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Measures of Position

Measures of position are statistical tools used to determine the relative location of a data value within a dataset, including standard scores, percentiles, deciles, and quartiles. The median represents the 50th percentile, while standard scores (z scores) indicate how many standard deviations a value is from the mean. Additionally, quartiles divide data into four groups, and the interquartile range (IQR) helps identify outliers by measuring the spread of the middle 50% of the data.

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20 views24 pages

Measures of Position

Measures of position are statistical tools used to determine the relative location of a data value within a dataset, including standard scores, percentiles, deciles, and quartiles. The median represents the 50th percentile, while standard scores (z scores) indicate how many standard deviations a value is from the mean. Additionally, quartiles divide data into four groups, and the interquartile range (IQR) helps identify outliers by measuring the spread of the middle 50% of the data.

Uploaded by

davidjosiahcahayon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measures of

Position
•Measures of Position -used
to locate the relative position of
a data value in the data set.
• These measures include
standard scores, percentiles,
deciles, and quartiles.
Ex. If the value is located at the 80th
percentile, it means that 80% of the
values fall below it in the distribution
and 20% of the values fall above it.

-The median is the value that


corresponds to the 50th percentile,
since one-half of the values fall below
it and one-half of the values fall above
it.
Standard Scores
-is used to compare two scores
that are not equivalent in terms
of number of questions, value
of each question and so on.
- tell how many standard
deviations a data value is
above or below the mean for a
specific distribution of values.
For samples, the formula is

For population, the formula is

Note: It will be assumed that when we find z scores,


the data were obtained from samples. And if a
standard score is zero, then the data value is the
same as the mean.
Ex.
1. A student scored 65 on a
calculus test that has a mean of 50
and a standard deviation of 10;
she scored 30 on a history test
with a mean of 25 and a standard
deviation of 5. Compare her
relative position on the two test.
Solution:
For calculus, the z score is

For history, the z score is

Since the z score for calculus is larger, her relative position


in the calculus class is higher than her relative position
in history class.
Note: If the z score is positive, the score is
above the mean. If the z score is 0, the
score is the same as the mean. And if the
z score is negative, the score is below the
mean.
2. Find the z score for each test,
and state which is higher.
Test A x = 38, mean = 40, s = 5
Test B x = 94, mean = 100, s =10
MORE EXAMPLES
The average teacher’s salary in a particular
state is $54,166. If the standard deviation is
$10,200, find the salaries corresponding to
the following z scores.
A. 2
B. -1
C. 0
D. 2.5
E. -1.6
Percentiles
- Divide the data set into 100 equal groups
Percentiles are symbolized by:
P1, P2, P3, ...P99
and divide the distribution into 100 groups
The percentile corresponding to
a given value x is computed
by using the formula:
Ex. 1. A teacher gives a 20-point
test to 10 students. The scores
are shown here.
18, 15, 12, 6, 8, 2, 3, 5, 20, 10
a) Find the percentile rank of a
score 12
b) Find the percentile rank for a
score of 6
Ex. 2. Find the value corresponding to the
25th percentile
2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20

Note: If c is not a whole number, round it up


to the next whole number. In This case
c = 3. Start at the lowest value and count
over to the third value, which is 5.
Ex. 3. Find the value that corresponds to the
60th percentile
2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20

Note: If c is a whole number, use the value


halfway between the cth and (c+1)st
values when counting up from the lowest
value.
MORE EXAMPLES
• The average weekly earnings in dollars for
various industries are listed below. Find the
percentile rank of each value.

804 736 659 489 777


623 597 524 228
Quartiles
- Divide the distribution into four
groups, separated by Q1, Q2, Q3
Q1 = 25th percentile
Q2 = 50th percentile
Q3 = 75th percentile
Ex.
Find Q1, Q2, and Q3 for
the data set
15, 13, 6, 5, 12, 50, 22,
18
Deciles – divide the distribution into 10
groups
- are denoted by D1, D2, D3,...D9
P10 , P20, P30,...P90

Quartiles are denoted by Q1, Q2, Q3


P25, P50, P75
The median is the same as
P50 = Q2=D5
INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)
- Is defined as the difference between
Q1 and Q3 and is the range of the
middle 50% of the data.
- Is used to identify outliers.
Outlier is an extremely high or an
extremely low data value when
compared with the rest of the data
values.
Ex. 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 18, 22, 50
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 20 – 9 = 11
Q1 – 1.5(IQR) = 9 – 1.5(11) = -7.5
Q3 + 1.5(IQR) = 20 + 1.5(11) = 36.5

Note: Data values that fall outside the


interval from -7.5 to 36.5 is considered an
outlier.
50 is outside the interval, hence it can be
considered as an outlier.
Coefficient of Variation

Standard Score

Percentile

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