SVS INTERNATIONAL CBSE SCHOOL - THRUTHURAIPOONDI

SUMMER COURSE
Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS AND INTERACTIVE
PROTOTYPING WITH VIRTUAL SIMULATOR
Introduction to Electronics:
What is electricity?
Electricity is basically the flow of these tiny charged particles,
usually the negative ones (called electrons), from one place to
another. Think of electric charge like having two different teams:
positive and negative.

The formula P = V x I

P = Power:
This represents the rate at which electrical energy is being transferred or used,
measured in Watts (W).
V = Voltage:
This represents the potential difference, or the "push" that forces current through
the circuit, measured in Volts (V).
I = Current:
This represents the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in Amperes (A).

Ohm's law:
Ohm's law states that the electric current through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the
two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the
resistance, one arrives at the three mathematical equations used to
describe this relationship:

What is AC Power and DC Power?

The power at the input and output can be either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC):
 Direct current (DC) occurs when the current flows in one constant direction. It usually
comes from batteries, solar cells, or from AC/DC converters. DC is the preferred type of
power for electronic devices.
 Alternating current (AC) occurs when the electric current periodically inverts its direction.
AC is the method used to deliver electricity through power transmission lines to homes
and businesses

Therefore, if AC is the type of power delivered to your house and DC is the type of power
you need to charge your phone, you are going to need an AC/DC power supply in order to
convert the AC voltage coming in from the power grid to the DC voltage needed to charge your
mobile phone’s battery.
1
Battery:
A battery is a device that stores energy and then discharges it by converting
chemical energy into electricity. Typical batteries most often produce electricity
by chemical means through the use of one or more electrochemical cells. Many
different materials can and have been used in batteries, but the common battery
types are alkaline, lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and nickel-metal hydride.
Batteries can be connected to each other in a series circuit or a parallel circuit.

Series and Parallel Connection of electric cells and Load:

Series Connection Parallel Connection

2
Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines
Series and parallel resistors
The total resistance of resistors connected in series is
the sum of their individual resistance values.

The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel

is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual resistors.

3
What is a Light Emitting Diode?

The lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a specially doped

diode and made up of a special type of semiconductors. When the light emits
in the forward biased, then it is called a light-emitting diode.

Light Emitting Diode

LED Symbol
The LED symbol is similar to a diode symbol except for two
small arrows that specify the emission of light, thus it is called
LED (light-emitting diode). The LED includes two terminals
namely anode (+) and the cathode (-). The LED symbol is shown
below.

Construction of LED

The construction of LED is very simple because it is designed through the deposition of three
semiconductor material layers over a substrate. These three layers are arranged one by one where
the top region is a P-type region, the middle region is active and finally, the bottom region is N-type.
The three regions of semiconductor material can be observed in the construction. In the
construction, the P-type region includes the holes; the N-type region includes elections whereas the
active region includes both holes and electrons.

When the voltage is not applied to the LED, then there is no flow of electrons and holes so they are
stable. Once the voltage is applied then the LED will forward biased, so the electrons in the N-
region and holes from P-region will move to the active region. This region is also known as the
depletion region. Because the charge carriers like holes include a positive charge whereas electrons
have a negative charge so the light can be generated through the recombination of polarity charges.

How does the Light Emitting Diode Work?

The light-emitting diode simply, we know as a diode.

When the diode is forward biased, then the electrons
& holes are moving fast across the junction and they
are combined constantly, removing one another out.
Soon after the electrons are moving from the n-type
to the p-type silicon, it combines with the holes, then
it disappears. Hence it makes the complete atom &
more stable and it gives the little burst of energy in
the form of a tiny packet or photon of light.

Working of Light Emitting Diode

The above diagram shows how the light-emitting
diode works and the step by step process of the
diagram.

 From the above diagram, we can observe that the N-type silicon is in red color including
the electrons which are indicated by the black circles.
 The P-type silicon is in the blue color and it contains holes, they are indicated by the white
circles.
 The power supply across the p-n junction makes the diode forward biased and pushing the
electrons from n-type to p-type. Pushing the holes in the opposite direction.
 Electron and holes at the junction are combined.
 The photons are given off as the electrons and holes are recombined.
4
 Consider example a LED consists of Voltage (Vled) = 2Volt
& Current (Iled) = 20mA (0.02A)

Series and Parallel Connection with Resistance Calculation

5
Switch:
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or
connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting
it from one conductor to another. The most common type of switch is an electromechanical
device consisting of one or more sets of movable electrical contacts connected to external
circuits. When a pair of contacts is touching current can pass between them, while when the
contacts are separated no current can flow

SPDT ON-Off 3 Pin 2 Position Slide Switch:

Slide pins as the name suggest are mechanical devices which have a slider on the top
of switch which slides from one position to another. These have a slider that moves from one
position to another. Based on the actuator type, the handle can be either flush or raised.
6
Push Button:

A push button switch works by completing or interrupting an electrical circuit when

pressed, essentially acting as an on/off switch. When pressed, the button engages a spring
mechanism, causing internal contacts to make contact and allow current to flow, completing
the circuit. When released, the spring retracts, breaking the connection and stopping the flow
of current.

Piezo Buzzers
Piezoelectric sound elements have a very unique convention. There is no magnetic
field, and no coil used in the construction. Applying an electric field to a piezoelectric material
changes its size, i.e. the diaphragm expands/ retracts as charges are introduced/ removed. The
base material in the assembly remains fixed. Piezo buzzers have a wide operating voltage
ranging from 3 – 250V, and low current draws, typically <10 mA. ISL piezo buzzers feature a
unique slim-line profile since they don’t have as many internal components, and are attractive
to applications with physical size constraints. Contact our engineering team with your buzzer
requirements. 7
Design a Water Level Indication System

8
Soldering Basics - Learn to Solder

Most of the kits that Jameco carries require through-hole

soldering. This is when parts are soldered through metal
holes on a circuit board. However there is a rise of kits being
created that require SMD soldering, where surface mount
components are being soldered directly on the board,
creating a smaller compact footprint. Soldering is the
practice of using solder, a filler, to join pieces of metal together at a fairly low temperature.
The solder heats to a liquid and creates a bond between two metal materials to create an
electrically conductive joint.

The Soldering Iron

Lower wattage soldering irons are perfect for soldering components

onto circuit boards. There is a lower risk of damaging the components.
However, you will notice that other components and materials –
like wire – may need a higher wattage iron. We recommend using
a temperature-controlled soldering station for quality results across the
board.

The Solder: Solder comes in many thicknesses and multiple varieties of tin and lead
construction. Most solder is made from a combination of 60% tin and 40% lead. However, due
to changes in health codes mandating that lead solder be phased out, you'll see more lead-free
alternatives available for use. Thin solder is used for detailed work, like
placing components, and thicker solder is used for wire. Then there's
some really thick stuff you'll see plumbers using on copper pipes.
Solder that has a rosin core acts as a flux when soldering to help the
connection. Silver-content solder requires more heat but flows more
smoothly and creates a stronger joint. However, be warned that you'll
have a higher risk of damaging the components.

The Soldering Tip: The tip is an attachment to the iron and the main
tool in soldering. Tip width matters depending on the size of the solder
pad you are working with. There are many different types of tips out
there to use with different projects. The following types of tips are
usually preferred because they offer more contact: conical, pointed,
screwdriver and chisel.

9
Not maintaining a clean and well tinned tip with a coat of solder at all times could lead to a
soldering nightmare. Tinning your tip will improve conductivity and add longevity to your tip
by reducing oxidation. Always keep a damp sponge or metal wool cleaner nearby to ensure
you are always working with a clean tip. If you do use a damp sponge, wipe the tip quickly so
as not to cool off the tip too much. Using a metal wool cleaner doesn't require water, so no heat
will be lost. Make sure that you have sharp diagonal or flush cutters handy to trim all excess
leads after soldering. Also, a third hand is always helpful.

Soldering

When placing your components on the board they should be

pressed flush to the surface. It is also good practice to install the
components in the same direction so that you'll be able to
identify the components easily. The positioning of the tip and
solder when getting ready to solder is very
important in creating a perfect joint. The tip
must come into contact with the lead and the
board's pad. The iron will heat the pad and the
lead. The heat of the two will then easily melt
the solder creating a clean and solid joint. The
solder that has been melted should create a small rising volcano around the lead.
If the lead has not been heated with the pad, a rosin joint could result. This is when the solder
flows onto the pad but not the lead, the rosin forms around the lead, forming a rosin coating
and not creating a connection. If this happens, simply reheat the joint.
If you can still see the lead hole or any part of the pad, or if the solder is flat on the board, you
may not have a proper connection. Simply add a little more solder and you should be fine.

By putting too much solder on your board you may cause two pads to accidently connect
together creating a connection that shouldn't be there, called a short circuit. You can fix this by
simply using a desolder wick to remove the solder causing the connection. Sometimes running
your iron right in the middle of the solder connection between the two pads will separate the
connection easily.

10
 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO UNO:
The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino. Here UNO means 'one' in Italian. It was
named UNO to label the first release of Arduino Software. It was also the first USB board
released by Arduino. It is considered a powerful board used in various projects. Arduino. cc
developed the Arduino UNO board. Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P
microcontroller. It is easy to use compared to other boards, such as the Arduino Mega board,
etc. The board consists of digital and analog Input/Output pins (I/O), shields, and other circuits.
The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power
jack, and an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header. It is programmed based on IDE,
which stands for Integrated Development Environment. It can run on both online and offline
platforms. The IDE is common to all available boards of Arduino.
The components of Arduino UNO board are shown below

Digital and Analog?

• Digital has two values: ON and

OFF -> (0 or 1)  (0) or (+5V)
• Analog has many (infinite) values
(-5 to +5)
• Computers don’t really do analog,
they quantize

11
PROGRAME:

void setup()
{
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

12