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Chapter 3.2 - Part 2

The document discusses measures of relative position, including quartiles, percentiles, and z-scores, which help to understand the location of values within a data set. It provides examples and calculations for determining quartiles and percentiles, as well as the interpretation of these measures. Additionally, it explains z-scores and their significance in relation to the mean and standard deviation of a data set.

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29 views23 pages

Chapter 3.2 - Part 2

The document discusses measures of relative position, including quartiles, percentiles, and z-scores, which help to understand the location of values within a data set. It provides examples and calculations for determining quartiles and percentiles, as well as the interpretation of these measures. Additionally, it explains z-scores and their significance in relation to the mean and standard deviation of a data set.

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Cleofe's Channel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measures of Relative Position

It is sometimes referred to as measure of location.


It is considered as the extension of median. It talks
about the position/location of the value relative to
the other values in the data set.
Measures of Relative Position

Quartile
Percentile

Z-Scores
Q uartile
• This measure divides the observation into four equal parts.
• 𝑄2 , also called the median, is the middle value of the set of
observations numerically arranged.
• 𝑄1 is the middle value between the smallest value and the center
value (𝑄2 ).
• 𝑄3 is the middle value between the median and the highest value
of the data set
Q uartile
𝑄𝑘 is the value in the
𝑘(𝑛 + 1)
𝑡ℎ position
4
where 𝑘 = 1,2,3 and 𝑛 is the no. of observations.
Q uartile
Example:

Find the median (𝑄2 ), lower quartile (𝑄1 ), upper quartile (𝑄3 ) of
the following data set of scores: 19, 22, 24, 20, 24, 27, 25, 24, 30?
Solution:
Q uartile
Arrange the data values in ascending order.
19, 20, 22, 24, 24, 24, 25, 27, 30
For 𝑄1 :
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 1(9 + 1)
= = 2.5
4 4
So, 𝑄1 is the average of the values in the 2nd and 3rd positions.
That is,
20 + 22
𝑄1 = = 21
2
Q uartile
Solution:
19, 20, 22, 24, 24, 24, 25, 27, 30
For 𝑄2 :
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 2(9 + 1)
= =5
4 4
𝑄2 is the value in the 5th position.
Thus,
𝑄2 = 24
Solution:
Q uartile
19, 20, 22, 24, 24, 24, 25, 27, 30
For 𝑄3 :
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 3(9 + 1)
= = 7.5
4 4
So, 𝑄3 is the average of the 7th and 8th observations.
That is,
25 + 27
𝑄3 = = 26
2
Q uartile
Interpretations:

𝑄1 = 21 implies that one-fourth or 25% of the scores fall below 21.


𝑄2 = 24 implies that one-half or 50% of the scores fall below 24.
𝑄3 = 26 implies that three-fourths or 75% of the scores fall below 26.
P
• This divides the observation in 100 equal parts.
• This is a number where a certain percentage of scores fall
below that number.
• For instance, if 30th percentile is the value, this means that
30% of the observation may fall below that value.
P
To find the 𝑘th percentile:
1. Arrange the observation from lowest to highest.
2. Compute the position
𝑘
𝐿= ×𝑛
100
• If 𝐿 is a whole number, 𝑘th percentile is midway between the
value in the 𝐿th position and the next value.
• If 𝐿 is not a whole number, round it up to the whole number and
the value at that position is the 𝑘th percentile.
Example:
P
The following are the scores of 12 students in a long exam in
Math 11n.
85, 34, 42, 51, 84, 86, 78, 86, 87, 69, 74, 65
Find the 50th and 80th percentile?
Solution:
34, 42, 51, 65, 69, 74, 78, 84, 85, 86, 86, 87
For the 50th percentile:
50
𝐿= × 12 = 6
100
The 50th percentile is the value between the 6th and 7th
observations, that is,
74 + 78
= 76
2

Therefore, the 50th percentile is 76.


Solution:
34, 42, 51, 65, 69, 74, 78, 84, 85, 86, 86, 87
For the 80th percentile:
80
𝐿= × 12 = 9.6
100

The 80th percentile is the value in the 10th position.


Thus, the 80th percentile of the given data set is 86.
P
Interpretations:

1. 50% of the scores fall below (or above) 76.


2. 80% of the scores fall below 86; or 20% of the scores are
above 86.
Z- Score or Standard Score
- measures the distance between an observation
and the mean, measured in units of standard
deviation
- the positive and negative signs indicates the
direction of the point away from the mean.
Z- Score or Standard Score
- computed using the formula:

𝑥−𝑥ҧ
z=
𝑠
where 𝑥 is the value of the element
𝑥ҧ is the mean
𝑠 is the standard deviation
Z- Score or Standard Score
• A z-score less than 0 represents an element less
than the mean.
• A z-score greater than 0 represents an element
greater than the mean.
• A z-score equal to 0 represents an element equal
to the mean.
Z- Score or Standard Score
• A z-score equal to 1 represents an element that is 1
standard deviation greater than the mean; a z-
score equal to 2, 2 standard deviations greater
than the mean, etc.

• A z-score equal to -1 represents an element that is


1 standard deviation less than the mean; a z-score
equal to -2, 2 standard deviations less than the
mean, etc.
Z- Score or Standard Score
Example:
The monthly expenditures of a large group of
households are normally distributed with a mean
of ₱48,700 and a standard deviation of ₱10,400.
What is the z-value of monthly expenditures of
₱59,400 and ₱38,300?
Z- Score or Standard Score
Example:
The report card of Anne shows that her grade in
Math is 98 and in Science is 90. The mean grade in
Math is 90 and the standard deviation is 10. In Science,
the mean grade is 80 and a standard deviation is 5. In
which subject does Anne relatively performs better?
B ox-and –Whisker Plot
- shows the spread and the centers of the data set
- shows the median, the quartiles, and the extremes for a
numerical set of data
- a graph of a data set obtained by drawing a horizontal line
from the minimum data value to first quartile, drawing a
horizontal line from third quartile to the maximum value,
and drawing a box whose vertical line passes through Q1
and Q3 with a vertical line inside the box passing through
the median or second quartile
B ox-and –Whisker Plot
Example:
Construct a boxplot for the data set of the ages
of 9 middle management employees of a certain
company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58,
and 55.

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