Government of Andhra Pradesh

Department of School Education

State Council of Educational Research & Training
DSC - 2025
SGT – SECONDARY GRADE TEACHER SYLLABUS

SGT Syllabus
1. G.K & Current Affairs – 08M
2. Perspectives in Education – 04M
3. Educational Psychology – 08M
4. Content & Methodologies – 60M (40+20)
Total – 80 M
PART - I

I. General Knowledge And Current Affairs (Marks: 08)

PART - II

II. Perspectives in Education (Marks: 04)

1. History of Education :
· The Education in Ancient India - Pre-Vedic and Post-Vedic period, Medieval
Education.
· Education in Pre Independent era - Woods Despatch (1854), Hunter
Commission (1882), Hartog Committee (1929), Sargent Committee (1944).
· Education in Post Independent era - Mudaliar Commission (1952-53), Kothari
Commission (1964-66), Ishwarbhai Patel committee (1977), NPE-1986, POA-
1992
2. Teacher Empowerment:
· Need, interventions for empowerment, Professional code of conduct for
teachers, Teacher motivation, Professional development of Teachers and
Teacher organizations, National / State Level Organizations for Teacher
Education, Maintenance of Records and Registers in Schools.
3. Educational Concerns in Contemporary India:
· Democracy and Education, Equality, Equity, Quality in Education, Equality of
Educational opportunities.
· Economics of Education, Education as Human Capital, Education and Human
Resource Development, Literacy - Saakshar Bharat Mission.
· Population Education, Gender - Equality, Equity and Empowerment of
Women, Urbanization and migration, Life skills.
· Adolescence Education
· Value Education – Moral Value and Professional Ethics in Education.
· Health and Physical Education
· Inclusive Education - Classroom Management in Inclusive Education
· Role of Education in view of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization
· Programmes and Projects – APPEP, DPEP, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, National
Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL), Rashtriya

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 Madhyamika Shiksha Abhiyan(RMSA), Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan (RAA),
KGBVs, Model Schools.
· Incentives and special provisions – Mid Day Meals, Free Books, Scholarships,
Awards, Welfare Hostels, Transportation.
· Current Trends in Education
4. Acts / Rights:
· Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act - 2009
· Right to Information Act - 2005
· Child Rights
· Human Rights.

5. National Curriculum Framework - 2005: Perspectives, Guiding Principles,

Learning and Knowledge, Teaching Learning Process, Assessments, Systemic
Reforms.

6. National Education Policy -2020

PART - III

III. Educational Psychology – 8Marks

1. Development of Child: Development, Growth & Maturation – Concept & Nature.
Principles of development and their education implications. Factors influencing
Development – Biological, Psychological, Sociological, emotional. Dimensions of
Development and their interrelationship – Physical & Motor, Cognitive, Emotional,
Social, Moral, Language relating to Infancy, early Childhood, late Childhood,
Adolescence. Understanding Development – Piaget, Kohlberg, Chomsky, Carl
Rogers, Erikson.
2. Individual differences: Inter and intra individual differences, meaning, nature and
theories of intelligence with special emphasis to multiple intelligence, IQ, assessment
of intelligence, EQ, Creativity. Attitude, Aptitude, Interest, Habit and its Influence on
Intelligence – Classroom implementation.
3. Learning: Theories and approaches of learning, learning curves, Factors, Phases,
Dimensions of learning, Types of learning, Transfer of learning. Memory, Forgetting,
Learning and assessment– Class room implementation – Children with special needs
– Inclusive Education.
4. Personality: Nature, characteristics and theories of personality, factors of
Personality, Assessment of Personality, Mental health, Adjustment, Stress – nature,
Symptoms and management. Emotional intelligence, Management of emotions –
Class room implementation.

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 PART – IV (Language – 1_Optional)
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3
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 PART – V (Language – II)
English (Marks: 8) (Class III To VIII – Difficulty level up to Class X ):
1. Poets, Essayists, Novelists, Dramatists and their works
2. Writing of discourse - Story, Essay, Letter writing, Editorial, Precis writing, note-
making, autobiography and biography
3. Pronunciation - Sounds - Use of dictionary
4. Parts of Speech
5. Tenses
6. Types of Sentences
7. Articles and Prepositions
Methodology - English (Marks: 04)
1. Aspects of English:- (a) English language - History, Nature, Importance, Principles of
English as Second Language (b) Problems of Teaching / Learning English.
2. Objectives of Teaching English.
3. Development of Language skills:- (a) Listening, Speaking, Reading & Writing
(LSRW) (b) Communicative skills.
5. Approaches, Methods, Techniques of teaching English: Introduction, Definition and
Types of Approaches, Methods and Techniques of Teaching English, Remedial
Teaching.
6. Teaching of Structures and Vocabulary items.
7. Teaching Learning Materials in English
8. Lesson Planning
9. Curriculum & Textbooks
10. Evaluation in English language

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 PART - VI
Mathematics Content (8 Marks) (Class III To VIII – Difficulty level upto Class X ):
I. Numbers :
Numbers - Four fundamental operations (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division) -
Knowing about Numbers - Hindu-Arabic system of numeration (Indian system of numeration)
- International system of numeration (British system of numeration) - Place value and Face
value of a digit in a number - Comparing and Ordering of Numbers - Whole Numbers -
Factors and Multiples - Prime and Composite numbers - Even and Odd numbers - Tests for
Divisibility of Numbers - Common Factors and Common Multiples - Prime factorisation -
Highest Common Factor (G.C.D) - Lowest Common Multiple - Integers - properties and
fundamental operations - Fractions and decimals - Types of fractions - comparison -
Applications of fractions in daily life - four fundamental operations on fractions and decimals
- Rational Numbers - Properties of Rational Numbers - Rational Numbers between two
rational numbers - Four fundamental Operations on Rational Numbers - Product of reciprocals
- Squares - Square roots (Numbers and Decimals) - Properties of Square Numbers - Cubes -
Cube roots of Numbers - Playing with Numbers - Games with Numbers - Letters for Digits.

II. Arithmetic :
BODMAS rule - Ratios and Proportions (Direct, Inverse) - comparing quantities using ratios,
proportion, percentage and their applications - Profit and Loss - Discount - Sales Tax/Value
Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax - Simple, Compound Interest and their applications.

III. Geometry :
Basic geometrical concepts (Point, Line, Line segment, Ray, Curves, Polygons, Angles) -
Measuring of Lines - Pairs of Lines - Elements of Angles - Measuring of Angles - Types of
Angles - Naming of the given 2D figures of Triangles, Square and Rectangle - The Triangle -
Types of Triangles and its Properties - Classification of Polygons - Angle sum property -
Kinds of Quadrilaterals (Trapezium, Kite, Parallelogram) - Some special parallelograms
(Rhombus, Rectangle, Square) - Constructing different types of Quadrilaterals - Views of 3D-
Shapes - Identification of Edges, Vertices and Faces of 3D figures (Euler’s Rule) - Nets for
building 3D shapes.

IV. Data Handling:

Reading and interpreting and analysing the Data (pictograph, tally marks, bar graphs, double
bar graph, pie charts) - Arithmetic Mean - Mode - Median of un-grouped data - Chance and
Probability.

V. Algebra:
Patterns - making rules - The idea of variables - formation of algebraic expressions -Terms,
Factors and Coefficients - Linear equations in one variable - terms and types of algebraic
expressions - finding the value of an expression - Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of
Algebraic Expressions - Multiplying a Monomial by a Monomial and polynomial -
Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial - Standard Identities and their applications -
Applications of simple equations to practical situations - Exponents and Powers - Negative
exponents - Laws of exponents - Expressing large numbers in the standard form -

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Factorisation - Division of Algebraic Expressions Continued (Polynomial ÷ Polynomial) -
Linear Graphs.

VI. Mensuration:
Measuring Length, Weight, Capacity, Time-Seasons, Calendar, Money, Area - Symmetry
(Line and Rotational) - Perimeter of Triangle, Square, Rectangle, Rhombus, Trapezium,
Parallelogram, Circle and Polygon), Area of a Quadrilateral, Surface Area and Volume of
Cube, Cuboid and Cylinder -Volume and capacity.

Mathematics Methodology (04 Marks)

1. Nature and Definitions of Mathematics
2. Aims, values and instructional objectives of teaching Mathematics
3. Methods of Teaching & Remedial measures in Mathematics
4. Instructional Material, TLM and Resource Utilization in Mathematics
5. Curriculum, Textbooks & Instructional Planning.
6. Evaluation and Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation

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 PART – VII
Science Content (Marks: 08) (Class III To VIII – Difficulty level upto Class X ):
1. Living World:

Living and non-living things - Characteristics of living organisms

Plants -Types of plants- Herb, shrub, Tree, basing on habitat – Terrestrial, Aquatic, Desert
etc, plant parts -functions
Animals – Animals around us – Oviparous, viviparous; herbivore, carnivore, omnivore;
shelters of different animals, Birds – beaks, Domestic animals, Wild animals, Types of
animals basing on habitat, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, Animals sounds, Movements in
animals, Different types of habitat and adaptation, Homes of animals, Nests of birds.
Human beings - Body parts, Healthy body – good habits, Sense organs and their care,
concern for differently abled persons, Good touch and Bad touch, Skeletal parts – Bones,
Joints, Cartilage; muscles, Safety measures – at home, school safety, Road safety, water
hazards, First- aid.
Food - Food, Need of food, Sources of food – plants, animals, Types of food, Cooked and
raw foods, Utensils, Mid-day meal, Methods of preparing food, Food wastage,
Preservation of food, Good food habits, Our food, Components of food, Balanced diet,
Junk food, Deficiency diseases
Agricultural Practices, Tools used in agriculture, Methods of agriculture, Storage of food,
Food from Animals, Food for birds and animals.
Family - Role of family members, Family Tree, Types of family, Changing family
structure, Family Budget, Shelter for all, Different types of houses, Home appliances,
Migration – Reasons, Effects, Slums, Homeless people.
Cell – The basic unit of life, Types of cells, Cell structure and function.
Microorganisms - Introduction to microorganisms – types, Useful Microorganisms,
Harmful microorganism.
Games and recreation- indoor, outdoor, local games, uses, materials used and the rules.
2. Life processes :

Nutrition - Nutrition in plants – Autotrophic, Parasitic, saprophytic,

Insectivorous, Different ways of taking food, Digestion in humans, Digestion in
grass eating animals, feeding and digestion in amoeba.
Respiration - Types of respiration, Respiration in animals, Respiration in plants,
Circulation - Circulatory system in human being -Transport of substances in
plants.
Excretion in animals,
Coordination- Nervous system,

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 Reproduction - Modes of reproduction – sexual, asexual and vegetative, Seed dispersal,
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Animals, Adolescence and puberty – changes, role of
hormones, Reproductive phase, Sex determination, Hormones other than sex hormones,
Metamorphosis, Reproductive health

3. Natural Phenomena :
OBJECTS AND MATERIALS
Objects around us – Properties of materials - classication of materials, Properties and
uses of Metals and Non-metals, Reactivity order of metals, Methods of separation–
Saturated and unsaturated solutions. Acids, bases and salts, indicators, Neutralization,
Physical and chemical changes, Rusting of Iron, Galvanization, Crystallization.
MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES – MOTION
Measurement of distances, Standard units and non-standard units of measurements,
Motion and rest, Types of motion, Motion and time – speed, average speed, Uniform and
non-uniform motions, Measurement of time, Time period, Units of time and speed,
Measuring speed, Distance-time graph,
LIGHT
Light, shadows, and reflections, Transparent, opaque and translucent objects, pin hole
camera, mirrors and reflection, Regular and Diffused Reflection, multiple images,
kaleidoscope, periscope, Characteristics of images formed by mirrors, Spherical mirrors
and images, Lenses and images, Sunlight – dispersion, Human Eye, Care of the Eyes,
Braille System, Visually Impaired Persons
ELECTRICITY
Simple electric circuit and its components, Symbols of electric components, Electric
conductors and insulators, Heating effects of electric current, CFL, LED, Fuse and MCB,
Magnetic effects of electric current, Electromagnet, Electric bell, Chemical Effects Of
Electric Current, Good/Poor Conducting Liquids, Electroplating.
MAGNETISM
Magnets – Discovery of magnets, Magnetic and non magnetic substances, Types of
magnets, Properties of magnets, Magnetic compass, Storing of magnets.
HEAT
Heat – temperature, measuring temperature, Units of temperature, Types of
Thermometers, Transfer of heat – conduction, convection, radiation.
FORCE, FRICTION AND PRESSURE
Force – push or pull, Exploring forces, net force, Effect of force on objects, Contact and
non contact forces, Pressure, Fluid pressure, Atmospheric pressure, Friction, Factors
effecting friction, Friction: A necessary evil, Increasing and reducing friction, Types of
friction.

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 COMBUSTION AND FUELS
Exhaustible and inexhaustible resources, Fuels–Types, Coal, Uses of Coal and Coal
products, Rening of petroleum, Petrochemical products in various sectors, Various
Constituents of Petroleum and their Uses, Formation of coal and petroleum, Natural Gas,
Misuse of Energy resources and Consequences. Combustion, Types of Combustion,
Ignition temperature, Inflammable substances, Flame, Fuel Efficiency, Burning of Fuels
Leads to Harmful Products, Fire control, Structure of ame – colour zones–Intensities.
FIBRES
Natural and Synthetic bres, Preparation and uses, Types and Characteristics of Synthetic
Fibres, Our dress our culture, Kinds of clothes we wear in winter and summer, Plastics as
Materials of Choice, Types of plastics, Plastics and environment, Biodegradable – Non
biodegradable materials.
SOUND
Sound - a form of energy, Production of sound, Some musical instruments, Propagation
of sound, Human ear, Hearing Impairment, Noise and Music, Types of waves
(longitudinal and transverse), Characteristics of sound waves (Wavelength, Frequency,
Time period, Speed of the wave),Pitch, Loudness and Quality, Audible and Inaudible
sounds, Noise pollution.
SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA
The Story of Lightning, Charging by Rubbing, Electric charge and properties of electric
charge, Types of charges and their interactions, Transfer of charge, lightning, lightning
safety, lightning conductors, Earth quake, Tsunami, Causes and effects, Protective
measures.
OUR UNIVERSE
The Moon, The Moon’s Surface, Phases of Moon, Eclipses (Solar and lunar eclipses), The
Stars, Movement of Stars(Constellation, polestar), Movement of the Sun, Solar System,
Planets and Some Other Members of the Solar System, Articial Satellites.

4. Transportation and Communication:

Transportation - Story of transport – Objects-signs and signboards used for transport –
Places associated with transport –Modes of travel in the present and in the past – Methods
of transport in different topographical conditions (Transport in hilly areas, Forests,
Deserts, Snowy areas, Rivers & Canals) - Need for an international transport -Import and
export of the goods- different means of transport of goods-Importance of tourism and
seven wonders of the world.
Communication – Means and objects of Communication-Types of Communication both in
Human and Animals (different feelings and gestures) Modern forms of communication –
Communication used in the past and present-Advantage of Mass Communication-
Communication through Postcard, Cell Phone, E-Mail, News Paper, Radio, TV, and
Social Media etc.,

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 How communication and transport brings the entire world together.

5. Professions and Services:

Household materials with reference to profession (farmer, cobbler, tailor etc)-Different
professions and their need to the society- villager/farmer (seeds/manure/ agri methods etc.,)
, helping agents ( bank, e- seva, PHC, panchayat office, post office/etc.,) Governance and
Services - Local Self Govt, State, Central Govt, Judiciary.

6. OUR ENVIRONMENT
Climate – Climate change, Weather- Climate- rain- oods-Cyclones-disaster management,
Global environmental issues – Green house effect, Global warming, Acid rains. Eco-
friendly activities, Say ‘no’ to plastic.
Air - Presence of air, Components of air, Properties of air, Availability of oxygen to
animals and plants, Replacement of oxygen in the atmosphere, uses of air, Nitrogen cycle,
Air pollution -causes, effects and prevention.
Water - Forms of water, Uses of water, source, scarcity, protected water, wastage of water,
Water resources, Tank pollution, safe drinking water, tank management, journey of rain
drop – Water cycle, water magic, water properties, Water resources, major rivers in AP,
fisherman, water transport, tragedy of rivers, drought and floods, water pollutions -
Causes, effects and prevention. Sewage, Treatment of polluted water, Better house
keeping practices, Sanitation and Disease, Alternative arrangement for sewage disposal.
Biodiversity - Forests, Flora, fauna, interrelation of organisms, Green world, Advantages
of forests, Deforestation - effects, Chipko movement, Conservation of forest and wildlife –
Protecting areas, endangered and endemic species.

Methodology: (04 Marks)

1. Nature, Scope, History and development of science.
2. Aims, Values, Objectives specifications of teaching Science, Academic Standards.
3. Methods, approaches and techniques of teaching science.
4. Teaching learning material, Improvised teaching aids.
5. Science curriculum, Text – book.
6. Assessment and Evaluation
7. Science laboratories.
8. Planning in science teaching ( Year Plan, Lesson Plan)
9. Role of Science Teacher
10. Science Fairs, Science clubs, Field – trips, Science museums.

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 PART - VIII
Social Studies Content - 8Marks (Class III To VIII – Difficulty level up to Class X ):
Theme - I: Our Universe
The shape of the Earth, The Universe- Origin, solar System, Our Earth in the Solar System –
Celestial bodies, Constellations, Realms of the Earth- Latitudes and Longitudes -Movements
of Earth – Solar System- Globe-Model of Earth – Axis of Earth, Equinox – Eclipses.
Maps – Directions, Scale, Symbols, Patterns, Types, Where are we-Village, Mandal, District,
country maps.
The Earth - Environment – Components, Interior of the Earth, Atmosphere, Biosphere,
Pollution, Disasters.
Land Forms – Major Land Forms in AP, Podu cultivation, Diversity in Lifestyles.
Forests-Climatic Regions - Types of Forests, Forests in AP, Uses - Deforestation,
Conservation of Forests.
Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources.
Theme - II: Production Exchange and Livelihoods
Migration of people- Reasons for migration, effects of migration, Slums, Family Budget,
Profession and services- Farmer, Tailor.
Resources – Types, Conservation, Mineral and Power Resources – Types of Minerals,
Distribution, Conservation Power Resources: Conventional, Non-Conventional.
Human Resources - Distribution of Population, Density of Population, Population Change,
population composition.
Agriculture – Types of farming, Major crops; industries- Classification and Distribution.
Weavers, Iron Smelters, factory owners, Indian Textile and the world market-The sword of
Tipu Sultan and Wootz steel, Public facilities, Water as a part of fundamental Right to Life-
Govt. Role.
Markets around Us - Types of Markets - Consumer Protection.
Transport system, International Transport, Exports and Imports, Global Village, Road ways,
My bicycle, Vehicles other than Transport, Transport in Hill areas, Forests, deserts, snowy
areas, rivers and canals, Road Safety, Traffic symbols, Road safety measures, pedestrian
safety, safe cycling, safety travelling.
Theme -III: Political Systems and Governance
Early Life to Settled life- Early people, Nomadic life, Belum caves, Rock paintings, Growing
plants, Rearing animals, Towards a settled life, Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics,
Mahajanapadas, Magadha, Vajji Kingdoms and Empires- Mauryan, Guptas, Satavahanas,
Pallava, Chalukya Dynasties.
Delhi Sultanate, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Mughals, Contemporary Kingdoms.
Governments – Types, Monarchy, Democracy, Different levels, Local and Self Government,
State and Central Governments; Why do we need a Parliament?, The role of the Parliament,

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Who are the people in the parliament?; State Government – Legislature, Executive, Judiciary-
Role, Independent Judiciary, Structure of Courts in India, Different Branches of the legal
system- Understanding our Criminal Justice System – the role of police and Public
Prosecutor, Judge, Fair Trail- Law and Social Justice – Bhopal gas Tragedy, Enforcement of
Safety Laws, New laws to protect the Environment.
The Indian Constitution, key features – Fundamental Rights – Fundamental Duties;
Understanding Secularism, Understanding Laws.
- Civilizing the “Native” Educating the nation- How the British saw Education? – What
happened to the local schools?- the agenda for a National Education, How Important are
Dates, How do we periodise, What is Colonial?,- From Trade to Territory-The Company
establishes Power, East India Company, Battle of Plassey, Tippu Sultan, The Doctrine of
Lapse, Setting up a new administration – Ruling the countryside – Diwani system, Munro
system, Demand for Indian Indigo, The Blue Rebellion and after – Tribals, Dikus and the
vision of Golden age-How did Tribal groups live?, How did colonial rule effect Tribal lives?,
Forest Laws and their impact- Birsa Munda.
Indian Freedom struggle, When people Rebel 1857 and after- Policies and the people,
Through the Eyes of the people, A Mutiny becomes a popular Rebellion, the company fights
back, The making of the National Movement: 1870’s to 1947- The emergence of
nationalism, The growth of mass nationalism, The March to Dandi, Quit India and Later –
India after Independence- A new and divided nation, A Constitution is written, How were
states to be formed – Planning for development, A Nation sixty years on
Theme -IV: Social Organization and Inequities
Inequality, Steps towards equality – Constitutional provisions, Remedial measures for
abolishing inequality, Will Discrimination and inequalities stop people from achieving their
goal.
Women Change the World, Women’s movement, Inspirational Women- Women, Caste and
Reforms- Working towards change: Changing the lives of Widows, Girls begin going to
School, Women write about women, Caste and social reform: Gulamgiri who could enter, The
Non Brahman Movement.
Understanding Marginalisation – Adivasis and Development, Minorities and Marginalisation-
Confronting Marginalisation- Invoking Fundamental Rights-Laws for the Marginalised,
Protecting the rights of the Dalits and Adivasis, Adivasis Demands and the 1989 Act.
Theme - V: Religion and Society
Religions – Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam and Sikhism, Unity in Diversity; Bhakthi
and Sufi Movements
Theme -VI: Culture and Communication
Together with everyone – communication, Postal services, mobiles, E-mail, Mass
communication, Newspaper, Radio, TV, Social Media.
Let us Visit-Historical and Tourist places in AP; Early Civilisations- Indus Valley civilisation,
vedic period, vedic literature; Indian Culture, Languages.

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Methodology: (04 Marks)
1. Nature, Scope, History and development of Social.
2. Aims, Values, Objectives specifications of teaching Social, Academic Standards.
3. Methods, approaches and techniques of teaching Social.
4. Teaching learning material, Improvised teaching aids.
5. Social curriculum, Textbook.
6. Assessment and Evaluation
7. Social laboratories.
8. Planning in Social teaching ( Year Plan, Lesson Plan)
9. Social Teacher roles and responsibilities.
10. Fairs, Clubs, Field – trips, museums

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