1.

English (Both PST & CT IT)

English is a major component of both PST and CT (IT) exams, covering grammar, vocabulary,
sentence structure, and comprehension.

A. Grammar

Understanding English grammar is essential. Key areas include:

1. Tenses (Past, Present, Future)

o Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous
o Example:
 Present Simple: She writes a letter.
 Past Perfect: He had completed the project.
2. Active & Passive Voice
o Active: The teacher taught the lesson.
o Passive: The lesson was taught by the teacher.
3. Direct & Indirect Speech (Narration)
o Direct: He said, "I am reading a book."
o Indirect: He said that he was reading a book.
o Rules for statements, questions, commands, and exclamations.

B. Vocabulary

1. Synonyms & Antonyms

o Synonyms: Happy = Joyful, Sad = Unhappy
o Antonyms: Hot ❌ Cold, Light ❌ Dark
2. One-word Substitutes
o A person who writes a book: Author
o A person who studies the stars: Astronomer
3. Idioms & Phrases
o "Break the ice" – Start a conversation
o "Once in a blue moon" – Rarely

C. Sentence Structure & Composition

1. Parts of Speech (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction,

Interjection)
2. Sentence Correction
o Incorrect: He go to school every day.
o Correct: He goes to school every day.
 3. Punctuation & Capitalization
o Incorrect: what is your name
o Correct: What is your name?
4. Paragraph Writing – Focus on logical flow and coherence.

D. Reading Comprehension

 Passages (Extract information, Identify the main idea)

 True/False Questions
 Finding the Meaning of Words in Context
2. Mathematics (Both PST & CT IT)
Mathematics is a crucial part of the PST and CT (IT) exams. Below is a detailed syllabus
breakdown along with important topics and example questions.

A. Basic Arithmetic
1. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

 Addition: Sum of numbers (e.g., 25 + 36 = 61)

 Subtraction: Finding the difference (e.g., 85 - 47 = 38)
 Multiplication: Product of numbers (e.g., 12 × 8 = 96)
 Division: Splitting into equal parts (e.g., 144 ÷ 12 = 12)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: If a book costs $350 and you buy 3 books, what is the total cost?
Solution: 350×3=1050350 \times 3 = 1050350×3=1050

B. Algebra & Geometry

1. Algebra

 Solving Linear Equations:

Example: Solve for xxx: 3x+5=203x + 5 = 203x+5=20
Solution: 3x=153x = 153x=15 → x=5x = 5x=5
 Basic Quadratic Equations: ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0
 Simplifying Expressions:
Example: 5x−3x+4=2x+45x - 3x + 4 = 2x + 45x−3x+4=2x+4

2. Geometry

 Types of Angles (Acute, Right, Obtuse, Straight)

 Perimeter & Area of Shapes (Triangle, Rectangle, Circle)
 Pythagoras Theorem:
Formula: a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2a2+b2=c2

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Find the area of a rectangle with length = 8 cm and width = 5 cm.
Solution: Area=8×5=40\text{Area} = 8 \times 5 = 40Area=8×5=40 cm²
C. Ratios & Proportions
 Definition: A ratio compares two values (e.g., 3:5)
 Proportion: Equation that states two ratios are equal (e.g., 3/5 = 6/10)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: A class has boys and girls in a ratio of 2:3. If there are 20 boys, how many girls are there?
Solution:
Let the number of girls = xxx
23=20x\frac{2}{3} = \frac{20}{x}32=x20
x=30x = 30x=30

D. Word Problems
 Distance-Speed-Time: Speed=DistanceTime\text{Speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\
text{Time}}Speed=TimeDistance
 Work & Time: If A can do a task in 5 days and B in 10 days, they together take (AB)/(A+B) =
(5×10)/(5+10) = 3.33 days

🔹 Example Question:
Q: A car travels 240 km in 4 hours. Find its speed.
Solution: 240÷4=60240 \div 4 = 60240÷4=60 km/h

E. Probability & Statistics (Basic Level)

 Mean: Average of numbers
 Median: Middle value in an ordered set
 Mode: Most frequent value
 Probability Formula: P(E)=Favorable OutcomesTotal OutcomesP(E) = \frac{\text{Favorable
Outcomes}}{\text{Total Outcomes}}P(E)=Total OutcomesFavorable Outcomes

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Find the mean of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25.
Solution: (5+10+15+20+25)/5=15(5+10+15+20+25) / 5 = 15(5+10+15+20+25)/5=15

F. Percentage, Profit & Loss, Time & Distance

 Percentage Formula: ValueTotal×100\frac{\text{Value}}{\text{Total}} \times 100TotalValue×100
  Profit & Loss:
o Profit: Profit=Selling Price−Cost Price\text{Profit} = \text{Selling Price} - \text{Cost
Price}Profit=Selling Price−Cost Price
o Loss: Loss=Cost Price−Selling Price\text{Loss} = \text{Cost Price} - \text{Selling
Price}Loss=Cost Price−Selling Price

🔹 Example Question:
Q: A shopkeeper buys a TV for $10,000 and sells it for $12,000. Find the profit percentage.
Solution:
Profit = 12,000−10,000=2,00012,000 - 10,000 = 2,00012,000−10,000=2,000
Profit % = 2,00010,000×100=20%\frac{2,000}{10,000} \times 100 = 20\%10,0002,000
×100=20%
3. General Science (Only PST)
General Science covers fundamental concepts from Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and
Environmental Science. Below is the detailed syllabus breakdown along with key topics and
example questions.

A. Physics
Physics deals with the fundamental principles of matter, energy, and motion.

1. Forces & Motion

 Newton’s Laws of Motion

 Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
 Momentum & Friction

🔹 Example Question:
Q: If a car moves at 60 km/h for 2 hours, how far does it travel?
Solution: Distance = Speed × Time = 60×2=12060 × 2 = 12060×2=120 km

2. Energy & Work

 Types of Energy (Kinetic, Potential, Thermal, Electrical, etc.)

 Work = Force × Distance
 Power = Work/Time

🔹 Example Question:
Q: A force of 10N moves an object 5 meters. Calculate the work done.
Solution: Work = 10×5=5010 × 5 = 5010×5=50 Joules

3. Electricity & Magnetism

 Ohm’s Law: V=IRV = IRV=IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance)

 Electric Circuits (Series & Parallel)
 Magnetism (Magnetic Fields, Electromagnets)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: If voltage is 12V and resistance is 4Ω, what is the current?
Solution: I=V/R=12/4=3AI = V/R = 12/4 = 3AI=V/R=12/4=3A
4. Light & Sound

 Reflection & Refraction

 Lenses & Mirrors
 Sound Waves (Pitch, Frequency, Amplitude)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What happens when light passes from air to water?
Answer: It bends (Refraction).

B. Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter, its composition, and reactions.

1. Basic Chemical Reactions

 Types of Reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement

 Acids & Bases: pH scale (Acidic <7, Neutral =7, Basic >7)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What is the pH of pure water?
Answer: 7 (Neutral)

2. Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

 Periodic Table Basics (Metals, Non-Metals)

 Difference Between Elements & Compounds

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Is water (H₂O) an element or compound?
Answer: Compound

3. States of Matter

 Solid, Liquid, Gas

 Physical & Chemical Changes
🔹 Example Question:
Q: Melting of ice is which type of change?
Answer: Physical Change

C. Biology
Biology is the study of living organisms, their structure, and functions.

1. Human Body Systems

 Digestive System (Stomach, Intestines, Liver)

 Respiratory System (Lungs, Oxygen Transport)
 Circulatory System (Heart, Blood Vessels)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Which organ pumps blood?
Answer: Heart

2. Plants & Photosynthesis

 Parts of a Plant (Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower)

 Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight→C6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O + Sunlight →
C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_26CO2+6H2O+Sunlight→C6H12O6+6O2

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What gas do plants release during photosynthesis?
Answer: Oxygen (O₂)

D. Environmental Science
Environmental Science focuses on nature, resources, and pollution.

1. Ecosystem & Food Chain

 Producers → Consumers → Decomposers

 Food Webs & Energy Flow
🔹 Example Question:
Q: What is the primary source of energy in an ecosystem?
Answer: Sun

2. Natural Resources & Conservation

 Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Resources

 Water & Air Pollution (Causes & Prevention)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Give an example of a renewable resource.
Answer: Solar Energy
4. Social Studies (Both PST & CT IT)
Social Studies covers Pakistan's history, geography, important historical events, current
affairs, and social & cultural aspects. Below is the detailed syllabus breakdown along with
key topics and example questions.

A. Pakistan History & Geography

1. Geography of Pakistan

 Provinces & Major Cities

 Rivers, Mountains, and Climate
 Natural Resources (Coal, Gas, Minerals)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What is the longest river in Pakistan?
Answer: Indus River

2. History of Pakistan

 Pre-Partition Period (Mughal Empire, British Rule)

 Pakistan Movement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Aligarh Movement, Lahore Resolution 1940)
 Independence (1947) & Key Leaders (Quaid-e-Azam, Allama Iqbal, Liaquat Ali Khan)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Who presented the Pakistan Resolution in 1940?
Answer: A. K. Fazlul Huq

B. Important Historical Events

 Partition of India (1947)
 Formation of the First Constitution (1956)
 Wars with India (1948, 1965, 1971, 1999 Kargil)
 Nuclear Tests (1998, Chagai Hills, Balochistan)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: When did Pakistan become a nuclear power?
Answer: 28 May 1998
C. Current Affairs (National & International)
 Pakistan’s Political System (President, Prime Minister, Senate, National Assembly)
 Recent Government Policies (Education, Health, Economy)
 International Organizations (UN, OIC, SAARC, WHO)
 Pakistan’s Relations with Neighboring Countries

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Which organization promotes economic cooperation among Muslim countries?
Answer: OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation)

D. Social & Cultural Aspects

 Languages of Pakistan (Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi)
 Traditional Festivals (Eid, Basant, Independence Day)
 Major Religions & Sects
 Role of Women in Society

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What is the national dress of Pakistan?
Answer: Shalwar Kameez
5. Pedagogy (Both PST & CT IT)
Pedagogy refers to the art and science of teaching. It includes teaching methods, child
psychology, classroom management, and lesson planning. Below is the detailed syllabus
breakdown with key concepts and example questions.

A. Teaching Methods & Strategies

1. Traditional vs. Modern Teaching Methods

 Traditional Methods: Lecture-based, Rote Learning

 Modern Methods: Inquiry-Based Learning, Project-Based Learning, Interactive Learning

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What is the primary focus of student-centered learning?
Answer: Encouraging active participation and critical thinking

2. Teaching Techniques

 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Levels of learning (Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing,

Evaluating, Creating)
 Active Learning Strategies: Group Discussions, Role Play, Peer Teaching

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Which teaching strategy focuses on real-life problem-solving?
Answer: Project-Based Learning

B. Child Psychology & Learning Theories

1. Learning Theories

 Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner): Learning through rewards and punishments

 Cognitivism (Piaget): Learning through mental processes and experiences
 Constructivism (Vygotsky): Learning through social interaction

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Which psychologist proposed the theory of Cognitive Development?
Answer: Jean Piaget
2. Child Development Stages

 Early Childhood (2-7 years): Language & Motor Skills Development

 Middle Childhood (7-11 years): Logical Thinking & Social Skills
 Adolescence (12-18 years): Emotional & Cognitive Development

🔹 Example Question:
Q: At what stage do children develop logical thinking skills?
Answer: Middle Childhood (7-11 years)

C. Classroom Management
1. Managing Student Behavior

 Positive Reinforcement (Encouraging Good Behavior)

 Rules & Discipline (Setting Clear Expectations)
 Handling Disruptive Students (Using Constructive Strategies)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What is the best way to handle a disruptive student in class?
Answer: Use positive reinforcement and engage the student in activities

2. Time & Resource Management

 Lesson Time Management (Allocating time effectively)

 Use of Teaching Aids (Charts, Multimedia, Visual Aids)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Why are visual aids important in teaching?
Answer: They help improve understanding and retention

D. Lesson Planning
1. Components of a Lesson Plan

 Objectives: What students should learn

 Teaching Methods: How the content will be delivered
  Assessment: How learning will be measured

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Why is lesson planning important?
Answer: It ensures organized and effective teaching
. Islamic Studies
1. Pillars of Islam

 Shahada: Faith in One God

 Salah: Five Daily Prayers
 Zakat: Charity (2.5% of savings)
 Sawm: Fasting in Ramadan
 Hajj: Pilgrimage to Makkah

🔹 Example Question:
Q: How many times a Muslim prays in a day?
Answer: Five times

2. Important Islamic Events

 Battle of Badr (624 AD): First battle in Islam

 Hijrat (Migration to Madinah - 622 AD): Start of Islamic Calendar
 Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628 AD): Peace treaty between Muslims and Quraysh
 Conquest of Makkah (630 AD)

🔹 Example Question:
Q: In which year did the Hijrat (Migration to Madinah) take place?
Answer: 622 AD

3. Quran & Hadith

 First Revelation: Surah Al-Alaq (Read in the Name of Your Lord)

 Total Surahs in Quran: 114
 Hadith Books: Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, Nasai, Ibn
Majah

🔹 Example Question:
Q: How many Surahs are in the Holy Quran?
Answer: 114

B. Pakistan Studies
1. Constitution & Governance

 Constitution of Pakistan (1973): Defines Islamic Republic, Fundamental Rights

 Government System: Parliamentary System, Three Branches (Executive, Legislative,
Judiciary)
 Important Articles:
o Article 25: Right to Education
o Article 19: Freedom of Speech
o Article 2: Islam as State Religion

🔹 Example Question:
Q: When was the Constitution of Pakistan passed?
Answer: 1973

2. Geography of Pakistan

 Total Area: 796,095 km²

 Highest Mountain: K2 (8,611m)
 Largest River: Indus River
 Major Deserts: Thar, Cholistan, Kharan

🔹 Example Question:
Q: What is the highest mountain in Pakistan?
Answer: K2

3. National Symbols of Pakistan

 National Animal: Markhor

 National Bird: Chukar Partridge
 National Flower: Jasmine
 National Poet: Allama Iqbal

🔹 Example Question:
Q: Who is known as the "Poet of the East"?
Answer: Allama Iqbal