theorems that form an important part of
Boolean algebra. In the equation form, they are: 1. overline AB = overline A +
overline B The complement of a product is equal to the sum of the
complements. This is illustrated by truth Table Q.32.1.
Truth table:

LHS-RHS
Table Q.32.1
2. overline A + B = overline A * overline B The complement of a sum is equal to
the product of the complements. The truth Table Q.32.2 illustrates this law.
Truth table:

LHS = RHS
Table Q.32.2
Q.62 Draw and explain the block diagram of microprocessor. [SPPU: May-
09,17,18, Marks 6]
Ans. A microprocessor is a sequential digital circuit which provides the
flexibility to perform different tasks upon execution of corresponding
instruction sequence.
• Each microprocessor has a fixed set of instructions which are coded in binary.
• Microprocessor has a circuitry to read instructions from memory and execute
the instructions to perform particular task.
• The Fig. Q.62.1 shows the block diagram of a microprocessor

• The block diagram shown in Fig. 9.7.1 includes three major logic devices.
1. ALU
2. Several registers Accumulator, Status register, Instruction register, Program
counter and general purpose registers.
3. Control unit
• Program Counter The program counter gives the address of memory location
from where the next instruction is to be fetched.
Instruction Register Instruction read from memory is loaded into the
instruction register. It is then send to the instruction decoder. The instruction
decoder decodes the instruction and gives decoded signals as an input to the
control unit.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) The ALU of the microprocessor performs
arithmetic and logic operations such as add, subtract, AND, OR, exclusive-OR,
complement, shift right, shift left and so
• A Register (Accumulator): In most of the microprocessors register A gives
data for the ALU and after performing the operation, the resulting data word is
sent to the register A and stored there. This special register, where the result is
accumulated is commonly known as accumulator.
Status Register: The status register is used to store the results of certain
condition such as result is zero, negative etc., when certain operations are
performed during execution of the program. The status register is also referred
to as flag register.
Control Unit: The control unit is responsible for working of all other parts of
the microprocessor together. It maintains the synchronization in operation of
different parts in the microprocessor. The control unit receives the signal from
instruction decoder and generates the control signals necessary to carry out
the instruction execution.
Bus: A microprocessor communicates with memory and I/O devices with a
common communication path called bus. There are three types of buses:
address bus, data bus and control bus.
Q.63 Draw and explain the block diagram of a microcontroller.
[SPPU: Dec.-11,17, May-12,18, Marks 6]
Ans. To make a complete microcomputer system, only microprocessor is not
sufficient. It is necessary to add other peripherals such as Read Only Memory
(ROM), read/write memory (RAM), input/output ports, programmable timers,
serial ports and so оn,
The Fig. Q.63.1 shows the block diagram of a microcontroller. The
microcontroller incorporates all the features that are found in microprocessor.
However, it has also added features to make a complete microcomputer
system on its own. The microcontroller has built-in ROM, RAM, parallel I/O,
serial I/O and Timers/counters.

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